Rust Belt (English Wikipedia)

Sherry Karabin (May 16, 2013). "Mayor says attitude is key to Akron's revitalization". The Akron Legal News. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2013.

al.com (Global: 1,049^th place; English: 497^th place)

blog.al.com

Hansen, Jeff; et al. (March 10, 2007). "Which Way Forward?". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2011.

brookings.edu (Global: 1,937^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

Vey, Jennifer S.; Austin, John C.; Bradley, Jennifer (September 27, 2010). "The Next Economy: Economic Recovery and Transformation in the Great Lakes Region". Brookings Institution Paper. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2020.

cato.org (Global: 5,032^nd place; English: 3,198^th place)

Ikenson, Daniel (November 10, 2021). "The China Shock Doctrine, Revisited". Cato Institute. Retrieved May 23, 2025.

census.gov (Global: 18^th place; English: 18^th place)

"1990 Population and Maximum Decennial Census Population of Urban Places Ever Among the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790–1990". United States Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
Glenn King. Census Brief: "Rust Belt" Rebounds, CENBR/98-7, Issued December 1998. PDF Archived July 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2023.

chicagobooth.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

faculty.chicagobooth.edu

Alder, Simeon; Lagakos, David; Ohanian, Lee (2012). "The Decline of the US Rust Belt: A Macroeconomic Analysis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013.

chicagotribune.com (Global: 143^rd place; English: 80^th place)

"Sun On The Snow Belt (editorial)". Chicago Tribune. August 25, 1985. Archived from the original on September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2011. The Northern states, once the foundry of the nation, are known now as the Rust Belt or the Snow Belt, in invidious comparison to the supposedly booming Sun Belt.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2022). "This kind of shock to the economy will have consequences". CNN. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.

colorado.edu (Global: 2,916^th place; English: 1,912^th place)

spot.colorado.edu

Fukuyama, Francis (May 1999). "Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order". The Atlantic. Vol. 283, no. 5. pp. 55–80. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2024.

docs.google.com (Global: 877^th place; English: 850^th place)

Beyers, William. "Major Manufacturing Regions of the World". Department of Geography, the University of Washington. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2011.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fasenfest, David (2019). "Rust Belt Cities". International Encyclopedia of Geography. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0058.pub2. ISBN 9781118786352.
Michael McQuarrie (November 8, 2017). "The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger". The British Journal of Sociology. 68 (S1): S120–S152. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12328. PMID 29114874. S2CID 26010609.
Autor, David H.; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H. (October 2013). "The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States". American Economic Review. 103 (6): 2121–2168. doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2121. hdl:10419/69398. ISSN 0002-8282.
Acemoglu, Daron; Autor, David; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H.; Price, Brendan (January 2016). "Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s". Journal of Labor Economics. 34 (S1): S141–S198. doi:10.1086/682384. hdl:10419/110869. ISSN 0734-306X. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021.
Ebenstein, Avraham; Harrison, Ann; McMillan, Margaret (March 2015). Why are American Workers getting Poorer? China, Trade and Offshoring (PDF) (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21027.
Caliendo, Lorenzo; Parro, Fernando (2023). "Lessons from US–China Trade Relations". Annual Review of Economics. 15: 513–547. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-082222-082019.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"Rustbelt recovery: Against all the odds, American factories are coming back to life. Thank the rest of the world for that". The Economist. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2011. PDF Archived June 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
"Greening the rustbelt: In the shadow of the climate bill, the industrial Midwest begins to get ready". The Economist. August 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
"Coming home: A growing number of American companies are moving their manufacturing back to the United States". The Economist. January 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Autor, David H.; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H. (October 2013). "The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States". American Economic Review. 103 (6): 2121–2168. doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2121. hdl:10419/69398. ISSN 0002-8282.
Acemoglu, Daron; Autor, David; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H.; Price, Brendan (January 2016). "Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s". Journal of Labor Economics. 34 (S1): S141–S198. doi:10.1086/682384. hdl:10419/110869. ISSN 0734-306X. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021.

iflyasx.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"ASX – Airspace Experience Technologies – Detroit MI – VTOL". ASX. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2019.

irishtimes.com (Global: 252^nd place; English: 133^rd place)

Dayton, Stephen Starr in; Ohio (January 5, 2019). "Rust Belt states reinvent their abandoned industrial landscapes". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs (2007): 41–102.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

David Friedman (Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation). No Light at the End of the Tunnel Archived September 21, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2002.

learner.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Interactives . United States History Map. Fifty States". www.learner.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2013.

minneapolisfed.org (Global: 2,255^th place; English: 1,024^th place)

