References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Sati (practice)" in the English version

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Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 182–185. ISBN 978-0226885681. Quote: Between 1943 and 1987, some thirty women in Rajasthan (twenty-eight, according to official statistics) immolated themselves on their husband's funeral pyre. This figure probably falls short of the actual number. (p. 182)

Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 182–185. ISBN 978-0-226-88568-1. Quote: Between 1943 and 1987, some thirty women in Rajasthan (twenty-eight, according to official statistics) immolated themselves on their husband's funeral pyre. This figure probably falls short of the actual number. (p. 182)

Doniger 2009, p. 611. Doniger, Wendy (2009). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Penguin Books. p. 611. ISBN 978-0-14-311669-1.

Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 21. ISBN 978-0-226-88568-1.

On Natchez, and on Anatom in present day Vanuatu, Mackenzie, Donald A. (1923). Myths of Pre-Columbian America. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-486-29379-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Tahiti, Hawaii, Samoa Brantlinger, Patrick (2011). Taming Cannibals: Race and the Victorians. Cornell University Press. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-0-8014-6264-1., Fiji Thornley, Andrew; Vualono, Tauga (2005). A Shaking of the Land: William Cross and the Origins of Christianity in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific. p. 166. ISBN 978-982-02-0374-7.

Fleet, John Faithful (1981). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings). p. 354.

Mehendale, M. A. (1 January 2001). Interpolations In The Mahabharata. pp. 200–201.

Michael Adas (1993). Islamic & European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order. Temple University Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-56639-068-2. sati muslim conquests british saved india.

de Silva, K.M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-520-04320-6.

Annemarie Schimmel (2004). Burzine K. Waghmar (ed.). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1-86189-185-3.

Annemarie Schimmel (2004). Burzine K. Waghmar (ed.). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-86189-185-3.

Kumar, Raj (2003). Essays on Indian Renaissance. Discovery Publishing House. p. 173. ISBN 978-81-7141-689-9. Carey's actual figures for the year 1803 was 275; for the months April–October 1804, the missionaries arrived at the figure 115. For 1803 and 1804 statistics Buchanan, Claudius (1811). Two Discourses Preached Before the University of Cambridge ... July 1, 1810: And a Sermon Preached Before the Society for Missions to Africa and the East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–113. More detailed on figures in Buchanan, Claudius (1805). Memoir of the expediency of an ecclesiastical establishment for British India. London: T.Cadell and W.Davies. pp. 102–104.

Horton, Ryley, J. (1899). Ralph Fitch. T. Fisher and Urwin. p. 60. Retrieved 12 September 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

da Silva Gracias, Fatima (1996). Kaleidoscope of Women in Goa, 1510–1961. Concept Publishing Company. p. 91. ISBN 978-81-7022-591-1.

"Widow Burning in India" (PDF). The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. IX. Wesleyan Missionary Society: 84. August 1852. Retrieved 24 February 2016.

Hoole, Elijah (1829). Personal Narrative of a Mission to the South of India, from 1820 to 1828. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 332. Retrieved 5 May 2015. Elijah Hoole bangalore.

Meenakshi Jain. Sati Evangelicals, Baptist Missionaries, And The Changing Colonial Discourse. p. 186.

Napier, William. (1851) History Of General Sir Charles Napier's Administration Of Scinde. (p. 35). London: Chapman and Hall [1] at books.google.com. Retrieved 10 July 2011

Finishing writing in April 1853, John William Kaye says Jodhpur is the most recent important state to have banned the rite. Kaye, John W. (1853). The Administration of the East India Company: A History of Indian Progress. London: R. Bentley. p. 543.

Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 182–185. ISBN 978-0-226-88568-1.

On hut, p. 170, on pit, p. 171 Tavernier, Jean Baptiste; P., J. (tr.) (1678). "2.2.10". The six voyages of John Baptista Tavernier. London: R.L. and M.P. pp. 170–171.

Tavernier, Jean Baptiste; P., J. (tr.) (1678). "2.2.10". The six voyages of John Baptista Tavernier. London: R.L. and M.P. p. 171.

