Saffron (English Wikipedia)

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bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

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Willard 2002, p. 3. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Negbi 1999, p. 30–31. Negbi M, ed. (1999), Saffron: Crocus sativus L., CRC Press, ISBN 978-90-5702-394-1
Willard 2002, pp. 2–3. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
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Willard 2002, pp. 102–104. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
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Willard 2002, p. 2. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 12. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, pp. 17–18. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 41. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, pp. 54–55. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
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Willard 2002, p. 55. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, pp. 34–35. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
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Willard 2002, p. 63. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 70. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 99. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 101. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, pp. 103–104. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 133. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, p. 138. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, pp. 138–139. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5
Willard 2002, pp. 142–146. Willard P (2002), Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-5009-5

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

Monks K (3 September 2015). "Iran's homegrown treasure: the spice that costs more than gold". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2016.

crop.cri.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

Deo 2003, p. 1. Deo B (2003), "Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice" (PDF), Crop and Food Research, no. 20, New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2005, retrieved 10 January 2006
Deo 2003, p. 2. Deo B (2003), "Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice" (PDF), Crop and Food Research, no. 20, New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2005, retrieved 10 January 2006
Deo 2003, p. 3. Deo B (2003), "Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice" (PDF), Crop and Food Research, no. 20, New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2005, retrieved 10 January 2006
Deo 2003, p. 4. Deo B (2003), "Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice" (PDF), Crop and Food Research, no. 20, New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2005, retrieved 10 January 2006

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

OED (2025). "Saffron, N. & Adj.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/1177171640. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Asgari M (2022). "Survey of the History and Applications of Saffron". Chinese Medicine and Culture. 5 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1097/MC9.0000000000000006.
Jacobsen N, Ørgaard M (2004). "Crocus cartwrightianus on the Attica Peninsula" (PDF). ISHS Acta Horticulturae. 650 (6): 65–69. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.6. Retrieved 6 April 2024.
Rubio-Moraga et al. 2009. Rubio-Moraga A, Castillo-López R, Gómez-Gómez L, et al. (2009), "Saffron Is a Monomorphic Species as Revealed by RAPD, ISSR, and Microsatellite Analyses", BMC Research Notes, vol. 2, doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-189, PMC 2758891, PMID 19772674
Ghorbani R, Koocheki A (2017). "Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran". In Lichtfouse E (ed.). Sustainable Agriculture Reviews (PDF). Springer. pp. 170–171. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3. ISBN 978-3-319-58679-3. S2CID 28214061.
Gresta F, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, et al. (2008). "Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review". Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 28 (1): 95–112. Bibcode:2008AgSD...28...95G. doi:10.1051/agro:2007030. S2CID 44054590.
Sharaf-Eldin et al. 2008. Sharaf-Eldin M, Elkholy S, Fernández JA, et al. (August 2008), "Bacillus subtilis FZB24 affects flower quantity and quality of saffron (Crocus sativus)", Planta Medica, 74 (10): 1316–20, Bibcode:2008PlMed..74.1316S, doi:10.1055/s-2008-1081293, PMC 3947403, PMID 18622904
Dhar MK, Sharma M, Bhat A, et al. (28 March 2017). "Functional genomics of apocarotenoids in saffron: insights from chemistry, molecular biology and therapeutic applications (Review)". Briefings in Functional Genomics. 16 (6): 336–347. doi:10.1093/bfgp/elx003. ISSN 2041-2649. PMID 28369196.
Amanpour A, Sonmezdag AS, Kelebek H, et al. (2015). "GC–MS–olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.)". Food Chemistry. 182: 251–256. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.005. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 25842335.
Abdullaev 2002, p. 1. Abdullaev FI (2002), "Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)", Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 20–5, Bibcode:2002ExpBM.227...20A, doi:10.1177/153537020222700104, PMID 11788779, S2CID 40798771, archived from the original on 3 December 2008, retrieved 11 September 2011
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Verma & Middha 2010, p. 1–2. Verma RS, Middha D (2010), "Analysis of Saffron (Crocus sativus L. Stigma) Components by LC–MS–MS", Chromatographia, 71 (1–2): 117–123, doi:10.1365/S10337-009-1398-Z, S2CID 97327822
Guijarro-Díez M, Castro-Puyana M, Crego AL, et al. (1 January 2017). "Detection of saffron adulteration with gardenia extracts through the determination of geniposide by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 55: 30–37. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.004.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Basker D, Negbi M (1983). "Uses of saffron". Journal of Economic Botany. 37 (2): 228–236. Bibcode:1983EcBot..37..228B. doi:10.1007/BF02858789. JSTOR 4254486. S2CID 40880131.
Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H (2015). "Clinical Applications of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Constituents: A Review". Drug Research. 56 (6): 287–295. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375681. PMID 24848002.
Marx W, Lane M, Rocks T, et al. (1 August 2019). "Effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Nutrition Reviews. 77 (8): 557–571. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuz023. ISSN 0029-6643. PMID 31135916.
Dai L, Chen L, Wang W (2020). "Safety and Efficacy of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for Treating Mild to Moderate Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 208 (4): 269–276. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001118. PMID 32221179. S2CID 210119504.
Tóth B, Hegyi P, Lantos T, et al. (2019). "The Efficacy of Saffron in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression: A Meta-analysis". Planta Medica. 85 (1): 24–31. Bibcode:2019PlMed..85...24T. doi:10.1055/a-0660-9565. ISSN 1439-0221. PMID 30036891.
Shafiee A, Jafarabady K, Seighali N, et al. (1 March 2025). "Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Nutrition Reviews. 83 (3): e751–e761. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae076. ISSN 1753-4887. PMID 38913392.
Karim M, Pirzad S, Shirsalimi N, et al. (27 November 2024). "Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic Indices in diabetic and prediabetic overweight patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs". Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 16 (1): 286. doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01530-6. ISSN 1758-5996. PMC 11600967. PMID 39593185.
Schmidt T, Heitkam T, Liedtke S, et al. (2019). "Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (Crocus sativus) as a hybrid of wild Crocus cartwrightianus cytotypes". New Phytologist. 222 (4): 1965–1980. Bibcode:2019NewPh.222.1965S. doi:10.1111/nph.15715. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 30690735.
Harpke D, Meng S, Rutten T, et al. (1 March 2013). "Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 617–627. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66..617H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23123733.
Nemati Z, Harpke D, Gemicioglu A, et al. (2019). "Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an autotriploid that evolved in Attica (Greece) from wild Crocus cartwrightianus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 136: 14–20. Bibcode:2019MolPE.136...14N. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.022. PMID 30946897.
Kazemi-Shahandashti SS, Mann L, El-nagish A, et al. (2022). "Ancient Artworks and Crocus Genetics Both Support Saffron's Origin in Early Greece". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13 834416. Bibcode:2022FrPS...1334416K. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.834416. PMC 8913524. PMID 35283878.
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Larsson M, Foley B (26 January 2023). "The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea". PLOS ONE. 18 (1) e0281010. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881010L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281010. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9879437. PMID 36701280.

