Sarnath (English Wikipedia)

Barba, Federica (2011). "Appendix 2, Sarnath: A Reassessment of the Archaeological Evidence with Particular Reference to the Final Phase of the Site". In Verardi, Giovanni (ed.). Hardships and Downfall of Buddhism in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-928-6.

accesstoinsight.org

"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding (excerpt)". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (Part Five)". Access to Insight. Translated by Vajira, Sister; Story, Francis. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

archive.org

Oertel 1908, pp. 60–61. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Li 1914, pp. 98–100. Li, Hwui (1914). The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang. Vol. Book III. Translated by Beal, Samuel (2nd ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company.
Konow 1908, pp. 320, 327–8. Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28.
Konow 1908, p. 319. Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28.
Konow 1908, pp. 321, 327. Konow, Sten (1908). "Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi". Epigraphica Indica. 9 (51): 319–28.
Habib 1981, p. 116 Quote: "In the winter of A.D. 1194-1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the Doab. Rai Jai Chand moved forward to meet him and came face to face with Qutbuddin Aibek, who was leading the vanguard of the invading army.... Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Banares, where he converted about a thousand idol-temples into houses for the Musalmans". Habib, Mohammad (1981). Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad (ed.). Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib. Vol. 2. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
Meston 1915, p. 169. Meston, James (1915). "India". Hutchinson's Story of the Nations. London: Hutchison & Co. pp. 123–222.
Oertel 1908, p. 60. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Hodges 1794, pp. 59–77. Hodges, William (1794). "Chaper IV: Description of Benares". Travels in India, during the years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783. London: printed for the author, and sold by J. Edwards.
Hodges 1794, p. 62 Quote: "Surrounding the city are many ruins of buildings, the effects of Mahomedan intolerance. One is a large circular edifice, having evidently been a Hindoo temple, or part of one; there are still vestiges of some of the ornaments; and on one part I found the Grecian scroll". Hodges, William (1794). "Chaper IV: Description of Benares". Travels in India, during the years 1780, 1781, 1782, and 1783. London: printed for the author, and sold by J. Edwards.
Oertel 1908, p. 65. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Oertel 1908, pp. 61–62. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Duncan 1799, pp. 131–133. Duncan, Johnathan (1799). "An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares". Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia. 5: 131–3.
Cunningham 1871, pp. 118–119. Cunningham, Alexander (1871). "Banaras Sarnath". Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65. Vol. 1. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 103–130.
Sherring 1868, p. 26. Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1868). Benares: The Sacred City of the Hindus. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation.
Oertel 1908, pp. 62–64. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Cunningham 1871, pp. 103–130. Cunningham, Alexander (1871). "Banaras Sarnath". Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65. Vol. 1. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India: Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 103–130.
Sherring 1868, p. 25 Quote: "...in the erection of the bridges over the river Barna, forty-eight statues and other sculptured stones were removed from Sarnath and thrown into the river, to serve as a breakwater to the piers; and that, in the erection of the second bridge, the iron one, from fifty to sixty cart-loads of stones from the Sarnath buildings were employed". Sherring, Matthew Atmore (1868). Benares: The Sacred City of the Hindus. Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation.
Oertel 1908, p. 64. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Oertel 1908, pp. 68–70. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Vogel 1906, pp. 166–167. Vogel, Jean Philippe (1906). "Epigraphical Discoveries at Sarnath". Epigraphica Indica. 8 (17): 166–179.
Oertel 1908, pp. 61–68. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Oertel 1908, p. 74. Oertel, Friedrich Oscar (1908). "Excavations at Sarnath". Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India. pp. 59–104.
Nosu 1939, p. 27. Nosu, Kosetsu (1939). Life of Buddha in Frescoes: Mulagandhakuti Vihara, Sarnath. Kolkata: Maha Bodhi Society. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Kipling 1902, p. 266. Kipling, Rudyard (1902). Kim (1st ed.). London: MacMillan & Company.
Lovecraft 2011, p. 93. Lovecraft, Howard Phillips (2011). The Complete Works Of H. P. Lovecraft.
Lovecraft 2011, pp. 41–44. Lovecraft, Howard Phillips (2011). The Complete Works Of H. P. Lovecraft.
Smith 1911, pp. 374–5. Smith, Vincent Arthur (1911). A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Smith 1911, pp. 101–2. Smith, Vincent Arthur (1911). A history of fine art in India and Ceylon, from the earliest times to the present day. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Mani 2012, pp. 60–61. Mani, B. R. (2012). Sarnath: Archaeology, Art and Architecture. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.

asisarnathcircle.org

Archaeological Survey of India (2014). "Dhamek Stupa". Our Monuments. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

books.google.com

Schumann 2004, p. 67. Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2004). The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 8120818172.
Asher 2020, p. 1. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 9. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, pp. 6–8. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 11. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Sanyal 2012, pp. 130–1. Sanyal, Sanjeev (2012). Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography. Gurgaon, India: Penguin Books India Private Limited. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-8184756715.
Asher 2020, pp. 21–22. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 22. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, pp. 12–13. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, pp. 14–15. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 23. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 12. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, pp. 27–28. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 24. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Asher 2020, p. 27. Asher, Frederick M. (2020). Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. ISBN 978-1606066164.
Phuoc 2010, p. 38. Phuoc, Le Huu (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Lakeville, Minnesota: Grafikol. ISBN 978-0984404308.
Wagner 2021, p. 406 Quote: "A slightly different (32-spoke) version of the same wheel adorns the logo of the Supreme Court of India as a visual declaration of righteousness, authority and truth....". Wagner, Anne (2021). Marusek, Sarah (ed.). Flags, Color, and the Legal Narrative: Public Memory, Identity, and Critique. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3030328641.
Sadan 2016, p. 177. Sadan, Jha (2016). Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107118874.
Nakamura 2001, pp. 267–8. Nakamura, Hajime (2001). Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts. Vol. 1. Translated by Sekimori, Gaynor (1st ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 978-4333018932.

