Schools of Islamic theology (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Schools of Islamic theology" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

59web.archive.org

1^st place

24books.google.com

3^rd place

16doi.org

2^nd place

8loc.gov

70^th place

63^rd place

7worldcat.org

5^th place

7iranicaonline.org

358^th place

433^rd place

5archive.org

6^th place

4bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

3muslimphilosophy.com

low place

3semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3globalsecurity.org

443^rd place

435^th place

3alislam.org

8,021^st place

5,423^rd place

2jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

2washington.edu

1,067^th place

749^th place

2britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

2ou.edu

5,878^th place

4,074^th place

1persee.fr

515^th place

1,261^st place

1almoqtabas.com

low place

1arabnews.com

1,365^th place

928^th place

1wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

1worktribe.com

low place

1oxfordreference.com

938^th place

658^th place

1wrmea.com

low place

1pewforum.org

926^th place

945^th place

1countrystudies.us

1,194^th place

1,001^st place

1telegraph.co.uk

30^th place

24^th place

1theatlantic.com

228^th place

158^th place

1martinkramer.org

low place

1cfr.org

2,812^th place

1,942^nd place

1religionfacts.com

low place

1ucsb.edu

1,115^th place

741^st place

1hindustantimes.com

71^st place

52^nd place

alislam.org

"The Promised Messiah – Prophecies Fulfilled". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
"The Holy Quran". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Nasir Mahmood Malik, National Tarbiyyat Secretary, USA (2007). "Raising Ahmadi Children in the West" (PDF). Al Islam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

almoqtabas.com

Walid ibn Muhammad Nabih ibn Sayf an-Nashr (1996). ibn ‘Ied al-Abbasi, Muhammad (ed.). أصول السنة [Principle of Sunnah] (in Arabic). Maktaba Ibn Taymiyyah. p. 50. Retrieved 9 August 2024. Footnote 13

arabnews.com

Scholar of renown: Muhammad Abu Zahrah Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. Ed. Adil Salahi for Arab News. Published Wednesday, 14 November 2001; accessed Sunday 9 June 2013.

archive.org

Al-Dhahabi (1996, p. 303) Al-Dhahabi (1996). al-Arna'ut, Shu'ayb (ed.). Siyar aʿlām an-nubalāʾ (in Arabic). Beirut: Muʾassasat ar-Risāla. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
Al-Dhahabi (1996, p. 311) Al-Dhahabi (1996). al-Arna'ut, Shu'ayb (ed.). Siyar aʿlām an-nubalāʾ (in Arabic). Beirut: Muʾassasat ar-Risāla. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
Ibn Qutaybah (1999). Muḥyī d-Dīn al-Aṣfar, Muḥammad (ed.). Taʾwīl muḫtalif al-ḥadīṯ (in Arabic). Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī. p. 110. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
Dhanani, Alnoor (1994). The physical theory of Kalām : atoms, space, and void in Basrian Muʻtazilī cosmology. Leiden: Brill. p. 7. ISBN 978-9004098312.
Rubin, Barry (2007). The Truth about Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. ISBN 9781403982735.

bbc.co.uk

"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
"The 'secretive sect' in charge of Syria". BBC. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
"Syria crisis: Deadly shooting at Damascus funeral". BBC News. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Who are the Ahmadi?". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2015.

