Safety in numbers (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Safety in numbers" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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16doi.org

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13nih.gov

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4harvard.edu

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4semanticscholar.org

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4worldcat.org

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3tfl.gov.uk

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3web.archive.org

1^st place

2handle.net

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2kb.se

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1ucl.ac.uk

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1jstor.org

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1figshare.com

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1bmj.com

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1tfl

low place

1thisislondon.co.uk

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1,281^st place

1nyc.gov

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681^st place

1census.gov

45^th place

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1kk.dk

low place

1cycle-helmets.com

low place

bmj.com

injuryprevention.bmj.com

Thompson, Jason Hugh; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Mavoa, Suzanne; Scully, Katherine; Stevenson, Mark R. (2019-10-01). "Evidence for the 'safety in density' effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results". Injury Prevention. 25 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042763. hdl:11343/224043. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 30315090. S2CID 52977216.

census.gov

US Census Bureau (2009). "U.S. Census website". Retrieved 2020-03-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

cycle-helmets.com

Robinson, D. (2005). "Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling" (PDF). Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 16 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1071/he05047. PMID 16389930.

doi.org

Hamilton, W. (1971). "Geometry for the selfish herd". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31 (2): 295–311. Bibcode:1971JThBi..31..295H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5. PMID 5104951.
De Vos, Alta; O'Riain, M. Justin (2010). "Sharks shape the geometry of a selfish seal herd: experimental evidence from seal decoys". Biology Letters. 6 (1): 48–50. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0628. PMC 2817263. PMID 19793737.
King, Andrew J.; Wilson, Alan M.; Wilshin, Simon D.; Lowe, John; Haddadi, Hamed; Hailes, Stephen; Morton, A. Jennifer (2012). "Selfish-herd behaviour of sheep under threat" (PDF). Current Biology. 22 (14): R561 – R562. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R561K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.008. PMID 22835787. S2CID 208514093.
Orpwood, James E.; Magurran, Anne E.; Armstrong, John D.; Griffiths, Siân W. (2008). "Minnows and the selfish herd: effects of predation risk on shoaling behaviour are dependent on habitat complexity". Animal Behaviour. 76 (1): 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.016. S2CID 53177480.
Smeed, R. J. (1949-01-01). "Some Statistical Aspects of Road Safety Research". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). 112 (1): 1–34. doi:10.2307/2984177. JSTOR 2984177.
Jacobsen, P. L. (2003). "Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling". Injury Prevention. 9 (3): 205–209. doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.205. PMC 1731007. PMID 12966006. A motorist is less likely to collide with a person walking and bicycling if more people walk or bicycle.
Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2015-02-17). "Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application of Agent-Based Modeling". Traffic Injury Prevention. 16 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.914626. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 24761795. S2CID 25074848.
Thompson, Jason; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Savino, Giovanni; Lawrence, Brendan; Stevenson, Mark (2017-08-01). "Estimating the safety benefit of separated cycling infrastructure adjusted for behavioral adaptation among drivers; an application of agent-based modelling". Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 49: 18–28. Bibcode:2017TRPF...49...18T. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.05.006. ISSN 1369-8478.
Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2016-03-01). "A model of behavioural adaptation as a contributor to the safety-in-numbers effect for cyclists". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 85: 65–75. Bibcode:2016TRPA...85...65T. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.12.004. ISSN 0965-8564.
Thompson, Jason Hugh; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Mavoa, Suzanne; Scully, Katherine; Stevenson, Mark R. (2019-10-01). "Evidence for the 'safety in density' effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results". Injury Prevention. 25 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042763. hdl:11343/224043. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 30315090. S2CID 52977216.
Brüde, U., Larsson, J. (1993). "Models for predicting accidents at junctions where pedestrians and cyclists are involved. How well do they fit?". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 25 (5): 499–509. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(93)90001-D. PMID 8397652. According to results obtained, the risk - the number of accidents involving unprotected road users per unprotected road user - increases with increasing numbers of motor vehicles but decreases with increasing numbers of pedestrians and cyclists.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Leden, L., Gårder, P., Pulkkinen, U. (2000). "An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 32 (4): 589–599. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00090-1. PMID 10868762. An analysis of the relationship between bicycle flow and the number of reported accidents in the experimental area shows that the relative risk — when risk is defined as the number of expected (reportable) accidents per passing bicyclist — decreases with increasing bicycle flow{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Elvik, R. (2009). "The non-linearity of risk and the promotion of environmentally sustainable transport". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 41 (4): 849–855. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.009. PMID 19540975. Several studies show that the risks of injury to pedestrians and cyclists are highly non-linear. This means that the more pedestrians or cyclists there are, the lower is the risk faced by each pedestrian or cyclist.
- Geyer, J. Raford, N., Pham, T., Ragland, D. (2006). "Safety in Numbers: Data from Oakland, California". Transportation Research Record. 1982: 150–154. doi:10.3141/1982-20. Estimates of the model parameters show that the number of pedestrian collisions increases more slowly than the number of pedestrians; that is, the collision rate decreases as the number of pedestrians increases, consistent with previous studies by Leden and Jacobsen. Specifically, a doubling of the number of pedestrians (increase of 100%) is associated with only a 52% increase in the number of vehicle-pedestrian collisions, with the corresponding rate decreasing by about 24%.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Leden, L. (2002). "Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. A case study based on data from signalized intersections in Hamilton, Ontario". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 34 (4): 457–464. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00043-4. PMID 12067108. When risks for pedestrians were calculated as the expected number of reported pedestrian accidents per pedestrian, risk decreased with increasing pedestrian flows and increased with increasing vehicle flow.
- Robinson, D. (2005). "Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling" (PDF). Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 16 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1071/he05047. PMID 16389930.