buddhanet.net

BuddhaNet (2008). "The First Five Monks". Life of the Buddha. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
BuddhaNet (2008). "Buddha Tales, Volume 1". King Banyan Deer. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.

doi.org

Sarao 2017, p. 581. Sarao, Karam Tej Singh (2017). "Isipatana". In Long, Jeffery D. (ed.). Buddhism and Jainism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. p. 581. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100384. ISBN 978-9402408515.

guidevaranasi.com

"Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath", https://guidevaranasi.com/dhamek-stupa-in-sarnath/

indianculture.gov.in

Sahni 1914, p. 2. Sahni, Daya Ram (1914). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India.
Sahni 1914, p. 1. Sahni, Daya Ram (1914). Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath (PDF). Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India.
Niyogi 1959, p. 111. Niyogi, Roma (1959). The History of the Gāhadavāla Dynasty. Kolkata: Calcutta Oriental Book Agency.
Sahni 1917, pp. 17–20. Sahni, Daya Ram (1917). Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath. Calcutta: Archaeological Survey of India.

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Thai Temple & Monastery". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
"Sarnath gets country's tallest statue of Buddha". The Times of India. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Digambar Jain Temple". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

jainelibrary.org

Federation of Jain Associations in North America 2021, p. 241. Federation of Jain Associations in North America (2021). Compendium of Jainism (PDF) (4th ed.). Carson, California: Jain Education International. ISBN 978-1594060663.

magadhuniversity.ac.in

Chandra 2007 Quote: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed". Chandra, Satish (2007). History of Medieval India: 800-1700 (PDF). Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan. ISBN 978-9352874576.

nytimes.com

Katherine Tanko (30 April 1999). "Centuries of Pilgrimage:Buddhists Still Flock to Sarnath". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

originalbuddhas.com

"Disappearance of Buddhism in India". Original Buddhas. Retrieved 13 December 2024.

sarnathmuseumasi.org

Archaeological Survey of India (2013). "Accession Number: 33 (Kumaradevi inscription)". Archaeological Museum Sarnath. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

sc.edu

digital.tcl.sc.edu

Landon 1832, pp. 16–17. Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1832). Fisher's drawing room scrap-book; with poetical illustrations by L.E.L, 1833. London: Fisher, Son, and Jackson.

tribuneindia.com

Pran Nevile (3 May 2009). "India's past on canvas". The Tribune. Chandigarh: Tribune Trust. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

tricycle.org

Tricycle 2009. Tricycle (2 November 2009). "It's not quite Bamiyan but..." Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. 19 (1).

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2023). "Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh". Tentative Lists. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

uniroma1.it

iris.uniroma1.it

Elliott, Diemberger & Clemente 2014, p. 125. Elliott, Mark; Diemberger, Hildegard; Clemente, Michela (2014). Buddha's Word: The Life of Books in Tibet and Beyond (PDF). Cambridge, England: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0947595203.

up.gov.in

nri.up.gov.in

NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (2022). "About Sarnath". Sarnath. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

uptourism.gov.in

Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department (10 June 2022). "Annual Tourist Visits Statistics - 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 & 2021". Year-wise Tourist Statistics. Lucknow: Department of Tourism, Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

web.archive.org

NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India (2022). "About Sarnath". Sarnath. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India: NRI Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
BuddhaNet (2008). "The First Five Monks". Life of the Buddha. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: The Great Discourse on the Total Unbinding (excerpt)". Access to Insight. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
"Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha (Part Five)". Access to Insight. Translated by Vajira, Sister; Story, Francis. Barre, Massachusetts: Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
BuddhaNet (2008). "Buddha Tales, Volume 1". King Banyan Deer. Tullera, NSW, Australia: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
Archaeological Survey of India (2013). "Accession Number: 33 (Kumaradevi inscription)". Archaeological Museum Sarnath. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
Pran Nevile (3 May 2009). "India's past on canvas". The Tribune. Chandigarh: Tribune Trust. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
Archaeological Survey of India (2014). "Dhamek Stupa". Our Monuments. Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh: Archaeological Survey of India - Sarnath Circle. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2023). "Ancient Buddhist Site, Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh". Tentative Lists. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Thai Temple & Monastery". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
"Sarnath gets country's tallest statue of Buddha". The Times of India. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Katherine Tanko (30 April 1999). "Centuries of Pilgrimage:Buddhists Still Flock to Sarnath". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
Shubham Mansingka (11 January 2017). "Digambar Jain Temple". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department (10 June 2022). "Annual Tourist Visits Statistics - 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 & 2021". Year-wise Tourist Statistics. Lucknow: Department of Tourism, Uttar Pradesh. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.