On early rarity and Nayak adoption, Kulkarni, K.R. (1996). "Sati in Maratha Country". In Feldhaus, Anne (ed.). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-7914-2838-2., on Jesuit witness, Weinberger-Thomas, Catherine (1999). Ashes of Immortality: Widow-Burning in India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 119. ISBN 978-0-226-88568-1.

M. A. Mehendale (1 January 2001). Interpolations In The Mahabharata. pp. 200–201.

Verne, Jules (1873). Around the World in 80 Days. Boston: James R. Osgood and Company. pp. 83–98. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

books.google.com

On this idea of discontuation, see Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 118. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

For direct quotation, see p.56, for rest of discussion, consult essay Leslie (1993, p. 45) Leslie, Julia (1993). "Suttee or Sati: Victim or Victor?". In Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (eds.). Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader. Vol. 10. London: Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7007-0284-8.

Brick, David (2018). Kitts, Margo (ed.). Martyrdom, Self-Sacrifice, and Self-Immolation: Religious Perspectives on Suicide. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 162–181, 165–166. ISBN 978-0-19-065648-5. To give just one concrete example of sati from the Mahabharata this is fairly representative of its treatment throughout the epic, we can examine the story of the death of Pandu, the father of the epic's five chief protagonists, the Pandava brothers ... this narrative reveals two crucial features of sati as it is presented in Hindu religious texts of the ancient and medieval periods. The first of these is that it is a strictly voluntary undertaking; it is not presented as a mandatory practice, nor does physical coercion constitute a motivating factor in its lawful execution. The second feature of sati is its special goal, which is the unbroken continuation in the next life of a wife's faithful and devoted service to her husband—the very reason for her existence according to many classical Hindu texts.

Watson, Cameron; Bhugra, Dinesh; Ventriglio, Antonio (2024). "Cultural factors in suicide". In Schouler-Ocak, Meryam; Khan, Murad Moosa (eds.). Suicide Across Cultures: Understanding the variation and complexity of the suicidal process across ethnicities and cultures. Oxford Cultural Psychiatry Series. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–26, 20. ISBN 978-0-19-884340-5. India: The practice of a Hindu widow jumping onto the funeral pyre of her husband and killing herself is described as sati. The word represents many meanings and the most common use refers to the act of dying by suicide, which was fairly common in north India in particular, until the British rulers made it an illegal act. As the term also is reflected as devotion, the actual act may have been due to devotion or coercion partly because looking after widows may have been seen as a burden for the family.

Strong, S. I. (2018). A New Theory of Religious Rights for National and International Legal Systems. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-1-107-17933-2. The practice of sati, for example, though widespread in India at one time, may not have been followed for religious reasons so much as for social and economic reasons involving the shame brought on a wife and her family if she did not choose to become sati, the absence of any economic provisions to support widows and the existence of financial incentives to other family members resulting from the widow's committing sati. The social reality was such that death was the only perceived option of many sati, regardless of any religious elements.

Brule, Rachel E. (2020). Women, Power, and Property: The Paradox of Gender Equality Laws in India. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-108-83582-4. Quote: Sati is a particularly relevant social practice because it is often used as a means to prevent inheritance of property by widows. In parallel, widows are also sometimes branded as witches – and subjected to violent expulsion from their homes – as a means to prevent their inheritance.

Ramusack, Barbara N. (1999), "Women in South Asia", in Barbara N. Ramusack, Sharon L. Sievers (ed.), Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History, Indiana University Press, pp. 27–29, ISBN 0-253-21267-7

Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, p. 20, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8

Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 268–, ISBN 978-1-139-91561-8

Arnold, David (2021). Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationshood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780520379343. Sati, as Ania Loomba put it, was "one of the most spectacular forms of patriarchal violence," and all three of those terms—spectacle (though perhaps not quite as Loomba meant it), patriarchy, and violence—are highly relevant to this discussion. And yet, as Tanika Sarkar reminds us, until the mid-1820s "suttee" was described by the British as "self-immolation," as a self-willed act, and only subsequently as "widow burning." And, as she further notes, in Bengal satis were commonly referred to as women who consumed or ate fire, and not, passively, as "women who were devoured by fire." In these late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century deaths sati was resurrected in a new form, the kerosene-fueled flame a surrogate for, or adjunct to, the conventional funeral pyre. In highlighting the role of fire in the destruction of women's lives, these deaths further illustrate a pattern, appallingly still found, in which women in India have been far more likely to die from burns than men

