Ryukyuans (English Wikipedia)

Rabson 2008, p. 3. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, p. 4. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Tanaka Hiroshi; Oda Makoto; Pak Kyongnam; William Wetherall; Honda Katsuichi (March 2006). "The Diene Report on Discrimination and Racism in Japan" (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, p. 5. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Zohar, Ayelet (15 October 2020). "Introduction: Race and Empire in Meiji Japan". The Asia-Pacific Journal. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
Rabson 2008, p. 2. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, pp. 11, 17. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, p. 1. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, p. 13. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, pp. 11–13. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Rabson 2008, p. 14. Rabson, Steve (February 2008). "Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 6 (2). Retrieved 8 February 2017.

asatohachimangu.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"安里八幡宮について". 安里八幡宮. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Loo 2014, pp. 1–2. Loo, Tze May (2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
Caprio 2014, p. 61. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Christy 2004, pp. 173–175. Christy, Alan S. (2004). "The making of imperial subjects in Okinawa". In Weiner, Michael (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Caprio 2014, pp. 49–50, 63, 66–67. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Inoue 2017, p. 3. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 65–66. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
"Harvard Asia Quarterly". Harvard Asia Quarterly. 8: 52. 2004. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
Obermiller 2006, pp. 17, 119. Obermiller, David John (2006). The United States Military Occupation of Okinawa: Politicizing and Contesting Okinawan Identity, 1945-1955. ISBN 978-0-542-79592-3.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 37. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Pellard 2015, p. 27. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Kerr 2000. Kerr, George H. (2000) [1954]. Okinawa:The History of an Island People. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0184-5.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 38. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Robbeets 2015, p. 26. Robbeets, Martine (2015). Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-039994-3.
Pellard 2015, p. 21. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Robbeets 2015, p. 28. Robbeets, Martine (2015). Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-039994-3.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 39. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Gluck 2008, p. 939. Gluck, Carol (2008). "Thinking with the Past: History Writing in Modern Japan". In de Bary, William Theodore (ed.). Sources of East Asian Tradition: The modern Period. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14323-3.
Loo 2014, p. 1. Loo, Tze May (2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 42. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Pellard 2015, p. 28. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-7914-2687-6. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
Angela Schottenhammer (2007). The East Asian maritime world 1400–1800: its fabrics of power and dynamics of exchanges. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xiii. ISBN 978-3-447-05474-4. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
Gang Deng (1999). Maritime sector, institutions, and sea power of premodern China. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-313-30712-6. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 41. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Kerr 2000, p. 115. Kerr, George H. (2000) [1954]. Okinawa:The History of an Island People. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0184-5.
Kerr 2000, pp. 151–152. Kerr, George H. (2000) [1954]. Okinawa:The History of an Island People. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0184-5.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 43. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 43–45. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Loo 2014, p. 3. Loo, Tze May (2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 45. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 46–50. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 51–52. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 52–53. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Smits 2004, p. 228. Smits, Gregory (2004). "Epilogue and Conclusions to Visions of Ryukyu". In Michael Weiner (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Loo 2014, p. 2. Loo, Tze May (2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
Smits 2004, pp. 228–230. Smits, Gregory (2004). "Epilogue and Conclusions to Visions of Ryukyu". In Michael Weiner (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 56–57. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Caprio 2014, pp. 61–62. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Loo 2014, pp. 1, 26–32. Loo, Tze May (2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
Obermiller 2006, pp. 23–24. Obermiller, David John (2006). The United States Military Occupation of Okinawa: Politicizing and Contesting Okinawan Identity, 1945-1955. ISBN 978-0-542-79592-3.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 59. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Loo 2014, pp. 32–36. Loo, Tze May (2014). Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8249-9.
Gluck 2008, p. 938. Gluck, Carol (2008). "Thinking with the Past: History Writing in Modern Japan". In de Bary, William Theodore (ed.). Sources of East Asian Tradition: The modern Period. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14323-3.
Smits 2004, pp. 233–245. Smits, Gregory (2004). "Epilogue and Conclusions to Visions of Ryukyu". In Michael Weiner (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Caprio 2014, p. 64. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Liddicoat 2013, p. 54. Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2013). Language-in-education Policies: The Discursive Construction of Intercultural Relations. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-916-9.
Caprio 2014, pp. 67–70. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Christy 2004, pp. 173–185. Christy, Alan S. (2004). "The making of imperial subjects in Okinawa". In Weiner, Michael (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Smits 2004, p. 233. Smits, Gregory (2004). "Epilogue and Conclusions to Visions of Ryukyu". In Michael Weiner (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Christy 2004, pp. 177, 180–182. Christy, Alan S. (2004). "The making of imperial subjects in Okinawa". In Weiner, Michael (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Obermiller 2006, p. 86. Obermiller, David John (2006). The United States Military Occupation of Okinawa: Politicizing and Contesting Okinawan Identity, 1945-1955. ISBN 978-0-542-79592-3.
Nakasone 2002, p. 17. Nakasone, Ronald Y. (2002). Okinawan Diaspora. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2530-0.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 63. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Inoue 2017, p. 4. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Inoue 2017, pp. XIII–XV. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Inoue 2017, pp. XIII–XIV, 4–5. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 64. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Inoue 2017, pp. 48–49, 79. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Inoue 2017, p. 2. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Inoue 2017, p. 1. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Inoue 2017, p. XXVII. Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51114-8.
Kerr 2000, p. 454. Kerr, George H. (2000) [1954]. Okinawa:The History of an Island People. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0184-5.
Pellard 2015, pp. 15–16. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Robbeets 2015, p. 27. Robbeets, Martine (2015). Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-039994-3.
Pellard 2015, pp. 20–21. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Pellard 2015, pp. 29–32. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Robbeets 2015, pp. 28–29. Robbeets, Martine (2015). Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-039994-3.
Pellard 2015, p. 23. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Pellard 2015, pp. 16–20. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Pellard 2015, pp. 25–26. Pellard, Thomas (2015). "The linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu islands". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-115-1.
Serafim 2008, pp. 98–99. Serafim, Leon (2008). "The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history". In Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (eds.). Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-4809-1.
Caprio 2014, p. 14. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Liddicoat 2013, pp. 151–152, 209. Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2013). Language-in-education Policies: The Discursive Construction of Intercultural Relations. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-916-9.
Liddicoat 2013, pp. 151–152. Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2013). Language-in-education Policies: The Discursive Construction of Intercultural Relations. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-916-9.
Mary Goebel Noguchi; Sandra Fotos (2001). Studies in Japanese Bilingualism. Multilingual Matters. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-1-85359-490-8. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Elise K. Tipton (1997). Society and the State in Interwar Japan. Psychology Press. pp. 204–. ISBN 978-0-415-15069-9. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Liddicoat 2013, pp. 152–154, 209. Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2013). Language-in-education Policies: The Discursive Construction of Intercultural Relations. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-916-9.
Liddicoat 2013, p. 209. Liddicoat, Anthony J. (2013). Language-in-education Policies: The Discursive Construction of Intercultural Relations. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 978-1-84769-916-9.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 20. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Sered 1996, p. 54: "Observers of the Ryukyu Islanders ... have also noted that the status of women in traditional Ryukyuan society is high—certainly higher than in China or Japan." Sered, Susan Starr (1996). Priestess, Mother, Sacred Sister: Religions Dominated by Women. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510467-7.
Sered 1996, pp. 54–55. Sered, Susan Starr (1996). Priestess, Mother, Sacred Sister: Religions Dominated by Women. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510467-7.
Røkkum 2006, p. 219. Røkkum, Arne (2006). Nature, Ritual, and Society in Japan's Ryukyu Islands. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-25365-4.
Sered 1996, p. 41. Sered, Susan Starr (1996). Priestess, Mother, Sacred Sister: Religions Dominated by Women. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510467-7.
Smits 2004, p. 240. Smits, Gregory (2004). "Epilogue and Conclusions to Visions of Ryukyu". In Michael Weiner (ed.). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-20857-4.
Hendrickx 2007, p. 46. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.
Caprio 2014, p. 66. Caprio, Mark (2014). Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910-1945. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-99040-8.
Hendrickx 2007, pp. 27, 64. Hendrickx, Katrien (2007). The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan. Leuven University Press. ISBN 978-90-5867-614-6.