figshare.com

Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2015-02-17). "Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application of Agent-Based Modeling". Traffic Injury Prevention. 16 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.914626. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 24761795. S2CID 25074848.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Thompson, Jason Hugh; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Mavoa, Suzanne; Scully, Katherine; Stevenson, Mark R. (2019-10-01). "Evidence for the 'safety in density' effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results". Injury Prevention. 25 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042763. hdl:11343/224043. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 30315090. S2CID 52977216.
Pucher, J. & Dijkstra, L. (2000). "Making walking and cycling safer: lessons from Europe". Transportation Quarterly. 54 (3): 25–50. hdl:2027/mdp.39015047810828.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Hamilton, W. (1971). "Geometry for the selfish herd". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31 (2): 295–311. Bibcode:1971JThBi..31..295H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5. PMID 5104951.
King, Andrew J.; Wilson, Alan M.; Wilshin, Simon D.; Lowe, John; Haddadi, Hamed; Hailes, Stephen; Morton, A. Jennifer (2012). "Selfish-herd behaviour of sheep under threat" (PDF). Current Biology. 22 (14): R561 – R562. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R561K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.008. PMID 22835787. S2CID 208514093.
Thompson, Jason; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Savino, Giovanni; Lawrence, Brendan; Stevenson, Mark (2017-08-01). "Estimating the safety benefit of separated cycling infrastructure adjusted for behavioral adaptation among drivers; an application of agent-based modelling". Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 49: 18–28. Bibcode:2017TRPF...49...18T. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.05.006. ISSN 1369-8478.
Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2016-03-01). "A model of behavioural adaptation as a contributor to the safety-in-numbers effect for cyclists". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 85: 65–75. Bibcode:2016TRPA...85...65T. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.12.004. ISSN 0965-8564.

jstor.org

Smeed, R. J. (1949-01-01). "Some Statistical Aspects of Road Safety Research". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General). 112 (1): 1–34. doi:10.2307/2984177. JSTOR 2984177.