Feminist Spaces: Gender and Geography in a Global Context, Routledge, Ann M. Oberhauser, Jennifer L. Fluri, Risa Whitson, Sharlene Mollett. Quote: Sati is a practice in which widows commit suicide by burning themselves (or being burned) on their husband's funeral pyres. While this practice was never widespread, and is now obsolete, it was nonetheless at the center of discussions around Indian & Nepalese culture and tradition during the last century-and-a-half."

Sharma 2001, pp. 19–21. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Leslie 1993. Leslie, Julia (1993). "Suttee or Sati: Victim or Victor?". In Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (eds.). Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader. Vol. 10. London: Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7007-0284-8.

Cain & Harrison 2001, p. 209. Cain, Peter J.; Harrison, Mark (2001). Imperialism: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20630-3.

Harlan, Lindsey (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. p. 119 footnote 12. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5.

Harlan, Lindsey (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5.

Bharti, Dalbir (2008). Women and the Law. New Delhi: APH Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-81-313-0442-6.

Yang 2008, pp. 21–23. Yang, Anand A. (2008). "Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India". In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35269-9.

Pausanias; Frazer, James G. (2012). Pausanias's Description of Greece. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-108-04725-8.

Kuzmina 2007, p. 341. Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). J.P. Mallory (ed.). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leyden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16054-5.

Kuzmina 2007, p. 340. Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). J.P. Mallory (ed.). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leyden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16054-5.

Kuzmina 2007, p. 194. Kuzmina, Elena Efimovna (2007). J.P. Mallory (ed.). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leyden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16054-5.

Yang 2008, p. 20. Yang, Anand A. (2008). "Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India". In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35269-9.

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1986). Vakataka – Gupta Age Circa 200–550 A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 190. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7.

Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.

Yang 2008, p. 21. Yang, Anand A. (2008). "Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India". In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35269-9.

Leslie 1993, p. 43. Leslie, Julia (1993). "Suttee or Sati: Victim or Victor?". In Arnold, David; Robb, Peter (eds.). Institutions and Ideologies: A SOAS South Asia Reader. Vol. 10. London: Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7007-0284-8.

Yang 2008, p. 22. Yang, Anand A. (2008). "Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India". In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35269-9.

Jakub Pigoń, ed. (18 December 2008). The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-4438-0251-2.

Bosworth 2005, pp. 174–187. Bosworth, A.B. (2005). The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda under the Successors. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198153061.

Jakub Pigoń, ed. (18 December 2008). The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4438-0251-2.

Jakub Pigoń, ed. (18 December 2008). The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-4438-0251-2.

Arvind Sharma; Ajit Ray; Alaka Hejib (1988). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 41. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Abraham Eraly (May 2014). The First Spring Part 1: Life in the Golden Age of India. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-93-5118-645-8.

Arvind Sharma; Ajit Ray; Alaka Hejib (1988). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 149–153. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.

Phillips, Kim M. (2013). Before Orientalism: Asian Peoples and Cultures in European Travel Writing, 1245–1510. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8122-0894-8.

Nguyễn Tài Thư (2008), History of Buddhism in Vietnam, CRVP, pp. 75–89, ISBN 978-1-56518-098-7

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 130. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

M.C. Ricklefs (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1200. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-1-137-05201-8.^{[permanent dead link]}

The archeologist Georges Coedès made that inference on basis of some inscriptions in Cambodia,Sharan, Manesh K. (2003). Studies In Sanskrit Inscriptions Of Ancient Cambodia. Abhinav Publications. p. 192. ISBN 978-81-7017-006-8., also, see Yule & Burnell (2013), pp. 495 Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India

Ian Harris (2008). Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-8248-3298-8.

Ian Harris (2008). Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 10–28. ISBN 978-0-8248-3298-8.

Lach, Donald F. (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 525. ISBN 978-0-226-46732-0.