"Competition and the Decline of the Rust Belt | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis". Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

"Biden touts computer chips bill in battleground Ohio amid tight Senate race". NBC News. September 9, 2022. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

nber.org (Global: 3,811^th place; English: 2,424^th place)

Ebenstein, Avraham; Harrison, Ann; McMillan, Margaret (March 2015). Why are American Workers getting Poorer? China, Trade and Offshoring (PDF) (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w21027.

newgeography.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kotkin, Joel; Schill, March; Streeter, Ryan (February 2012). "Clues From The Past: The Midwest As An Aspirational Region" (PDF). Sagamore Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2013.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Michael McQuarrie (November 8, 2017). "The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger". The British Journal of Sociology. 68 (S1): S120–S152. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12328. PMID 29114874. S2CID 26010609.

pcnh-d.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rust Belt Woes: Steel out, drugs in," The Northwest Florida Daily News, January 16, 2008. PDF Archived April 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

Len Boselovic (June 13, 2013). "Conference in Pittsburgh shows growing allure of 3-D printing". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2020.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Michael McQuarrie (November 8, 2017). "The revolt of the Rust Belt: place and politics in the age of anger". The British Journal of Sociology. 68 (S1): S120–S152. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12328. PMID 29114874. S2CID 26010609.

siliconrustbelt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Silicon Rust Belt » Rethink The Rust Belt". May 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

"Volcker Shock: key economic indicators 1979-1987". Statista. October 10, 2022. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

"The Rust Belt is the Industrial Heartland of the United States". Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

Trubek, Anne (April 3, 2018). "Our Collective Ignorance About the Rust Belt Is Getting Dangerous". TIME. Retrieved May 21, 2025.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

journals.uchicago.edu

Acemoglu, Daron; Autor, David; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H.; Price, Brendan (January 2016). "Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s". Journal of Labor Economics. 34 (S1): S141–S198. doi:10.1086/682384. hdl:10419/110869. ISSN 0734-306X. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021.

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

Cauchon, Dennis, and John Waggoner (October 3, 2004).The Looming National Benefit Crisis Archived September 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. USA Today.

