SQL (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "SQL" in English language version.

Last modified: 17:10:31, 2 July 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

3227web.archive.org

1^st place

105doi.org

2^nd place

72semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

64ibm.com

1,369^th place

968^th place

61adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

43iso.org

1,190^th place

1,097^th place

44oracle.com

2,532^nd place

1,847^th place

33postgresql.org

low place

22cmu.edu

2,125^th place

1,347^th place

22umn.edu

1,293^rd place

776^th place

21about.com

419^th place

335^th place

21mhprofessional.com

low place

21patorjk.com

low place

11arstechnica.com

473^rd place

338^th place

11iana.org

2,479^th place

2,606^th place

11ietf.org

731^st place

625^th place

11hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

11books.google.com

3^rd place

11psu.edu

299^th place

159^th place

11ibphoenix.com

low place

11techtarget.com

3,908^th place

3,051^st place

11computerhistory.org

2,702^nd place

1,789^th place

11mimer.com

low place

11com.com

low place

11archive.org

6^th place

11sybase.com

low place

11ulb.ac.be

9,738^th place

9,716^th place

11sigmodrecord.org

low place

11wiscorp.com

low place

11udc.es

low place

11scattered-thoughts.net

low place

11sciencedirect.com

137^th place

146^th place

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

databases.about.com

Chapple, Mike. "SQL Fundamentals". Databases. About.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (4): 78–82. Bibcode:2012IAHC...34d..78C. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61. S2CID 1322572.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Melton, Jim; Alan R Simon (1993). "1.2. What is SQL?". Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 536. ISBN 978-1-55860-245-8. SQL (correctly pronounced "ess cue ell," instead of the somewhat common "sequel")...

arstechnica.com (Global: 473^rd place; English: 338^th place)

Paul, Ryan (24 October 2005). "A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell". Ars Technica. Retrieved 10 April 2011.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Chatham, Mark (2012). Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language. Lulu.com. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-291-19951-2.

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125^th place; English: 1,347^th place)

contrib.andrew.cmu.edu

"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11". 30 July 1992. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
SQL:1992 draft (text), archived from the original on 21 June 2006, retrieved 8 October 2009

com.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

articles.techrepublic.com.com

Doll, Shelley (19 June 2002). "Is SQL a Standard Anymore?". TechRepublic's Builder.com. TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

Morgenthaler, Gary (8 December 2005). "Oral History of Gary Morgenthaler" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Luann Johnson. Computer History Museum. p. 18. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). "The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (4): 78–82. Bibcode:2012IAHC...34d..78C. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61. S2CID 1322572.
Reinsch, R. (1988). "Distributed database for SAA". IBM Systems Journal. 27 (3): 362–389. doi:10.1147/sj.273.0362.
Teorey, Toby; Lightstone, Sam; Nadeau, Tom; Jagadish, H.V. (2011). "Object-Relational Design". www.sciencedirect.com. pp. 139–160. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-382020-4.00011-2. Retrieved 9 June 2026.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (3 October 2001). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. hdl:11299/107215. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.

iana.org (Global: 2,479^th place; English: 2,606^th place)

"Media Type registration for application/sql". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

ibm.com

Jonker, Alexandra; Mucci, Tim. "What Is Structured Query Language (SQL)? | IBM". www.ibm.com. Retrieved 2 July 2026.

publib.boulder.ibm.com

"Structured Query Language (SQL)". International Business Machines. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2007.

almaden.ibm.com

Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974). "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.

www-03.ibm.com

"History of IBM, 1978". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 17 January 2005. Retrieved 9 June 2007.

ibphoenix.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Starkey, Jim. "Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API". www.ibphoenix.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.

ietf.org (Global: 731^st place; English: 625^th place)

tools.ietf.org

Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). "The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

"ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)". 1 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
"ISO/IEC 9075". Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

mhprofessional.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Oppel, Andy (27 February 2004). Databases Demystified. San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1. ISBN 978-0-07-146960-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

mimer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

developer.mimer.com

"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards". Mimer SQL official website. Mimer Information Technology. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2018.

oracle.com (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 1,847^th place)

download.oracle.com

Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. For each DATE value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. The datetime data types are DATE...
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:... TIME

oracle.com

"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g" (PDF). Oracle. Oracle Corporation. November 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024. XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.

patorjk.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gillespie, Patrick. "Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?". Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.

postgresql.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About PostgreSQL". PostgreSQL 9.1 official website. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
"4.1. Lexical Structure". PostgreSQL documentation. 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
"PostgreSQL server programming". PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation. postgresql.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)

scattered-thoughts.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Brandon, Jamie (July 2021). "Against SQL". Retrieved 2 August 2021.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Teorey, Toby; Lightstone, Sam; Nadeau, Tom; Jagadish, H.V. (2011). "Object-Relational Design". www.sciencedirect.com. pp. 139–160. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-382020-4.00011-2. Retrieved 9 June 2026.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)
Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (4): 78–82. Bibcode:2012IAHC...34d..78C. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61. S2CID 1322572.