coocan.jp (Global: 5,318^th place; English: low place)

mmdesign-jpn.la.coocan.jp

Oguma, Eiji (5 February 2020). "「麻生発言」で考えた…なぜ「日本は単一民族の国」と思いたがるのか？". Mainichi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Kirill Kryukov; Timothy A Jinam; Kazuyoshi Hosomichi; Aiko Saso; Gen Suwa; Shintaroh Ueda; Minoru Yoneda; Atsushi Tajima; Ken-ichi Shinoda; Ituro Inoue; Naruya Saitou (February 2017). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845.
Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata; Tatsuhiko Tsunoda; Natsuhiko Kumasaka; Atsushi Takahashi; Naoya Hosono; Michiaki Kubo; Yusuke Nakamura; Naoyuki Kamatani (2012). "Genetic differences in the two main groups of the Japanese population based on autosomal SNPs and haplotypes". Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (5): 326–334. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.26. PMID 22456480.
Jinam, Timothy A; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Inoue, Ituro; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (October 2015). "Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (10): 565–571. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.79. PMID 26178428.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759–767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. PMC 10597838. PMID 37468573.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; Suzuki, Ken; Sakaue, Saori; Cooke, Niall P.; Higashiue, Shinichi; Kobayashi, Shuzo; Afuso, Hisāki; Matsūra, Kosho; Mitsumoto, Yojiro; Fujita, Yasuhiko; Tokuda, Torao; Matsuda, Koichi; Gakuhari, Takashi (12 November 2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Timothy Jinam; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Naruya Saitou (2015). "Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond". Genes & Genetic Systems. 90 (3): 147–152. doi:10.1266/ggs.90.147. PMID 26510569.
Shigeki Nakagome; et al. (July 2015). "Model-Based Verification of Hypotheses on the Origin of Modern Japanese Revisited by Bayesian Inference Based on Genome-Wide SNP Data". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (6): 1533–1534. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv045. PMID 25758010.
Nasrine Bendjilali; et al. (December 2014). "Who Are the Okinawans? Ancestry, Genome Diversity, and Implications for the Genetic Study of Human Longevity From a Geographically Isolated Population". Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences. 69 (12): 1474–1484. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt203. PMC 4271021. PMID 24444611.
Jinam, Timothy; Nishida, Nao; Hirai, Momoki; Kawamura, Shoji; Oota, Hiroki; Umetsu, Kazuo; Kimura, Ryosuke; Ohashi, Jun; Tajima, Atsushi (December 2012). "The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations". Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (12): 787–795. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.114. PMID 23135232.
Kae Koganebuchi; et al. (2012). "Autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers reveal a close relationship between Hokkaido Ainu and Ryukyu islanders". Anthropological Science. 120 (3): 199–208. doi:10.1537/ase.120322.
Hirotaka Matsukusa; et al. (June 2010). "A genetic analysis of the Sakishima islanders reveals no relationship with Taiwan aborigines but shared ancestry with Ainu and main-island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211–223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID 20091849.
Jeong, Gichan; Gill, Haechan; Moon, Hyungmin; Jeong, Choongwon (11 December 2023). "An ancient genome perspective on the dynamic history of the prehistoric Jomon people in and around the Japanese archipelago". Human Population Genetics and Genomics 0008: 1–21. doi:10.47248/hpgg2303040008.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki (2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991. However, we note no dilution of Jomon ancestry in the Japanese population (15.0 ± 3.8%), relative to the Kofun individuals (13.1 ± 3.5%) (fig. S22).
Cooke, Niall P.; Murray, Madeleine; Cassidy, Lara M.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Okazaki, Kenji; Kasai, Kenji; Gakuhari, Takashi; Bradley, Daniel G.; Nakagome, Shigeki (June 2024). "Genomic imputation of ancient Asian populations contrasts local adaptation in pre- and post-agricultural Japan". iScience. 27 (6) 110050. Bibcode:2024iSci...27k0050C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050. PMC 11176660. PMID 38883821.
Ishiya, Koji; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Gojobori, Jun; et al. (2024). High-coverage genome sequencing of Yayoi and Jomon individuals shed light on prehistoric human population history in East Eurasian (Preprint). doi:10.1101/2024.08.09.606917.
Sato, Takehiro; Nakagome, Shigeki; Watanabe, Chiaki; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Kawaguchi, Akira; Koganebuchi, Kae; Haneji, Kuniaki; Yamaguchi, Tetsutaro; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Yamamoto, Ken; Ishida, Hajime; Mano, Shuhei; Kimura, Ryosuke; Oota, Hiroki (November 2014). "Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (11): 2929–2940. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu230. PMID 25086001.
Takeshi Nishiyama; et al. (2012). "Detailed Analysis of Japanese Population Substructure with a Focus on the Southwest Islands of Japan". PLOS One. 7 (4) e35000. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735000N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035000. PMC 3318002. PMID 22509376.
Matsukusa, Hirotaka; Oota, Hiroki; Haneji, Kuniaki; et al. (2010). "A Genetic Analysis of the Sakishima Islanders Reveals No Relationship With Taiwan Aborigines but Shared Ancestry With Ainu and Main-Island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211–223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID 20091849. This study reveals that the Sakishima islanders are not related to Taiwan aborigines, but exhibit affinity with the Hokkaido Ainu. These results confirm that the Austronesian expansion did not contribute to modern Sakishima, main-island Okinawa, and Honshu Japanese people.
Sato, Takehiro; Nakagome, Shigeki; Watanabe, Chiaki; Yamaguchi, Kyoko (2014). "Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (11): 2929–2940. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu230. PMID 25086001. A previous study based on mtDNA, Y chromosomal STRs, and autosomal STRs also showed that there was no evidence of any contribution from the aboriginal Taiwanese populations to the gene pool of the Ryukyu Islanders. Similarly, using a large number of SNP markers, this study verified that there is a clear genetic gap between Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759–767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. PMC 10597838. PMID 37468573.
Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (2022). Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants revealed the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations (Preprint). doi:10.1101/2020.12.07.414037.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; et al. (2023). "Genomic insights into a tripartite ancestry in the Southern Ryukyu Islands". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 5 e23. doi:10.1017/ehs.2023.18. PMC 10426068. PMID 37587935.
Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (March 2023). "Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations". iScience. 26 (3) 106130. Bibcode:2023iSci...26j6130W. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130. PMC 9984562. PMID 36879818.
Higasa, Koichiro; Kamatani, Yoichiro; Kawaguchi, Takahisa; Kawaguchi, Shuji; Sakaue, Saori; Yang, Ta-yu; Okada, Yukinori; Momozawa, Yukihide; Yamaguchi, Izumi; Nelson, Dominic; Gravel, Simon; Murakami, Yoshinori; Yamada, Ryo; Matsuo, Keitaro; Yamano, Yoshihisa; Kim, Changhoon; Seo, Jeong-sun; Kubo, Michiaki; Matsuda, Fumihiko (8 November 2025). "Whole-genome sequencing of 3135 individuals representing the genetic diversity of the Japanese population". Journal of Human Genetics. doi:10.1038/s10038-025-01430-1. PMID 41206389.
Youichi Sato; et al. (2014). "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males". Anthropological Science. 122 (3): 131–136. doi:10.1537/ase.140709.
Masashi Tanaka; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
Mizuno, Fuzuki; Taniguchi, Yasuhiro; Kondo, Osamu; Hayashi, Michiko; Kurosaki, Kunihiko; Ueda, Shintaroh (2 January 2023). "Diversity in matrilineages among the Jomon individuals of Japan". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 324–331. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2224060. PMID 37431939.
Michael F. Hammer; Tatiana M. Karafet; Hwayong Park; Keiichi Omoto; Shinji Harihara; Mark Stoneking; Satoshi Horai (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
Takashi Toma; Tsunehiko Hanihara; Hajime Sunakawa; Kuniaki Haneji; Hajime Ishida (2007). "Metric dental diversity of Ryukyu Islanders: a comparative study among Ryukyu and other Asian populations". Anthropological Science. 115 (2): 119–131. doi:10.1537/ase.061219.
Kuniaki Haneji; Tsunehiko Hanihara; Hajime Sunakawa; Takashi Toma; Hajime Ishida (2007). "Non-metric dental variation of Sakishima Islanders, Okinawa, Japan: a comparative study among Sakishima and neighboring populations". Anthropological Science. 115 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1537/ase.060206.
Miyazato, Eri; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Fukase, Hitoshi; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (July 2014). "Comparative analysis of facial morphology between Okinawa Islanders and mainland Japanese using three-dimensional images" (PDF). American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (4): 538–548. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22560. PMID 24838439.
Tadashi Yamauchi; et al. (2016). "A comparative study of craniofacial measurements between Ryukyuan and mainland Japanese females using lateral cephalometric images". Anthropological Science. 124 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1537/ase.151206. hdl:20.500.12000/46965.
Daisuke Miyamori; et al. (2015). "Tracing Jomon and Yayoi ancestries in Japan using ALDH2 and JC virus genotype distributions". Investigative Genetics. 6 (14) 14. doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0031-1. PMC 4696161. PMID 26719788.
Kae Koganebuchi; et al. (2016). "The allele frequency of ALDH2*Glu504Lys and ADH1B*Arg47His for the Ryukyu islanders and their history of expansion among East Asians". American Journal of Human Biology. 29 (2) e22933. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22933. PMID 27801545.
Pietrusewsky, Michael (January 2010). "A multivariate analysis of measurements recorded in early and more modern crania from East Asia and Southeast Asia". Quaternary International. 211 (1–2): 42–54. Bibcode:2010QuInt.211...42P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.12.011.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Kimura, Ryosuke (19 May 2019). "Biomedical and genetic characteristics of the Ryukyuans: demographic history, diseases and physical and physiological traits". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (4): 354–366. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1582699. PMID 31116031.
Buck, L.T.; Menéndez, L.P.; Groote, I. De; et al. (2023). "Factors influencing cranial variation between prehistoric Japanese forager populations". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 16 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01901-6. PMC 10716076. PMID 38098511.
Nakao, Hisashi; Kaneda, Akihiro; Tamura, Kohei; Noshita, Koji; Yoshida, Mayu; Nakagawa, Tomomi (2025). Continuous and widespread population interactions in the Jōmon society via geometric morphometrics on 3D data of human crania (Preprint). doi:10.1101/2025.02.09.637294.
Tanji, Miyume (2007). Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa. doi:10.4324/9780203016121. ISBN 978-1-134-21760-1.^{[page needed]}
Glacken, Clarence J. (1955). "Environmental and Social Change". The Great Loo Choo. University of California Press. pp. 295–302. doi:10.1525/9780520346383-017. JSTOR jj.8305982.26.
Bentley 2015, pp. 39, 48. Bentley, John R. (2015). "Proto-Ryukyuan". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages. pp. 39–60. doi:10.1515/9781614511151.39. ISBN 978-1-61451-161-8.
Bentley 2015, pp. 49, 54, 58. Bentley, John R. (2015). "Proto-Ryukyuan". In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages. pp. 39–60. doi:10.1515/9781614511151.39. ISBN 978-1-61451-161-8.
Willcox, Bradley J.; Willcox, D. Craig; Todoriki, Hidemi; Fujiyoshi, Akira; Yano, Katsuhiko; He, Qimei; Curb, J. David; Suzuki, Makoto (October 2007). "Caloric Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging: The Diet of the World's Longest-Lived People and Its Potential Impact on Morbidity and Life Span". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1114 (1): 434–455. Bibcode:2007NYASA1114..434W. doi:10.1196/annals.1396.037. PMID 17986602.