ebmonline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gresta F, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, et al. (2008). "Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review". Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 28 (1): 95–112. Bibcode:2008AgSD...28...95G. doi:10.1051/agro:2007030. S2CID 44054590.
Sharaf-Eldin et al. 2008. Sharaf-Eldin M, Elkholy S, Fernández JA, et al. (August 2008), "Bacillus subtilis FZB24 affects flower quantity and quality of saffron (Crocus sativus)", Planta Medica, 74 (10): 1316–20, Bibcode:2008PlMed..74.1316S, doi:10.1055/s-2008-1081293, PMC 3947403, PMID 18622904
Abdullaev 2002, p. 1. Abdullaev FI (2002), "Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.)", Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 20–5, Bibcode:2002ExpBM.227...20A, doi:10.1177/153537020222700104, PMID 11788779, S2CID 40798771, archived from the original on 3 December 2008, retrieved 11 September 2011
Basker D, Negbi M (1983). "Uses of saffron". Journal of Economic Botany. 37 (2): 228–236. Bibcode:1983EcBot..37..228B. doi:10.1007/BF02858789. JSTOR 4254486. S2CID 40880131.
Tóth B, Hegyi P, Lantos T, et al. (2019). "The Efficacy of Saffron in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Depression: A Meta-analysis". Planta Medica. 85 (1): 24–31. Bibcode:2019PlMed..85...24T. doi:10.1055/a-0660-9565. ISSN 1439-0221. PMID 30036891.
Schmidt T, Heitkam T, Liedtke S, et al. (2019). "Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (Crocus sativus) as a hybrid of wild Crocus cartwrightianus cytotypes". New Phytologist. 222 (4): 1965–1980. Bibcode:2019NewPh.222.1965S. doi:10.1111/nph.15715. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 30690735.
Harpke D, Meng S, Rutten T, et al. (1 March 2013). "Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 617–627. Bibcode:2013MolPE..66..617H. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23123733.
Nemati Z, Harpke D, Gemicioglu A, et al. (2019). "Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an autotriploid that evolved in Attica (Greece) from wild Crocus cartwrightianus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 136: 14–20. Bibcode:2019MolPE.136...14N. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.022. PMID 30946897.
Kazemi-Shahandashti SS, Mann L, El-nagish A, et al. (2022). "Ancient Artworks and Crocus Genetics Both Support Saffron's Origin in Early Greece". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13 834416. Bibcode:2022FrPS...1334416K. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.834416. PMC 8913524. PMID 35283878.
Larsson M, Foley B (26 January 2023). "The king's spice cabinet–Plant remains from Gribshunden, a 15th century royal shipwreck in the Baltic Sea". PLOS ONE. 18 (1) e0281010. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1881010L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281010. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9879437. PMID 36701280.