kb.se

urn.kb.se

Brüde, U., Larsson, J. (1993). "Models for predicting accidents at junctions where pedestrians and cyclists are involved. How well do they fit?". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 25 (5): 499–509. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(93)90001-D. PMID 8397652. According to results obtained, the risk - the number of accidents involving unprotected road users per unprotected road user - increases with increasing numbers of motor vehicles but decreases with increasing numbers of pedestrians and cyclists.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
CBA of Cycling. Nordic Council of Ministers. 2005.

kk.dk

vejpark2.kk.dk

City of Copenhagen Traffic Department (2007). "Copenhagen, city of cyclists: bicycle account 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-10-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hamilton, W. (1971). "Geometry for the selfish herd". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31 (2): 295–311. Bibcode:1971JThBi..31..295H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(71)90189-5. PMID 5104951.
De Vos, Alta; O'Riain, M. Justin (2010). "Sharks shape the geometry of a selfish seal herd: experimental evidence from seal decoys". Biology Letters. 6 (1): 48–50. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0628. PMC 2817263. PMID 19793737.
King, Andrew J.; Wilson, Alan M.; Wilshin, Simon D.; Lowe, John; Haddadi, Hamed; Hailes, Stephen; Morton, A. Jennifer (2012). "Selfish-herd behaviour of sheep under threat" (PDF). Current Biology. 22 (14): R561 – R562. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R561K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.008. PMID 22835787. S2CID 208514093.
Jacobsen, P. L. (2003). "Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling". Injury Prevention. 9 (3): 205–209. doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.205. PMC 1731007. PMID 12966006. A motorist is less likely to collide with a person walking and bicycling if more people walk or bicycle.
Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2015-02-17). "Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application of Agent-Based Modeling". Traffic Injury Prevention. 16 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.914626. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 24761795. S2CID 25074848.
Thompson, Jason Hugh; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Mavoa, Suzanne; Scully, Katherine; Stevenson, Mark R. (2019-10-01). "Evidence for the 'safety in density' effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results". Injury Prevention. 25 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042763. hdl:11343/224043. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 30315090. S2CID 52977216.
Brüde, U., Larsson, J. (1993). "Models for predicting accidents at junctions where pedestrians and cyclists are involved. How well do they fit?". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 25 (5): 499–509. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(93)90001-D. PMID 8397652. According to results obtained, the risk - the number of accidents involving unprotected road users per unprotected road user - increases with increasing numbers of motor vehicles but decreases with increasing numbers of pedestrians and cyclists.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Leden, L., Gårder, P., Pulkkinen, U. (2000). "An expert judgment model applied to estimating the safety effect of a bicycle facility". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 32 (4): 589–599. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00090-1. PMID 10868762. An analysis of the relationship between bicycle flow and the number of reported accidents in the experimental area shows that the relative risk — when risk is defined as the number of expected (reportable) accidents per passing bicyclist — decreases with increasing bicycle flow{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Elvik, R. (2009). "The non-linearity of risk and the promotion of environmentally sustainable transport". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 41 (4): 849–855. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.009. PMID 19540975. Several studies show that the risks of injury to pedestrians and cyclists are highly non-linear. This means that the more pedestrians or cyclists there are, the lower is the risk faced by each pedestrian or cyclist.
Leden, L. (2002). "Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. A case study based on data from signalized intersections in Hamilton, Ontario". Accident Analysis and Prevention. 34 (4): 457–464. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00043-4. PMID 12067108. When risks for pedestrians were calculated as the expected number of reported pedestrian accidents per pedestrian, risk decreased with increasing pedestrian flows and increased with increasing vehicle flow.
Robinson, D. (2005). "Safety in numbers in Australia: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling" (PDF). Health Promotion Journal of Australia. 16 (1): 47–51. doi:10.1071/he05047. PMID 16389930.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

De Vos, Alta; O'Riain, M. Justin (2010). "Sharks shape the geometry of a selfish seal herd: experimental evidence from seal decoys". Biology Letters. 6 (1): 48–50. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0628. PMC 2817263. PMID 19793737.
Jacobsen, P. L. (2003). "Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling". Injury Prevention. 9 (3): 205–209. doi:10.1136/ip.9.3.205. PMC 1731007. PMID 12966006. A motorist is less likely to collide with a person walking and bicycling if more people walk or bicycle.