Creese, Helen (2005). Women of the Kakawin World: Marriage and Sexuality in the Indic Courts of Java and Bali. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 317, footnote 12. ISBN 978-0-7656-0160-5.

On al-Tajir, Ibn Batuta and Marco Polo Hermes, Nizar F. (2013). "The Orient's Medieval Orient(alism)". In Netton, Ian R. (ed.). Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and Voyage. London: Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-415-53854-1., On al-Qazwini Tennent, James E. (1859). Ceylon: An Account of the Island. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p. 574.

M. Reza Pirbhai (2009). Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context. Brill Academic. pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-90-474-3102-2.

M. Reza Pirbhai (2009). Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context. Brill Academic. p. 108. ISBN 978-90-474-3102-2.

Sharma 2001, p. 25. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Sharma 2001, p. 23. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India before Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 268–, ISBN 978-1-139-91561-8

P. Banerjee (2016). Burning Women: Widows, Witches, and Early Modern European Travelers in India. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-1-137-05204-9.

In a minute from William Bentinck from 8 November 1829, he states that the Danish government at Serampore has not forbidden the rite, in conformity to the example of the British government,Sharma, S.K. (2005). Raja Rammohun Roy: An Apostle Of Indian Awakening. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 132. ISBN 978-81-8324-018-5. According to a couple of Danish historians, the general Danish ban on sati was issued conjointly with the British in 1829, Rostgaard, Marianne; Schou, Lotte (2010). Kulturmøder i dansk kolonihistorie. Copenhagen: Gyldendal Uddannelse. p. 125. ISBN 978-87-02-06141-3.

Kent, Neil (2001). The Soul of the North: A Social, Architectural and Cultural History of the Nordic Countries, 1700–1940. London: Reaktion Books. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-86189-067-2.

Philip J. Stern (29 November 2012). The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-19-993036-4. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

S. Muthiah (2008). Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India. Palaniappa Brothers. pp. 444–. ISBN 978-81-8379-468-8. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

Grover B.L. & Mehta Alka (2018). A New Look at Modern Indian History (From 1707 to The Modern Times), 32e. S. Chand Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 978-93-5253-434-0. Retrieved 29 April 2020.

Coward, Harold; Lipner, Julius; Young, Katherine (1989). Hindu Ethics: Purity, Abortion, and Euthanasia. State University of New York Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-88706-763-8.

Sharma 2001, pp. 32–33. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Mangalwadi, Vishal (2007). "India:Peril&Promise". In Stetson, Chuck (ed.). Creating the Better Hour: Lessons from William Wilberforce. Macon, GA: Stroud & Hall. pp. 140–142. ISBN 978-0-9796462-1-8.

Sharma 2001, pp. 6–7. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Marshman, John Clark (1876). History of India from the earliest period to the close of the East India Company's government. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. ISBN 978-1-108-02104-3. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Modern India, 1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 118. ISBN 978-81-269-0085-5.

H. H. Dodwell, ed. (1932). The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume 5. The Indian empire 1858–1918.

Sharma 2001, p. 9. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Dodwell 1932, p. 141. Dodwell, H. H (1932). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive.

Dodwell 1932, p. 142. Dodwell, H. H (1932). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive.

Dodwell 1932, p. 140. Dodwell, H. H (1932). The Cambridge History of the British Empire. CUP Archive.

Rai, Raghunath. History. FK Publications. p. 137. ISBN 978-81-87139-69-0.^{[permanent dead link]}

Kulkarni, A.R.; Feldhaus, Anne (1996). "Sati in the Maratha Country". Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-7914-2838-2.

Proceedings – Indian History Congress – Volume 48 by Indian History Congress 1988 – p. 481, see also Thornton, Edward (1858). A Gazetteer of the Territories Under the Government of the East India Company and of the Native States on the Continent of India. London: W.H. Allen. p. 73, column 2.

For 1841 proclamation, Thomas, R. Hughes, ed. (1851). Treaties, Agreements, and Engagements, Between the Honorable East India Company and the Native Princes, Chiefs, and States, in Western India, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, &c: Also Between Her Britannic Majesty's Government, and Persia, Portugal, and Turkey. Bombay: Government. p. 258.