fromtheintercom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jaranilla, Karolyn (28 September 2021). "Floating Room lampoons colonizers and bigots in "Shimanchu" – From the Intercom". Retrieved 14 September 2024.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Tadashi Yamauchi; et al. (2016). "A comparative study of craniofacial measurements between Ryukyuan and mainland Japanese females using lateral cephalometric images". Anthropological Science. 124 (1): 45–62. doi:10.1537/ase.151206. hdl:20.500.12000/46965.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; Suzuki, Ken; Sakaue, Saori; Cooke, Niall P.; Higashiue, Shinichi; Kobayashi, Shuzo; Afuso, Hisāki; Matsūra, Kosho; Mitsumoto, Yojiro; Fujita, Yasuhiko; Tokuda, Torao; Matsuda, Koichi; Gakuhari, Takashi (12 November 2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Hirotaka Matsukusa; et al. (June 2010). "A genetic analysis of the Sakishima islanders reveals no relationship with Taiwan aborigines but shared ancestry with Ainu and main-island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211–223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID 20091849.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki (2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991. However, we note no dilution of Jomon ancestry in the Japanese population (15.0 ± 3.8%), relative to the Kofun individuals (13.1 ± 3.5%) (fig. S22).
Cooke, Niall P.; Murray, Madeleine; Cassidy, Lara M.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Okazaki, Kenji; Kasai, Kenji; Gakuhari, Takashi; Bradley, Daniel G.; Nakagome, Shigeki (June 2024). "Genomic imputation of ancient Asian populations contrasts local adaptation in pre- and post-agricultural Japan". iScience. 27 (6) 110050. Bibcode:2024iSci...27k0050C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050. PMC 11176660. PMID 38883821.
Takeshi Nishiyama; et al. (2012). "Detailed Analysis of Japanese Population Substructure with a Focus on the Southwest Islands of Japan". PLOS One. 7 (4) e35000. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735000N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035000. PMC 3318002. PMID 22509376.
Matsukusa, Hirotaka; Oota, Hiroki; Haneji, Kuniaki; et al. (2010). "A Genetic Analysis of the Sakishima Islanders Reveals No Relationship With Taiwan Aborigines but Shared Ancestry With Ainu and Main-Island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211–223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID 20091849. This study reveals that the Sakishima islanders are not related to Taiwan aborigines, but exhibit affinity with the Hokkaido Ainu. These results confirm that the Austronesian expansion did not contribute to modern Sakishima, main-island Okinawa, and Honshu Japanese people.
Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (March 2023). "Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations". iScience. 26 (3) 106130. Bibcode:2023iSci...26j6130W. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130. PMC 9984562. PMID 36879818.
Pietrusewsky, Michael (January 2010). "A multivariate analysis of measurements recorded in early and more modern crania from East Asia and Southeast Asia". Quaternary International. 211 (1–2): 42–54. Bibcode:2010QuInt.211...42P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.12.011.
Willcox, Bradley J.; Willcox, D. Craig; Todoriki, Hidemi; Fujiyoshi, Akira; Yano, Katsuhiko; He, Qimei; Curb, J. David; Suzuki, Makoto (October 2007). "Caloric Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging: The Diet of the World's Longest-Lived People and Its Potential Impact on Morbidity and Life Span". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1114 (1): 434–455. Bibcode:2007NYASA1114..434W. doi:10.1196/annals.1396.037. PMID 17986602.