books.google.com

Izutsu, Toshihiko (2006) [1965]. "The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem". The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at Keio University. pp. 1–20. ISBN 983-9154-70-2. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
• Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–43. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Abdel-Haleem, M. A. S. (2008). "Part I: Historical perspectives - Qur'an and hadith". In Winter, Timothy (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–32. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002. ISBN 9781139001816. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Rudolph, Ulrich (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 285–290. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 36. ISBN 9781137473578. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2020-10-28. The Atharis can thus be described as a school or movement led by typically the Hanbalites which retained influence, or at the very least a shared sentiment and conception of piety, well beyond the limited range of Hanbalite communities. This body of scholars continued to reject theology in favor of strict textualism well after Ash'arism had infiltrated the Sunni schools of law. It is for these reasons that we must delineate the existence of a distinctly traditionalist, anti-theological movement, which defies strict identification with any particular madhhab, and therefore cannot be described as Hanbalite.
Pemikiran Islam di Malaysia: sejarah dan aliran (in Malay). Gema Insani. 1997. p. 137. ISBN 9795614304. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Shaukat Ali (1993). Millenarian and Messianic Tendencies in Islamic History. Publishers United. p. 118. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver; H, Frank Daniel (2003-09-11). The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-65574-3. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World. macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 9780099523277. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
Musthafa Said Al-khin (2014). Zirzis, Achmad (ed.). Sejarah Ushul Fikih [History of Ushul Fiqih] (in Indonesian). Translated by Muhammad Misbah. East Jakarta, Id: Pustaka Al-Kautsar. p. 235. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality". Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 9780791468005. LCCN 2005023943. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003) [1989]. "Ashʿarī". The New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd Revised ed.). Walnut Creek, California and Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6. OCLC 1291928025. Archived from the original on 2022-07-09. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī – Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām, Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 9780860789789. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
Watt, W. Montgomery (May 1970). Pestman, P. W. (ed.). "The study of the development of the Islamic sects". Acta Orientalia Neerlandica: Proceedings of the Congress of the Dutch Oriental Society Held in Leiden on the Occasion of Its 50th Anniversary: 85.
J. Hoffman, Valerie (2012). The Essentials of Ibadi Islam. Syracuse University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0815650843. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
McLaughlin, Daniel (February 2008). Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide – Daniel McLaughlin – Google Books. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841622125. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004178922. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Lebanon: current issues and background, John C. Rolland (2003). Nova. 1 August 2003. ISBN 9781590338711. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Me'ir Mikha'el Bar-Asher; Gauke de Kootstra; Arieh Kofsky (2002). The Nuṣayr−i-ʻalaw−i Religion: An Enquiry Into Its Theology and Liturgy. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (2014). Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object. Routledge. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-135013738. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2020-10-28.

britannica.com

"Mutazilah Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Allard, Michel. "Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, Muslim theologian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2021-04-01.

cfr.org

Esther, Pan (18 July 2006). "Syria, Iran, and the Mideast Conflict". Backgrounder. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

countrystudies.us

Alawis Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Countrystudies.us, U.S. Library of Congress.

doi.org

Nagel, T. (2006). "Theology and the Qurʾān". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. V. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00203. ISBN 90-04-14743-8.
• Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–43. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025. ISBN 978-90-04-14743-0.
Abdel-Haleem, M. A. S. (2008). "Part I: Historical perspectives - Qur'an and hadith". In Winter, Timothy (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–32. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002. ISBN 9781139001816. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Peters, J. R. T. M. (1980). "La théologie musulmane et l'étude du langage". Histoire. Épistémologie. Langage (in French). 2 (1: Éléments d'Histoire de la tradition linguistique arabe). Paris: Société d'histoire et d'Épistémologie des Sciences du Langage: 9–19. doi:10.3406/hel.1980.1049. ISSN 1638-1580. Archived from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Rudolph, Ulrich (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 285–290. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
Hussaini, Sayed Hassan (2016). "Islamic Philosophy between Theism and Deism". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia. 72 (1: Teísmos: Aportações Filosóficas do Leste e Oeste / Theisms: Philosophical Contributions from the East to the West). Braga: Aletheia - Associação Científica e Cultural: 65–83. doi:10.17990/RPF/2016_72_1_0065. ISSN 0870-5283. JSTOR 43816275.
Geaves, Ronald (2021). "Part 1: Sunnī Traditions – Sectarianism in Sunnī Islam". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 25–48. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_004. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
W. Williams (2002). "Aspects of the Creed of Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal: A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 34 (3). Cambridge University Press: 441–463. doi:10.1017/S0020743802003021.
Campanini, Massimo (2012). "The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought". Religion Compass. 6: 41–50. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
Javad Anvari, Mohammad (2015). "al-Ashʿarī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300. ISSN 1875-9823.
Frank, Richard M. (January–March 1989). "Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (1). American Oriental Society: 37–62. doi:10.2307/604336. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604336. LCCN 12032032.
Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī – Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām, Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 9780860789789. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Talhamy, Y. (2010). "The Fatwas and the Nusayri/Alawis of Syria". Middle Eastern Studies. 46 (2): 175–194. doi:10.1080/00263200902940251. S2CID 144709130.