See footnote Wilson, Horca H. (1851). William Gifford (ed.). "Widow Burning-Major Ludlow". The Quarterly Review. 89: 257–276.

"Debate at the East India House, March 23rd 1842". The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany. 37. London: W.H. Allen: 286. April 1842. The Raja of Satara banned the practice already in 1839, House of Commons, Great Britain (February–August 1849). "Papers relative to the Raja of Sattara". Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command. Vol. 39. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 45, No. 1531.

On Hyderabad and Gwalior Trotter, James (1866). The History of the British Empire in India. Vol. 1. London: Wm. H. Allen & Company. p. 97., Jammu and Kashmir "Bengal and Agra, Miscellaneous". The Indian News and Chronicle of Eastern Affaires. 132. London: Alexander E. Murray: 76. 22 February 1848.

William Sleeman travelling in Awadh in 1849 says sati is prohibited there. Sleeman, William H. (1858). A Journey Through the Kingdom of Oude in 1849–1850: With Private Correspondence Relative to the Annexation of Oude to British India. Vol. 2. London: Richard Bentley. p. 250. Bhopal is reported in 1849 to engage actively in suppression of the rite, "Notes and suggestions on Indian Affairs, chapter VI". The Dublin University Magazine. 34, 204. Dublin: James McGlashan: 712. December 1849.

Townsend, Meredith (1858). The Indian Official Thesaurus: Being Introductory to Annals of Indian Administration. Serampore: Serampore Press. p. 155.

A much quoted table given at page 270 in Wilson, Horca H. (1851). William Gifford (ed.). "Widow Burning-Major Ludlow". The Quarterly Review. 89: 257–276.

"Bengal and Agra, Miscellaneous". The Indian News and Chronicle of Eastern Affaires. 132. London: Alexander E. Murray: 76. 22 February 1848.

Index of official correspondences to some 20 princely states relative to the suppression of sati can be found in Foreign and Political Department (1866). A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries: Index. Vol. 8. Calcutta: Cutter. pp. 313–314.

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Sati: A Historical Anthology by Andrea Major – 2007– p. xvii On Mewar and Queen Victoria's 1861 proclamation, Brown, Lindsay; Thomas, Amelia (2008). Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra. Lonely Planet. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-74104-690-8.

"Tinnevelly". Church of England Magazine. 7, 198. London: James Burns: 383. 14 December 1839.

p. 182 in James S. Buckingham, ed. (June 1824). "Burning of Hindoo Widows". The Oriental Herald. 2, 6. London: J. M. Richardson: 173–185.

Townsend, Meredith (1858). The Indian Official Thesaurus: Being Introductory to Annals of Indian Administration. Serampore: Serampore Press. p. 307.

Zollinger, M. (1848). James R. Logan (ed.). "On the religion of the Sassak". The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia. 2. Singapore: Mission Press: 165–170.

PV Ayyar (1992). Indian Customs. Asian Educational Services. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-81-206-0153-6.

"Suttee". The Calcutta Review. Vol. XLVI. Calcutta: R.C.LePage and Co. 1867. p. 256.

Buckingham, J.S., ed. (December 1827). "Official Papers laid before Parliament Respecting the burning of Hondoo Widows". Oriental Herald. 15, 48. London: James S. Buckingham: 399–424.

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 134. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4(techniques for preventing escape) {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

Sartori, Andrew (2008). Bengal in Global Concept History: Culturalism in the Age of Capital. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-226-73493-4.

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. pp. 135–137. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 118. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (8 January 2024). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4.

Harlan, Lindsey (2003). "Sati". In Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret A. (eds.). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. New York, London: Taylor & Francis. p. 538. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5.

On these two women, and a general in-depth treatment of jivit tradition, see Harlan, Lindsey (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. pp. 171–181. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5.

Yang 2008, p. 23. Yang, Anand A. (2008). "Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India". In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35269-9.

"Burning of Widows in India". The Missionary Herald. 25, 4. Boston: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: 130–131. April 1829.

Yang 2008, pp. 29–31. Yang, Anand A. (2008). "Whose Sati? Widow-Burning in early Nineteenth Century India". In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.). Women and Social Reform in Modern India: A Reader. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35269-9.