humanrights.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

Doudou Diène (18 January 2006). Meghna Abraham (ed.). "The Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance" (PDF). International Service for Human Rights E/CN.4/2006/16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.

intechopen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fujita, Masaki; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Yamasaki, Shinji (2024). "Prehistoric Migration of Homo sapiens in the Ryukyu Islands". Intechopen.

japanfocus.org (Global: 9,840^th place; English: 6,572^nd place)

Heinrich, Patrick, "Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands", Japan Focus, 10 November 2005; "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands" (PDF). The 1st international Small Island Cultures conference. SICRI. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2021; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 389^th place; English: 273^rd place)

Masami Ito (12 May 2009). "Between a rock and a hard place". The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014). "Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Rabson, Steve (2012). The Okinawan Diaspora in Japan: Crossing the Borders Within. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8248-3534-7. JSTOR j.ctt6wqkq9.
Glacken, Clarence J. (1955). "Environmental and Social Change". The Great Loo Choo. University of California Press. pp. 295–302. doi:10.1525/9780520346383-017. JSTOR jj.8305982.26.

kahaku.go.jp (Global: 8,312^th place; English: low place)

Ken-ichi Shinoda; Tsuneo Kakuda; Naomi Doi (2012). "Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in late Shell midden period skeletal remains excavated from two archaeological sites in Okinawa" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D. 38: 51–61. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
Ken-ichi Shinoda; Tsuneo Kakuda; Naomi Doi (2013). "Ancient DNA Analyses of Human Skeletal Remains from the Gusuku Period in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series D. 39: 1–8. Retrieved 5 February 2017.

ljmu.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,709^th place)

researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk

Miyazato, Eri; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Fukase, Hitoshi; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (July 2014). "Comparative analysis of facial morphology between Okinawa Islanders and mainland Japanese using three-dimensional images" (PDF). American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (4): 538–548. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22560. PMID 24838439.