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

ers.usda.gov

"Measuring Rurality: 2004 County Typology Codes". USDA Economic Research Service. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Competition and the Decline of the Rust Belt | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis". Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
"The Rust Belt is the Industrial Heartland of the United States". Archived from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved July 25, 2024.
"Interactives . United States History Map. Fifty States". www.learner.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Wolf, Zachary B. (July 27, 2022). "This kind of shock to the economy will have consequences". CNN. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
"Volcker Shock: key economic indicators 1979-1987". Statista. October 10, 2022. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
Marie Christine Duggan (2017). "Deindustrialization in the Granite State: What Keene, New Hampshire Can Tell Us About the Roles of Monetary Policy and Financialization in the Loss of US Manufacturing Jobs". Dollars & Sense. No. November/December 2017. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Alder, Simeon; Lagakos, David; Ohanian, Lee (2012). "The Decline of the US Rust Belt: A Macroeconomic Analysis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2013.
"Rust Belt Woes: Steel out, drugs in," The Northwest Florida Daily News, January 16, 2008. PDF Archived April 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
"Who Makes It?". Archived from the original on September 20, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
"Sun On The Snow Belt (editorial)". Chicago Tribune. August 25, 1985. Archived from the original on September 22, 2024. Retrieved September 22, 2011. The Northern states, once the foundry of the nation, are known now as the Rust Belt or the Snow Belt, in invidious comparison to the supposedly booming Sun Belt.
"Measuring Rurality: 2004 County Typology Codes". USDA Economic Research Service. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Hansen, Jeff; et al. (March 10, 2007). "Which Way Forward?". The Birmingham News. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Marion, Paul (November 2009). "Timeline of Lowell History From the 1600s to 2009". Yankee Magazine. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
"1990 Population and Maximum Decennial Census Population of Urban Places Ever Among the 100 Largest Urban Places, Listed Alphabetically by State: 1790–1990". United States Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
Cauchon, Dennis, and John Waggoner (October 3, 2004).The Looming National Benefit Crisis Archived September 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. USA Today.
David Friedman (Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation). No Light at the End of the Tunnel Archived September 21, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Los Angeles Times, June 16, 2002.
Acemoglu, Daron; Autor, David; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H.; Price, Brendan (January 2016). "Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s". Journal of Labor Economics. 34 (S1): S141–S198. doi:10.1086/682384. hdl:10419/110869. ISSN 0734-306X. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021.
Fukuyama, Francis (May 1999). "Human Nature and the Reconstruction of Social Order". The Atlantic. Vol. 283, no. 5. pp. 55–80. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
Feyrer, James, Bruce Sacerdote, and Ariel Dora Stern. Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs (2007): 41–102.
Daniel Hartley. "Urban Decline in Rust-Belt Cities." Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary, Number 2013-06, May 20, 2013. PDF
Glenn King. Census Brief: "Rust Belt" Rebounds, CENBR/98-7, Issued December 1998. PDF Archived July 18, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
Peters, Mark; Nicas, Jack (May 12, 2013). "Mark Peters, Jack Nicas. "Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2013, A3". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
"Rustbelt recovery: Against all the odds, American factories are coming back to life. Thank the rest of the world for that". The Economist. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2011. PDF Archived June 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
"Greening the rustbelt: In the shadow of the climate bill, the industrial Midwest begins to get ready". The Economist. August 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Beyers, William. "Major Manufacturing Regions of the World". Department of Geography, the University of Washington. Archived from the original on December 24, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
Rust Belt is still the heart of U.S. manufacturing
Vey, Jennifer S.; Austin, John C.; Bradley, Jennifer (September 27, 2010). "The Next Economy: Economic Recovery and Transformation in the Great Lakes Region". Brookings Institution Paper. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
Kotkin, Joel; Schill, March; Streeter, Ryan (February 2012). "Clues From The Past: The Midwest As An Aspirational Region" (PDF). Sagamore Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
"Silicon Rust Belt » Rethink The Rust Belt". May 19, 2013. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
"ASX – Airspace Experience Technologies – Detroit MI – VTOL". ASX. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2019.
Sherry Karabin (May 16, 2013). "Mayor says attitude is key to Akron's revitalization". The Akron Legal News. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Len Boselovic (June 13, 2013). "Conference in Pittsburgh shows growing allure of 3-D printing". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 30, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2020.
"Coming home: A growing number of American companies are moving their manufacturing back to the United States". The Economist. January 19, 2013. Archived from the original on June 22, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
Dayton, Stephen Starr in; Ohio (January 5, 2019). "Rust Belt states reinvent their abandoned industrial landscapes". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
"Biden touts computer chips bill in battleground Ohio amid tight Senate race". NBC News. September 9, 2022. Archived from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Autor, David H.; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H. (October 2013). "The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Effects of Import Competition in the United States". American Economic Review. 103 (6): 2121–2168. doi:10.1257/aer.103.6.2121. hdl:10419/69398. ISSN 0002-8282.
Acemoglu, Daron; Autor, David; Dorn, David; Hanson, Gordon H.; Price, Brendan (January 2016). "Import Competition and the Great US Employment Sag of the 2000s". Journal of Labor Economics. 34 (S1): S141–S198. doi:10.1086/682384. hdl:10419/110869. ISSN 0734-306X. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021.

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Peters, Mark; Nicas, Jack (May 12, 2013). "Mark Peters, Jack Nicas. "Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2013, A3". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 27, 2019. Retrieved August 8, 2017.

yankeemagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Marion, Paul (November 2009). "Timeline of Lowell History From the 1600s to 2009". Yankee Magazine. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.

Rust Belt (English Wikipedia)

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blog.al.com

brookings.edu (Global: 1,937th place; English: 1,225th place)

cato.org (Global: 5,032nd place; English: 3,198th place)

census.gov (Global: 18th place; English: 18th place)

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economist.com (Global: 331st place; English: 272nd place)

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iflyasx.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

pcnh-d.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819th place; English: 433rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

siliconrustbelt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

statista.com (Global: 1,214th place; English: 1,277th place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170th place; English: 1,937th place)

time.com (Global: 84th place; English: 63rd place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226th place; English: 199th place)

journals.uchicago.edu

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search.worldcat.org

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yankeemagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

aeaweb.org (Global: 6,755^th place; English: 4,653^rd place)

al.com (Global: 1,049^th place; English: 497^th place)

brookings.edu (Global: 1,937^th place; English: 1,225^th place)

cato.org (Global: 5,032^nd place; English: 3,198^th place)

census.gov (Global: 18^th place; English: 18^th place)

chicagotribune.com (Global: 143^rd place; English: 80^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

colorado.edu (Global: 2,916^th place; English: 1,912^th place)

docs.google.com (Global: 877^th place; English: 850^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

irishtimes.com (Global: 252^nd place; English: 133^rd place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

minneapolisfed.org (Global: 2,255^th place; English: 1,024^th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

nber.org (Global: 3,811^th place; English: 2,424^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

post-gazette.com (Global: 819^th place; English: 433^rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)