Kulkarnee, Narayan H. (1990). "A Note on Sati in Maharashtra". In Kusuman, K.K (ed.). A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 215–220. ISBN 978-81-7099-214-1.

Feldhaus, Anne (21 March 1996). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion. SUNY Press. pp. 181–188. ISBN 978-0-7914-2838-2. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018.

Sinopoli, Carla M. (2003). The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, C. 1350–1650. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-1-139-44074-5.

Pinto, Janet (2002). The Indian Widow: From Victim To Victor. Mumbai: St Pauls BYB. p. 115. ISBN 978-81-7108-533-0.

Eye-witness (August 1828). Buckingham, James Silk (ed.). "Suttee at Bangalore". The Oriental Herald. LVI: 281–285.

A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, by Merle Calvin Ricklefs, on forced treaties, see Wiener, Margaret J. (1995). Visible and Invisible Realms: Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 267–268. ISBN 978-0-226-88582-7.

Creese, Helen (2005). Women of the Kakawin World: Marriage and Sexuality in the Indic Courts of Java and Bali. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-0-7656-0160-5.

This section is based on chapter 4, Harlan, Lindsey (1992). "Satimata tradition: The Transformative process". Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. pp. 112–153. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5.

Van Den Bosch, Lourens P. (2002). "The Ultimate Journey". In Bremmer, Jan; Van Den Bosch, Lourens P. (eds.). Between Poverty and the Pyre: Moments in the History of Widowhood. London: Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-134-88883-2.

Kitts, Margo (1 May 2018). Martyrdom, Self-Sacrifice, and Self-Immolation: Religious Perspectives on Suicide. Oxford University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-19-065650-8.

Compare alternative translation by Jamison/Brereton:

These women here, non-widows with good husbands – let them, with fresh butter as ointment, approach together.

Without tears, without afflictions, well-jeweled, let the wives first mount the womb.

Stephanie W. Jamison, Joel P. Brereton: The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0199720781. p. 1401. digital format

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 119. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

For extended dating debate, including Kane reference, see Olivelle, Patrick (1999). The Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xxv–xxxiv. ISBN 978-0-19-160604-5.

On 12th-century Apararka date, see for example, p. 75, On penance p. 207, in Banerji, Sures C. (1999). A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-370-0.

See in particular his discussion on the preceding pages of conclusion given at Goldman, Robert P (1990). Balakanda: An Epic of Ancient India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-691-01485-2. An important strand in Goldman's argument for the dating concerns which cities are considered capitals, and which are not

Altekar, Anant S. (1956). The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Pub. p. 121. ISBN 978-81-208-0324-4. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Pollet, Gilbert (1995). Indian epic values: Rāmāyana and its impact. Peeters Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 90-6831-701-6.

For this discussion, see for example, Sagar, Krishna C. (1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre. p. 291. ISBN 978-81-7211-028-4.

Pelea, Cringuta Irina (30 November 2023). Culture-Bound Syndromes in Popular Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-000-98278-7.

Sharma 2001, p. 102, footnote 206. Sharma, Arvind (2001). Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0464-7.

Gayatri Spivak: Deconstruction and the Ethics of Postcolonial Literary Interpretation p. 50, Ola Abdalkafor, Cambridge Scholars Publishing

doi.org

Gilmartin, Sophie (1997). "The Sati, the Bride, and the Widow: Sacrificial Woman in the Nineteenth Century". Victorian Literature and Culture. 25 (1): 141–158. doi:10.1017/S1060150300004678. JSTOR 25058378. S2CID 162954709. Suttee, or sati, is the obsolete Hindu practice in which a widow burns herself upon her husband's funeral pyre...

Grey, Daniel (2013). "Creating the 'Problem Hindu': Sati, Thuggee and Female Infanticide in India: 1800–60". Gender & History. 25 (3): 498–510. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12035. S2CID 142811053.

Padma, Sree (11 October 2013). Vicissitudes of the Goddess. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199325023.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-932502-3.