nyc.gov

"New York City Commuter cyclist indicator" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

King, Andrew J.; Wilson, Alan M.; Wilshin, Simon D.; Lowe, John; Haddadi, Hamed; Hailes, Stephen; Morton, A. Jennifer (2012). "Selfish-herd behaviour of sheep under threat" (PDF). Current Biology. 22 (14): R561 – R562. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R561K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.008. PMID 22835787. S2CID 208514093.
Orpwood, James E.; Magurran, Anne E.; Armstrong, John D.; Griffiths, Siân W. (2008). "Minnows and the selfish herd: effects of predation risk on shoaling behaviour are dependent on habitat complexity". Animal Behaviour. 76 (1): 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.016. S2CID 53177480.
Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2015-02-17). "Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application of Agent-Based Modeling". Traffic Injury Prevention. 16 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.914626. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 24761795. S2CID 25074848.
Thompson, Jason Hugh; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Mavoa, Suzanne; Scully, Katherine; Stevenson, Mark R. (2019-10-01). "Evidence for the 'safety in density' effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results". Injury Prevention. 25 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042763. hdl:11343/224043. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 30315090. S2CID 52977216.

tfl

"Central London congestion charging: Impacts monitoring, Sixth Annual Report. Transport for London, London". Transport for London. 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

tfl.gov.uk

"The London Cycling Action Plan. Transport for London, London, UK" (PDF). Transport for London. 2004.
"Cycling in London: Final report. Transport for London, London" (PDF). Transport for London. 2008.
Transport for London (April 2005). "Congestion Charging: Third Annual Monitoring Report" (PDF).

thisislondon.co.uk

Nicholas Cecil (2008-01-28). "Number of cyclists treated for serious injuries doubles". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

ucl.ac.uk

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

King, Andrew J.; Wilson, Alan M.; Wilshin, Simon D.; Lowe, John; Haddadi, Hamed; Hailes, Stephen; Morton, A. Jennifer (2012). "Selfish-herd behaviour of sheep under threat" (PDF). Current Biology. 22 (14): R561 – R562. Bibcode:2012CBio...22.R561K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.05.008. PMID 22835787. S2CID 208514093.

web.archive.org

"Central London congestion charging: Impacts monitoring, Sixth Annual Report. Transport for London, London". Transport for London. 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
Nicholas Cecil (2008-01-28). "Number of cyclists treated for serious injuries doubles". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
City of Copenhagen Traffic Department (2007). "Copenhagen, city of cyclists: bicycle account 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-10-14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2015-02-17). "Reconsidering the Safety in Numbers Effect for Vulnerable Road Users: An Application of Agent-Based Modeling". Traffic Injury Prevention. 16 (2): 147–153. doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.914626. ISSN 1538-9588. PMID 24761795. S2CID 25074848.
Thompson, Jason; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Savino, Giovanni; Lawrence, Brendan; Stevenson, Mark (2017-08-01). "Estimating the safety benefit of separated cycling infrastructure adjusted for behavioral adaptation among drivers; an application of agent-based modelling". Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 49: 18–28. Bibcode:2017TRPF...49...18T. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.05.006. ISSN 1369-8478.
Thompson, Jason; Savino, Giovanni; Stevenson, Mark (2016-03-01). "A model of behavioural adaptation as a contributor to the safety-in-numbers effect for cyclists". Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 85: 65–75. Bibcode:2016TRPA...85...65T. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2015.12.004. ISSN 0965-8564.
Thompson, Jason Hugh; Wijnands, Jasper S.; Mavoa, Suzanne; Scully, Katherine; Stevenson, Mark R. (2019-10-01). "Evidence for the 'safety in density' effect for cyclists: validation of agent-based modelling results". Injury Prevention. 25 (5): 379–385. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042763. hdl:11343/224043. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 30315090. S2CID 52977216.