globalsecurity.org

Pike, John. "Alawi Islam". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"Alawi Islam" Archived 2008-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. Globalsecurity.org
"Alawi Islam". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2014-03-29.

hindustantimes.com

Haq, Zia (2 October 2011). "'Heretical' Ahmadiyya sect raises Muslim hackles". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 19 April 2015.

iranicaonline.org

"Abu'l-Ḵaṭṭāb Asadī". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"Ḵaṭṭābiya". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"ʿAbdallāh B. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ". Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Halm, H. "Bāṭenīya". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
"Ismaʿilism xvii. The Imamate in Ismaʿilism". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Radtke, B. "Bāṭen". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
"KARRĀMIYA". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

jstor.org

Hussaini, Sayed Hassan (2016). "Islamic Philosophy between Theism and Deism". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia. 72 (1: Teísmos: Aportações Filosóficas do Leste e Oeste / Theisms: Philosophical Contributions from the East to the West). Braga: Aletheia - Associação Científica e Cultural: 65–83. doi:10.17990/RPF/2016_72_1_0065. ISSN 0870-5283. JSTOR 43816275.
Frank, Richard M. (January–March 1989). "Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (1). American Oriental Society: 37–62. doi:10.2307/604336. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604336. LCCN 12032032.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

• Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–43. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Rudolph, Ulrich (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Ḥanafī Theological Tradition and Māturīdism". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 285–290. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.023. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality". Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 9780791468005. LCCN 2005023943. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Frank, Richard M. (January–March 1989). "Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (1). American Oriental Society: 37–62. doi:10.2307/604336. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604336. LCCN 12032032.
Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī – Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām, Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 9780860789789. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.

webarchive.loc.gov

"Telling the truth for more than 30 years – Sunni-Shi'i Schism: Less There Than Meets the Eye". WRMEA. Archived from the original on 23 April 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2013.

martinkramer.org

Kramer, Martin (11 January 2010). "Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2014. In their mountainous corner of Syria, the 'Alawī claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.

muslimphilosophy.com

NEAL ROBINSON (1998). "Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila". muslimphilosophy.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
"Ash'ari - A History of Muslim Philosophy". Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
M. Abdul Hye, Ph.D, Ash’arism Archived 2018-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Philosophia Islamica.

ou.edu

faculty-staff.ou.edu

Syrian comment. Asad's Alawi dilemma Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 8 October 2004
"Islamic Education in Syria: Undoing Secularism". OU. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2012.

oxfordreference.com

John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Qadariyyah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2016-07-09.

persee.fr

Peters, J. R. T. M. (1980). "La théologie musulmane et l'étude du langage". Histoire. Épistémologie. Langage (in French). 2 (1: Éléments d'Histoire de la tradition linguistique arabe). Paris: Société d'histoire et d'Épistémologie des Sciences du Langage: 9–19. doi:10.3406/hel.1980.1049. ISSN 1638-1580. Archived from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2021-11-30.

pewforum.org

"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-08-24. Of the total Muslim population, 11–12% are Shia Muslims and 87–88% are Sunni Muslims. Seven to Eleven Million Alevis and Three to Four Million Alawis constitute nearly 10% of Shi'ites.

religionfacts.com

"Ahmadiyya Islam – Beliefs History Practices". ReligionFacts. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī – Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām, Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 9780860789789. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Talhamy, Y. (2010). "The Fatwas and the Nusayri/Alawis of Syria". Middle Eastern Studies. 46 (2): 175–194. doi:10.1080/00263200902940251. S2CID 144709130.

telegraph.co.uk

Secretive sect of the rulers of Syria Archived 2022-04-15 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, 05 Aug 2011

theatlantic.com

Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). "Syria: Identity Crisis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2017-03-11.

