SQL (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "SQL" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

27web.archive.org

1^st place

4doi.org

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4oracle.com

1,514^th place

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3iso.org

629^th place

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3postgresql.org

low place

8,344^th place

3ibm.com

1,131^st place

850^th place

2semanticscholar.org

11^th place

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2cmu.edu

1,564^th place

1,028^th place

2umn.edu

1,266^th place

860^th place

1arstechnica.com

388^th place

265^th place

1iana.org

1,884^th place

1,694^th place

1ietf.org

214^th place

176^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1about.com

216^th place

186^th place

1ibphoenix.com

low place

1mhprofessional.com

low place

1techtarget.com

2,435^th place

1,699^th place

1computerhistory.org

2,213^th place

1,495^th place

1mimer.com

low place

1com.com

low place

1patorjk.com

low place

1archive.org

6^th place

1sybase.com

low place

1ulb.ac.be

low place

1sigmodrecord.org

low place

1wiscorp.com

low place

1udc.es

low place

1scattered-thoughts.net

low place

about.com

databases.about.com

Chapple, Mike. "SQL Fundamentals". Databases. About.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.

archive.org

Melton, Jim; Alan R Simon (1993). "1.2. What is SQL?". Understanding the New SQL: A Complete Guide. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 536. ISBN 978-1-55860-245-8. SQL (correctly pronounced "ess cue ell," instead of the somewhat common "sequel")...

arstechnica.com

Paul, Ryan (24 October 2005). "A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell". Ars Technica. Retrieved 10 April 2011.

books.google.com

Chatham, Mark (2012). Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language. Lulu.com. p. 8. ISBN 9781291199512.

cmu.edu

contrib.andrew.cmu.edu

"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11". 30 July 1992. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
SQL:1992 draft (text), archived from the original on 21 June 2006, retrieved 8 October 2009

com.com

articles.techrepublic.com.com

Doll, Shelley (19 June 2002). "Is SQL a Standard Anymore?". TechRepublic's Builder.com. TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.

computerhistory.org

archive.computerhistory.org

Morgenthaler, Gary (8 December 2005). "Oral History of Gary Morgenthaler" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Luann Johnson. Computer History Museum. p. 18. Retrieved 30 May 2025.

doi.org

Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). "The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016.
Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (4): 78–82. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61. S2CID 1322572.
Reinsch, R. (1988). "Distributed database for SAA". IBM Systems Journal. 27 (3): 362–389. doi:10.1147/sj.273.0362.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (3 October 2001). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. hdl:11299/107215. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.

iana.org

"Media Type registration for application/sql". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.

ibm.com

publib.boulder.ibm.com

"Structured Query Language (SQL)". International Business Machines. 27 October 2006. Retrieved 10 June 2007.

almaden.ibm.com

Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974). "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.

www-03.ibm.com

"History of IBM, 1978". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 17 January 2005. Retrieved 9 June 2007.

ibphoenix.com

Starkey, Jim. "Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API". www.ibphoenix.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.

ietf.org

tools.ietf.org

Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). "The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.

iso.org

"ISO 9075:1987: Information technology – Database languages – SQL – Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)". 1 June 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2025.
"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
"ISO/IEC 9075". Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.

mhprofessional.com

Oppel, Andy (27 February 2004). Databases Demystified. San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1. ISBN 978-0-07-146960-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011.

mimer.com

developer.mimer.com

"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards". Mimer SQL official website. Mimer Information Technology. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2018.

oracle.com

download.oracle.com

Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. For each DATE value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. The datetime data types are DATE...
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:... TIME

oracle.com

"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g" (PDF). Oracle. Oracle Corporation. November 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024. XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.

patorjk.com

Gillespie, Patrick. "Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?". Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.

postgresql.org

"About PostgreSQL". PostgreSQL 9.1 official website. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
"4.1. Lexical Structure". PostgreSQL documentation. 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
"PostgreSQL server programming". PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation. postgresql.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016.

scattered-thoughts.net

Brandon, Jamie (July 2021). "Against SQL". Retrieved 2 August 2021.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016.
Chamberlin, Donald (2012). "Early History of SQL". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 34 (4): 78–82. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2012.61. S2CID 1322572.

sigmodrecord.org

Fred Zemke (2012). "What's new in SQL:2011" (PDF). Oracle Corporation.

sybase.com

iablog.sybase.com

"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard". Sybase. July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.

techtarget.com

Yasar, Kinza; Loshin, Peter; Sirkin, Jessica. "What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? | Definition from TechTarget". Search Data Management. Informa TechTarget. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.

udc.es

lbd.udc.es

Fernando Saenz-Perez. "Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System" (PDF). Lbd.udc.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.

ulb.ac.be

cs.ulb.ac.be

Krishna Kulkarni, Jan-Eike Michels (September 2012). "Temporal features in SQL:2011" (PDF). SIGMOD Record. 41 (3).

umn.edu

conservancy.umn.edu

Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (3 October 2001). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. hdl:11299/107215. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.

special.lib.umn.edu

"Finding Aid". X3H2 Records, 1978–95. American National Standards Institute. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.

web.archive.org

"Media Type registration for application/sql". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). "The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (3 October 2001). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. hdl:11299/107215. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.
Chapple, Mike. "SQL Fundamentals". Databases. About.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974). "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
Starkey, Jim. "Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API". www.ibphoenix.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
Oppel, Andy (27 February 2004). Databases Demystified. San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1. ISBN 978-0-07-146960-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Yasar, Kinza; Loshin, Peter; Sirkin, Jessica. "What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? | Definition from TechTarget". Search Data Management. Informa TechTarget. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
"History of IBM, 1978". IBM Archives. IBM. 23 January 2003. Archived from the original on 17 January 2005. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
"ISO - ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange". www.iso.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
"About PostgreSQL". PostgreSQL 9.1 official website. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012. PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
"Mimer SQL, Built on Standards". Mimer SQL official website. Mimer Information Technology. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
"4.1. Lexical Structure". PostgreSQL documentation. 2018. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
"(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11". 30 July 1992. Archived from the original on 21 June 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. For each DATE value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. The datetime data types are DATE...
Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) [1996]. "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010. Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:... TIME
"Finding Aid". X3H2 Records, 1978–95. American National Standards Institute. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Doll, Shelley (19 June 2002). "Is SQL a Standard Anymore?". TechRepublic's Builder.com. TechRepublic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Gillespie, Patrick. "Pronouncing SQL: S-Q-L or Sequel?". Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
"SQL:2008 now an approved ISO international standard". Sybase. July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
"ISO/IEC 9075". Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
SQL:1992 draft (text), archived from the original on 21 June 2006, retrieved 8 October 2009
SQL:2011 draft, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation, archived from the original (Zip) on 25 May 2023
"PostgreSQL server programming". PostgreSQL 9.1 official documentation. postgresql.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
Fernando Saenz-Perez. "Outer Joins in a Deductive Database System" (PDF). Lbd.udc.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
"SQL 2003 Standard Support in Oracle Database 10g" (PDF). Oracle. Oracle Corporation. November 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024. XML supported was added in ANSI SQL 2003, part 14.

wiscorp.com

SQL:2011 draft, Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation, archived from the original (Zip) on 25 May 2023