sigmodrecord.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fred Zemke (2012). "What's new in SQL:2011" (PDF). Oracle Corporation.

sybase.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

iablog.sybase.com

"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard". Sybase. July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.

techtarget.com (Global: 3,908^th place; English: 3,051^st place)

Yasar, Kinza; Loshin, Peter; Sirkin, Jessica. "What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? | Definition from TechTarget". Search Data Management. Informa TechTarget. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.

udc.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

lbd.udc.es

Fernando Saenz-Perez. "Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System" (PDF). Lbd.udc.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.

ulb.ac.be (Global: 9,738^th place; English: 9,716^th place)

cs.ulb.ac.be

Krishna Kulkarni, Jan-Eike Michels (September 2012). "Temporal features in SQL:2011" (PDF). SIGMOD Record. 41 (3).

umn.edu (Global: 1,293^rd place; English: 776^th place)

conservancy.umn.edu

Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (3 October 2001). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. hdl:11299/107215. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.

special.lib.umn.edu

"Finding Aid". X3H2 Records, 1978–95. American National Standards Institute. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Media Type registration for application/sql". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). "The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (3 October 2001). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. hdl:11299/107215. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.
Chapple, Mike. "SQL Fundamentals". Databases. About.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974). "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
Starkey, Jim. "Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API". www.ibphoenix.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
Oppel, Andy (27 February 2004). Databases Demystified. San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1. ISBN 978-0-07-146960-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Yasar, Kinza; Loshin, Peter; Sirkin, Jessica. "What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? | Definition from TechTarget". Search Data Management. Informa TechTarget. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
"History of IBM, 1978". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 17 January 2005. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
"About PostgreSQL". PostgreSQL 9.1 official website. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards". Mimer SQL official website. Mimer Information Technology. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
"4.1. Lexical Structure". PostgreSQL documentation. 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11". 30 July 1992. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. For each DATE value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. The datetime data types are DATE...
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:... TIME
"Finding Aid". X3H2 Records, 1978–95. American National Standards Institute. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Doll, Shelley (19 June 2002). "Is SQL a Standard Anymore?". TechRepublic's Builder.com. TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Gillespie, Patrick. "Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?". Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard". Sybase. July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
"ISO/IEC 9075". Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
SQL:1992 draft (text), archived from the original on 21 June 2006, retrieved 8 October 2009
SQL:2011 draft, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation, archived from the original (Zip) on 25 May 2023
"PostgreSQL server programming". PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation. postgresql.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
Fernando Saenz-Perez. "Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System" (PDF). Lbd.udc.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g" (PDF). Oracle. Oracle Corporation. November 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024. XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.

wiscorp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

SQL:2011 draft, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation, archived from the original (Zip) on 25 May 2023

SQL (English Wikipedia)

about.com (Global: 419th place; English: 335th place)

databases.about.com

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arstechnica.com (Global: 473rd place; English: 338th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125th place; English: 1,347th place)

contrib.andrew.cmu.edu

com.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

articles.techrepublic.com.com

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

iana.org (Global: 2,479th place; English: 2,606th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369th place; English: 968th place)

ibm.com

publib.boulder.ibm.com

almaden.ibm.com

www-03.ibm.com

ibphoenix.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ietf.org (Global: 731st place; English: 625th place)

tools.ietf.org

iso.org (Global: 1,190th place; English: 1,097th place)

mhprofessional.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mimer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

developer.mimer.com

oracle.com (Global: 2,532nd place; English: 1,847th place)

download.oracle.com

oracle.com

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postgresql.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

scattered-thoughts.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sigmodrecord.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sybase.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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techtarget.com (Global: 3,908th place; English: 3,051st place)

udc.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

lbd.udc.es

ulb.ac.be (Global: 9,738th place; English: 9,716th place)

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umn.edu (Global: 1,293rd place; English: 776th place)

conservancy.umn.edu

special.lib.umn.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wiscorp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arstechnica.com (Global: 473^rd place; English: 338^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cmu.edu (Global: 2,125^th place; English: 1,347^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

iana.org (Global: 2,479^th place; English: 2,606^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

ietf.org (Global: 731^st place; English: 625^th place)

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

oracle.com (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 1,847^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

techtarget.com (Global: 3,908^th place; English: 3,051^st place)

ulb.ac.be (Global: 9,738^th place; English: 9,716^th place)

umn.edu (Global: 1,293^rd place; English: 776^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)