naminouegu.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

jinjacho.naminouegu.jp

"沖縄県神社本庁". 沖縄県神社本庁. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Kirill Kryukov; Timothy A Jinam; Kazuyoshi Hosomichi; Aiko Saso; Gen Suwa; Shintaroh Ueda; Minoru Yoneda; Atsushi Tajima; Ken-ichi Shinoda; Ituro Inoue; Naruya Saitou (February 2017). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845.
Yumi Yamaguchi-Kabata; Tatsuhiko Tsunoda; Natsuhiko Kumasaka; Atsushi Takahashi; Naoya Hosono; Michiaki Kubo; Yusuke Nakamura; Naoyuki Kamatani (2012). "Genetic differences in the two main groups of the Japanese population based on autosomal SNPs and haplotypes". Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (5): 326–334. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.26. PMID 22456480.
Jinam, Timothy A; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Inoue, Ituro; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (October 2015). "Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 60 (10): 565–571. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.79. PMID 26178428.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759–767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. PMC 10597838. PMID 37468573.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; Suzuki, Ken; Sakaue, Saori; Cooke, Niall P.; Higashiue, Shinichi; Kobayashi, Shuzo; Afuso, Hisāki; Matsūra, Kosho; Mitsumoto, Yojiro; Fujita, Yasuhiko; Tokuda, Torao; Matsuda, Koichi; Gakuhari, Takashi (12 November 2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Timothy Jinam; Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Naruya Saitou (2015). "Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond". Genes & Genetic Systems. 90 (3): 147–152. doi:10.1266/ggs.90.147. PMID 26510569.
Shigeki Nakagome; et al. (July 2015). "Model-Based Verification of Hypotheses on the Origin of Modern Japanese Revisited by Bayesian Inference Based on Genome-Wide SNP Data". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (6): 1533–1534. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv045. PMID 25758010.
Nasrine Bendjilali; et al. (December 2014). "Who Are the Okinawans? Ancestry, Genome Diversity, and Implications for the Genetic Study of Human Longevity From a Geographically Isolated Population". Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences. 69 (12): 1474–1484. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt203. PMC 4271021. PMID 24444611.
Jinam, Timothy; Nishida, Nao; Hirai, Momoki; Kawamura, Shoji; Oota, Hiroki; Umetsu, Kazuo; Kimura, Ryosuke; Ohashi, Jun; Tajima, Atsushi (December 2012). "The history of human populations in the Japanese Archipelago inferred from genome-wide SNP data with a special reference to the Ainu and the Ryukyuan populations". Journal of Human Genetics. 57 (12): 787–795. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.114. PMID 23135232.
Hirotaka Matsukusa; et al. (June 2010). "A genetic analysis of the Sakishima islanders reveals no relationship with Taiwan aborigines but shared ancestry with Ainu and main-island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211–223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID 20091849.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki (2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991. However, we note no dilution of Jomon ancestry in the Japanese population (15.0 ± 3.8%), relative to the Kofun individuals (13.1 ± 3.5%) (fig. S22).
Cooke, Niall P.; Murray, Madeleine; Cassidy, Lara M.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Okazaki, Kenji; Kasai, Kenji; Gakuhari, Takashi; Bradley, Daniel G.; Nakagome, Shigeki (June 2024). "Genomic imputation of ancient Asian populations contrasts local adaptation in pre- and post-agricultural Japan". iScience. 27 (6) 110050. Bibcode:2024iSci...27k0050C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050. PMC 11176660. PMID 38883821.
Sato, Takehiro; Nakagome, Shigeki; Watanabe, Chiaki; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Kawaguchi, Akira; Koganebuchi, Kae; Haneji, Kuniaki; Yamaguchi, Tetsutaro; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Yamamoto, Ken; Ishida, Hajime; Mano, Shuhei; Kimura, Ryosuke; Oota, Hiroki (November 2014). "Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (11): 2929–2940. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu230. PMID 25086001.
Takeshi Nishiyama; et al. (2012). "Detailed Analysis of Japanese Population Substructure with a Focus on the Southwest Islands of Japan". PLOS One. 7 (4) e35000. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735000N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035000. PMC 3318002. PMID 22509376.
Matsukusa, Hirotaka; Oota, Hiroki; Haneji, Kuniaki; et al. (2010). "A Genetic Analysis of the Sakishima Islanders Reveals No Relationship With Taiwan Aborigines but Shared Ancestry With Ainu and Main-Island Japanese". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 211–223. Bibcode:2010AJPA..142..211M. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21212. PMID 20091849. This study reveals that the Sakishima islanders are not related to Taiwan aborigines, but exhibit affinity with the Hokkaido Ainu. These results confirm that the Austronesian expansion did not contribute to modern Sakishima, main-island Okinawa, and Honshu Japanese people.
Sato, Takehiro; Nakagome, Shigeki; Watanabe, Chiaki; Yamaguchi, Kyoko (2014). "Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Population Structure and Demographic History of the Ryukyu Islanders in the Southern Part of the Japanese Archipelago". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (11): 2929–2940. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu230. PMID 25086001. A previous study based on mtDNA, Y chromosomal STRs, and autosomal STRs also showed that there was no evidence of any contribution from the aboriginal Taiwanese populations to the gene pool of the Ryukyu Islanders. Similarly, using a large number of SNP markers, this study verified that there is a clear genetic gap between Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759–767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. PMC 10597838. PMID 37468573.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; et al. (2023). "Genomic insights into a tripartite ancestry in the Southern Ryukyu Islands". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 5 e23. doi:10.1017/ehs.2023.18. PMC 10426068. PMID 37587935.
Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (March 2023). "Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations". iScience. 26 (3) 106130. Bibcode:2023iSci...26j6130W. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130. PMC 9984562. PMID 36879818.