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icarda.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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hal.inrae.fr

Ghorbani R, Koocheki A (2017). "Sustainable Cultivation of Saffron in Iran". In Lichtfouse E (ed.). Sustainable Agriculture Reviews (PDF). Springer. pp. 170–171. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58679-3. ISBN 978-3-319-58679-3. S2CID 28214061.

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jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Basker D, Negbi M (1983). "Uses of saffron". Journal of Economic Botany. 37 (2): 228–236. Bibcode:1983EcBot..37..228B. doi:10.1007/BF02858789. JSTOR 4254486. S2CID 40880131.

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lww.com (Global: 2,769^th place; English: 3,314^th place)

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Asgari M (2022). "Survey of the History and Applications of Saffron". Chinese Medicine and Culture. 5 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1097/MC9.0000000000000006.

mail.gov.af (Global: low place; English: low place)

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mpg.de (Global: 1,624^th place; English: 1,592^nd place)

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Amanpour A, Sonmezdag AS, Kelebek H, et al. (2015). "GC–MS–olfactometric characterization of the most aroma-active components in a representative aromatic extract from Iranian saffron (Crocus sativus L.)". Food Chemistry. 182: 251–256. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.005. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 25842335.
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Shafiee A, Jafarabady K, Seighali N, et al. (1 March 2025). "Effect of Saffron Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Treatment of Depression and Anxiety: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Nutrition Reviews. 83 (3): e751–e761. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae076. ISSN 1753-4887. PMID 38913392.
Karim M, Pirzad S, Shirsalimi N, et al. (27 November 2024). "Effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic Indices in diabetic and prediabetic overweight patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs". Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 16 (1): 286. doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01530-6. ISSN 1758-5996. PMC 11600967. PMID 39593185.
Schmidt T, Heitkam T, Liedtke S, et al. (2019). "Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (Crocus sativus) as a hybrid of wild Crocus cartwrightianus cytotypes". New Phytologist. 222 (4): 1965–1980. Bibcode:2019NewPh.222.1965S. doi:10.1111/nph.15715. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 30690735.
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Saffron (English Wikipedia)

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books.google.fr

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71st place; English: 52nd place)

icarda.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

indiaspend.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

inrae.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

hal.inrae.fr

intracen.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

itmonline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

leffingwell.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

lww.com (Global: 2,769th place; English: 3,314th place)

journals.lww.com

mail.gov.af (Global: low place; English: low place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209th place; English: 191st place)

mpg.de (Global: 1,624th place; English: 1,592nd place)

pure.mpg.de

mums.ac.ir (Global: low place; English: low place)

ajp.mums.ac.ir

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

npr.org (Global: 92nd place; English: 72nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oec.world (Global: 8,417th place; English: 9,209th place)

oed.com (Global: 360th place; English: 231st place)

oup.com (Global: 485th place; English: 440th place)

academic.oup.com

phytojournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

rediff.com (Global: 106th place; English: 74th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; English: 125th place)

saffronice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

safranerio.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149th place; English: 178th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

tehrantimes.com (Global: 4,540th place; English: 3,354th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; English: 11th place)

thepersianfusion.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

tolonews.com (Global: 8,468th place; English: 5,737th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 230th place; English: 214th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

uni-erlangen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

klassischearchaeologie.phil.uni-erlangen.de

usamv.ro (Global: low place; English: low place)

managementjournal.usamv.ro

vitasta.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikihow.com (Global: 9,104th place; English: 8,577th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

abc.net.au (Global: 139^th place; English: 108^th place)

academia.edu (Global: 121^st place; English: 142^nd place)

arabnews.com (Global: 1,365^th place; English: 928^th place)

archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,031^st place; English: 879^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 387^th place; English: 373^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

efe.com (Global: 2,412^th place; English: 4,326^th place)

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

firstpost.com (Global: 283^rd place; English: 179^th place)

google.fr (Global: 3,051^st place; English: low place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

hindustantimes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 52^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

lww.com (Global: 2,769^th place; English: 3,314^th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

mpg.de (Global: 1,624^th place; English: 1,592^nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

npr.org (Global: 92^nd place; English: 72^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oec.world (Global: 8,417^th place; English: 9,209^th place)

oed.com (Global: 360^th place; English: 231^st place)

oup.com (Global: 485^th place; English: 440^th place)

rediff.com (Global: 106^th place; English: 74^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

tehrantimes.com (Global: 4,540^th place; English: 3,354^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

tolonews.com (Global: 8,468^th place; English: 5,737^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; English: 214^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikihow.com (Global: 9,104^th place; English: 8,577^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)