Harle, J. C. (1970). "An Early Indian Hero-Stone and a Possible Western Source". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 102 (2): 159–164. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00128333. JSTOR 25203206. S2CID 163747976.

franpritchett.com

S. M. Ikram; Ainslie T. Embree (1964). "17". Muslim Civilization in India (Ebook). Columbia University Press. Retrieved 25 November 2023. Aurangzeb was most forthright in his efforts to stop sati. According to Manucci, on his return from Kashmir in December, 1663, he "issued an order that in all lands under Mughal control, never again should the officials allow a woman to be burnt." Manucci adds that "This order endures to this day."/26/ This order, though not mentioned in the formal histories, is recorded in the official guidebooks of the reign./27/ Although the possibility of an evasion of government orders through payment of bribes existed, later European travelers record that sati was not much practiced by the end of Aurangzeb's reign. As Ovington says in his Voyage to Surat: "Since the Mahometans became Masters of the Indies, this execrable custom is much abated, and almost laid aside, by the orders which nabobs receive for suppressing and extinguishing it in all their provinces. And now it is 237 very rare, except it be some Rajah's wives, that the Indian women burn at all;/27/ Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib (Calcutta, 1916), III, 92./28/ John Ovington, A Voyage to Surat (London, 1929), p. 201.

goacom.com

To Cherish and to Share: The Goan Christian Heritage Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Paper presented at the 1991 Conference on Goa at the University of Toronto by: John Correia Afonso S.J. from: "South Asian Studies Papers", no 9; Goa: Goa Continuity and Change; Edited by Narendra K. Wagle and George Coelho; University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies 1995

jstor.org

Brick 2010, pp. 205–206. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

Pachauri, S.K.; Hamilton, R.N.C. (2002). "Sati Problem — Past and Present". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 63: 898–908. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158159.

Brick, David. “The Dharmaśāstric Debate on Widow-Burning.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 130, no. 2, 2010, pp. 203–23. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23044515. Accessed 30 Apr. 2024.

Brick 2010, pp. 203–223. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

Prakash Mishra, Om; Pradhan, S. (2001). "Sati memorials and cenotaphs of Madhya Pradesh - A survey". Indian History Congress. 62: 1014. JSTOR 44155841.

Brick 2010, pp. 206–211. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

Brick 2010, pp. 212–213. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

Brick 2010, p. 208. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

Brick 2010, pp. 207–208. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

Brick 2010, p. 214. Brick, David (2010). "The Dharmasastric Debate on Widow Burning". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (2): 203–223. JSTOR 23044515.

sacred-texts.com

Compare also alternative translation by Griffith:

Let these unwidowed dames with noble husbands adorn themselves with fragrant balm and unguent.

Decked with fair jewels, tearless, free from sorrow, first let the dames go up to where he lieth.

Hymn XVIII. Various Deities., Rig Veda, tr. by Ralph T. H. Griffith (1896)

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Grey, Daniel (2013). "Creating the 'Problem Hindu': Sati, Thuggee and Female Infanticide in India: 1800–60". Gender & History. 25 (3): 498–510. doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12035. S2CID 142811053.

web.archive.org

"Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 Official text of the Act". Government of India's National Resource Centre for Women (NCRW). Archived from the original on 25 October 2009.

Rajalakshmi, T.K. (28 February – 12 March 2004). ""Sati" and the verdict". Frontline Magazine, the Hindu. 21 (5). Archived from the original on 10 October 2007.

"No violation of Sati Act, say police". The Hindu. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.

No. 2: Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 Archived 19 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine National Council for Women, Proposed amendments to the 1987 Sati Prevention Act

The Times of India, "Woman commits 'sati' in UP village" Archived 2 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 19 May 2006.

"Woman jumps into husband's funeral pyre". The Times of India. Raipur. 13 October 2008. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012.

Feldhaus, Anne (21 March 1996). Images of Women in Maharashtrian Literature and Religion. SUNY Press. pp. 181–188. ISBN 978-0-7914-2838-2. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018.

"The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 (No. 3 of 1988)". Harvard School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2005.

"Lindsey Harlan". Connecticut College. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.

O. P. Gupta, "The Rigveda: Widows don't have to burn", The Asian Age, 23 October 2002, available at Hindu-religion.net Archived 22 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine.

Sati (practice) (English Wikipedia)

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