Higasa, Koichiro; Kamatani, Yoichiro; Kawaguchi, Takahisa; Kawaguchi, Shuji; Sakaue, Saori; Yang, Ta-yu; Okada, Yukinori; Momozawa, Yukihide; Yamaguchi, Izumi; Nelson, Dominic; Gravel, Simon; Murakami, Yoshinori; Yamada, Ryo; Matsuo, Keitaro; Yamano, Yoshihisa; Kim, Changhoon; Seo, Jeong-sun; Kubo, Michiaki; Matsuda, Fumihiko (8 November 2025). "Whole-genome sequencing of 3135 individuals representing the genetic diversity of the Japanese population". Journal of Human Genetics. doi:10.1038/s10038-025-01430-1. PMID 41206389.
Masashi Tanaka; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
Mizuno, Fuzuki; Taniguchi, Yasuhiro; Kondo, Osamu; Hayashi, Michiko; Kurosaki, Kunihiko; Ueda, Shintaroh (2 January 2023). "Diversity in matrilineages among the Jomon individuals of Japan". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 324–331. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2224060. PMID 37431939.
Michael F. Hammer; Tatiana M. Karafet; Hwayong Park; Keiichi Omoto; Shinji Harihara; Mark Stoneking; Satoshi Horai (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
Miyazato, Eri; Yamaguchi, Kyoko; Fukase, Hitoshi; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (July 2014). "Comparative analysis of facial morphology between Okinawa Islanders and mainland Japanese using three-dimensional images" (PDF). American Journal of Human Biology. 26 (4): 538–548. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22560. PMID 24838439.
Daisuke Miyamori; et al. (2015). "Tracing Jomon and Yayoi ancestries in Japan using ALDH2 and JC virus genotype distributions". Investigative Genetics. 6 (14) 14. doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0031-1. PMC 4696161. PMID 26719788.
Kae Koganebuchi; et al. (2016). "The allele frequency of ALDH2*Glu504Lys and ADH1B*Arg47His for the Ryukyu islanders and their history of expansion among East Asians". American Journal of Human Biology. 29 (2) e22933. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22933. PMID 27801545.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Kimura, Ryosuke (19 May 2019). "Biomedical and genetic characteristics of the Ryukyuans: demographic history, diseases and physical and physiological traits". Annals of Human Biology. 46 (4): 354–366. doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1582699. PMID 31116031.
Buck, L.T.; Menéndez, L.P.; Groote, I. De; et al. (2023). "Factors influencing cranial variation between prehistoric Japanese forager populations". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 16 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01901-6. PMC 10716076. PMID 38098511.
Willcox, Bradley J.; Willcox, D. Craig; Todoriki, Hidemi; Fujiyoshi, Akira; Yano, Katsuhiko; He, Qimei; Curb, J. David; Suzuki, Makoto (October 2007). "Caloric Restriction, the Traditional Okinawan Diet, and Healthy Aging: The Diet of the World's Longest-Lived People and Its Potential Impact on Morbidity and Life Span". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1114 (1): 434–455. Bibcode:2007NYASA1114..434W. doi:10.1196/annals.1396.037. PMID 17986602.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Kirill Kryukov; Timothy A Jinam; Kazuyoshi Hosomichi; Aiko Saso; Gen Suwa; Shintaroh Ueda; Minoru Yoneda; Atsushi Tajima; Ken-ichi Shinoda; Ituro Inoue; Naruya Saitou (February 2017). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759–767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. PMC 10597838. PMID 37468573.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; Suzuki, Ken; Sakaue, Saori; Cooke, Niall P.; Higashiue, Shinichi; Kobayashi, Shuzo; Afuso, Hisāki; Matsūra, Kosho; Mitsumoto, Yojiro; Fujita, Yasuhiko; Tokuda, Torao; Matsuda, Koichi; Gakuhari, Takashi (12 November 2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Nasrine Bendjilali; et al. (December 2014). "Who Are the Okinawans? Ancestry, Genome Diversity, and Implications for the Genetic Study of Human Longevity From a Geographically Isolated Population". Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences. 69 (12): 1474–1484. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt203. PMC 4271021. PMID 24444611.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko; Ito, Masafumi; Kojima, Yoshitaka; Bradley, Daniel G.; Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki (2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991. However, we note no dilution of Jomon ancestry in the Japanese population (15.0 ± 3.8%), relative to the Kofun individuals (13.1 ± 3.5%) (fig. S22).
Cooke, Niall P.; Murray, Madeleine; Cassidy, Lara M.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Okazaki, Kenji; Kasai, Kenji; Gakuhari, Takashi; Bradley, Daniel G.; Nakagome, Shigeki (June 2024). "Genomic imputation of ancient Asian populations contrasts local adaptation in pre- and post-agricultural Japan". iScience. 27 (6) 110050. Bibcode:2024iSci...27k0050C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110050. PMC 11176660. PMID 38883821.
Takeshi Nishiyama; et al. (2012). "Detailed Analysis of Japanese Population Substructure with a Focus on the Southwest Islands of Japan". PLOS One. 7 (4) e35000. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735000N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035000. PMC 3318002. PMID 22509376.
Koganebuchi, Kae; Matsunami, Masatoshi; Imamura, Minako; Kawai, Yosuke; Hitomi, Yuki; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Maeda, Shiro; Ishida, Hajime; Kimura, Ryosuke (20 July 2023). "Demographic history of Ryukyu islanders at the southern part of the Japanese Archipelago inferred from whole-genome resequencing data". Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (11): 759–767. doi:10.1038/s10038-023-01180-y. PMC 10597838. PMID 37468573.
Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; et al. (2023). "Genomic insights into a tripartite ancestry in the Southern Ryukyu Islands". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 5 e23. doi:10.1017/ehs.2023.18. PMC 10426068. PMID 37587935.
Watanabe, Yusuke; Ohashi, Jun (March 2023). "Modern Japanese ancestry-derived variants reveal the formation process of the current Japanese regional gradations". iScience. 26 (3) 106130. Bibcode:2023iSci...26j6130W. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106130. PMC 9984562. PMID 36879818.
Masashi Tanaka; et al. (2004). "Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan". Genome Research. 14 (10a): 1832–1850. doi:10.1101/gr.2286304. PMC 524407. PMID 15466285.
Daisuke Miyamori; et al. (2015). "Tracing Jomon and Yayoi ancestries in Japan using ALDH2 and JC virus genotype distributions". Investigative Genetics. 6 (14) 14. doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0031-1. PMC 4696161. PMID 26719788.
Buck, L.T.; Menéndez, L.P.; Groote, I. De; et al. (2023). "Factors influencing cranial variation between prehistoric Japanese forager populations". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 16 (1): 3. doi:10.1007/s12520-023-01901-6. PMC 10716076. PMID 38098511.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

David E. Sanger (25 April 1993). "A Still-Bitter Okinawa Greets the Emperor Coolly". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2017.

ohchr.org (Global: 1,210^th place; English: 1,422^nd place)

Association of Indigenous People in the Ryukyus (AIPR) (28 March 2025). An Input on Report to 60th Session of the HRC, on the Recognition of Indigenous Peoples (PDF).

okinawatimes.co.jp (Global: 5,728^th place; English: low place)

Matayoshi, Toshimitsu; Urasaki, Naoki (13 October 2016). 海外の沖縄県系人、約41万5千人　県が5年ぶり推計 [Okinawa Prefecture estimates for the first time in five years that there are approximately 415,000 people of Okinawan descent living overseas]. Okinawa Prefecture Exchange Promotion Division (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2024 – via Okinawa Times.
【日本に復帰してよかった？】沖縄82％が肯定、若い世代ほど高く県民意識調査. Okinawa Times (in Japanese). 12 May 2017.

orionbeer.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"古くから沖縄県民の拠り所となっている「琉球八社」とは?". 25 May 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2025.

pref.kagoshima.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

奄美群島の現状・課題及びこれまでの奄振事業の成果について (PDF) (in Japanese). Kagoshima Prefecture. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

pref.okinawa.jp (Global: 7,625^th place; English: low place)

pref.okinawa.jp

沖縄県の推計人口 (in Japanese). Okinawa Prefecture. 1 March 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.

library.pref.okinawa.jp

"資料年表 – 沖縄県立図書館貴重資料デジタル書庫" [Chronology of Materials – Okinawa Prefectural Library]. www.library.pref.okinawa.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 18 February 2025.

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 12. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, pp. 15–16. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 3. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, pp. 13–16. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 16. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 17. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.

ryukyushimpo.jp (Global: 4,133^rd place; English: low place)

english.ryukyushimpo.jp

"Okinawans and Hawaiians discuss how best to educate youth about traditional cultures". Ryūkyū Shimpō. 12 July 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

sicri-network.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Heinrich, Patrick, "Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands", Japan Focus, 10 November 2005; "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands" (PDF). The 1st international Small Island Cultures conference. SICRI. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2021; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.

tennessee.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,008^th place)

trace.tennessee.edu

Dudzik, Beatrix (December 2015). Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics (Thesis).^{[page needed]}
Dudzik, Beatrix (2015). Investigating Cranial Variation in Japanese Populations Using Geometric Morphometrics (Thesis).^{[page needed]}

u-tokyo.ac.jp (Global: 1,856^th place; English: 4,678^th place)

"記者会見「日本列島３人類集団の遺伝的近縁性」". 東京大学 (in Japanese). Retrieved 8 November 2021.

un.org (Global: 97^th place; English: 164^th place)

docs.un.org

United Nations, Human Rights Committee (18 December 2008). "Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant. Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee - JAPAN. CCPR/C/JPN/CO/5". docs.un.org. Retrieved 12 November 2025.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

奄美群島の現状・課題及びこれまでの奄振事業の成果について (PDF) (in Japanese). Kagoshima Prefecture. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
Matayoshi, Toshimitsu; Urasaki, Naoki (13 October 2016). 海外の沖縄県系人、約41万5千人　県が5年ぶり推計 [Okinawa Prefecture estimates for the first time in five years that there are approximately 415,000 people of Okinawan descent living overseas]. Okinawa Prefecture Exchange Promotion Division (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2024 – via Okinawa Times.
Doudou Diène (18 January 2006). Meghna Abraham (ed.). "The Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance" (PDF). International Service for Human Rights E/CN.4/2006/16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Oguma, Eiji (5 February 2020). "「麻生発言」で考えた…なぜ「日本は単一民族の国」と思いたがるのか？". Mainichi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021.
Heinrich, Patrick, "Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands", Japan Focus, 10 November 2005; "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands" (PDF). The 1st international Small Island Cultures conference. SICRI. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2021; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.
Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014). "Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 12. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, pp. 15–16. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 3. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, pp. 13–16. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 16. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.
Dubinsky & Davies 2013, p. 17. Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). Steven Heine (ed.). "Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan". Japan Studies Review. 17. ISSN 1550-0713.

Ryukyuans (English Wikipedia)

anglicanhistory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476th place; English: 5,338th place)

asatohachimangu.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

coocan.jp (Global: 5,318th place; English: low place)

mmdesign-jpn.la.coocan.jp

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

fromtheintercom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

humanrights.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

intechopen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

japanfocus.org (Global: 9,840th place; English: 6,572nd place)

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 389th place; English: 273rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

kahaku.go.jp (Global: 8,312th place; English: low place)

ljmu.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,709th place)

researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk

naminouegu.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

jinjacho.naminouegu.jp

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

ohchr.org (Global: 1,210th place; English: 1,422nd place)

okinawatimes.co.jp (Global: 5,728th place; English: low place)

orionbeer.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

pref.kagoshima.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

pref.okinawa.jp (Global: 7,625th place; English: low place)

pref.okinawa.jp

library.pref.okinawa.jp

researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; English: 125th place)

ryukyushimpo.jp (Global: 4,133rd place; English: low place)

english.ryukyushimpo.jp

sicri-network.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

tennessee.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,008th place)

trace.tennessee.edu

u-tokyo.ac.jp (Global: 1,856th place; English: 4,678th place)

un.org (Global: 97th place; English: 164th place)

docs.un.org

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476^th place; English: 5,338^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

coocan.jp (Global: 5,318^th place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

japanfocus.org (Global: 9,840^th place; English: 6,572^nd place)

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 389^th place; English: 273^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

kahaku.go.jp (Global: 8,312^th place; English: low place)

ljmu.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 8,709^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

ohchr.org (Global: 1,210^th place; English: 1,422^nd place)

okinawatimes.co.jp (Global: 5,728^th place; English: low place)

pref.okinawa.jp (Global: 7,625^th place; English: low place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

ryukyushimpo.jp (Global: 4,133^rd place; English: low place)

tennessee.edu (Global: low place; English: 9,008^th place)

u-tokyo.ac.jp (Global: 1,856^th place; English: 4,678^th place)

un.org (Global: 97^th place; English: 164^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)