ucsb.edu

alexandria.ucsb.edu

Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013). When Muslims are not Muslims: the Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. ISBN 9781303424861. Archived from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-01-20.

washington.edu

faculty.washington.edu

Heer, Nicholas (n.d.). "A LECTURE ON ISLAMIC THEOLOGY" (PDF). University of Washington Faculty. pp. 9–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
Heer, Nicholas (n.d.). "A LECTURE ON ISLAMIC THEOLOGY" (PDF). University of Washington Faculty. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.

web.archive.org

Izutsu, Toshihiko (2006) [1965]. "The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem". The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at Keio University. pp. 1–20. ISBN 983-9154-70-2. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
• Treiger, Alexander (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Origins of Kalām". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–43. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
• Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–279. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Abdel-Haleem, M. A. S. (2008). "Part I: Historical perspectives - Qur'an and hadith". In Winter, Timothy (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–32. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.002. ISBN 9781139001816. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
Peters, J. R. T. M. (1980). "La théologie musulmane et l'étude du langage". Histoire. Épistémologie. Langage (in French). 2 (1: Éléments d'Histoire de la tradition linguistique arabe). Paris: Société d'histoire et d'Épistémologie des Sciences du Langage: 9–19. doi:10.3406/hel.1980.1049. ISSN 1638-1580. Archived from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 9780199696703. LCCN 2016935488. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Heer, Nicholas (n.d.). "A LECTURE ON ISLAMIC THEOLOGY" (PDF). University of Washington Faculty. pp. 9–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 36. ISBN 9781137473578. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2020-10-28. The Atharis can thus be described as a school or movement led by typically the Hanbalites which retained influence, or at the very least a shared sentiment and conception of piety, well beyond the limited range of Hanbalite communities. This body of scholars continued to reject theology in favor of strict textualism well after Ash'arism had infiltrated the Sunni schools of law. It is for these reasons that we must delineate the existence of a distinctly traditionalist, anti-theological movement, which defies strict identification with any particular madhhab, and therefore cannot be described as Hanbalite.
Scholar of renown: Muhammad Abu Zahrah Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine. Ed. Adil Salahi for Arab News. Published Wednesday, 14 November 2001; accessed Sunday 9 June 2013.
Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver; H, Frank Daniel (2003-09-11). The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-65574-3. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
"Mutazilah Archived 2018-06-21 at the Wayback Machine", Encyclopaedia Britannica.
NEAL ROBINSON (1998). "Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila". muslimphilosophy.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2012-11-05.
"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR". BBC Bitesize. Archived from the original on 2021-06-21. Retrieved 2021-06-19.
Campanini, Massimo (2012). "The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought". Religion Compass. 6: 41–50. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World. macmillan. p. 77. ISBN 9780099523277. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality". Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 9780791468005. LCCN 2005023943. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003) [1989]. "Ashʿarī". The New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd Revised ed.). Walnut Creek, California and Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6. OCLC 1291928025. Archived from the original on 2022-07-09. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī – Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām, Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 9780860789789. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Allard, Michel. "Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, Muslim theologian". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
"Ash'ari - A History of Muslim Philosophy". Archived from the original on 2018-05-27. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Heer, Nicholas (n.d.). "A LECTURE ON ISLAMIC THEOLOGY" (PDF). University of Washington Faculty. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
M. Abdul Hye, Ph.D, Ash’arism Archived 2018-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Philosophia Islamica.
Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Qadariyyah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2016-07-09.
J. Hoffman, Valerie (2012). The Essentials of Ibadi Islam. Syracuse University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0815650843. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
McLaughlin, Daniel (February 2008). Yemen: The Bradt Travel Guide – Daniel McLaughlin – Google Books. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841622125. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
"Abu'l-Ḵaṭṭāb Asadī". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"Ḵaṭṭābiya". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"ʿAbdallāh B. Maymūn al-Qaddāḥ". Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Halm, H. "Bāṭenīya". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
"Ismaʿilism xvii. The Imamate in Ismaʿilism". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population". Pew Research Center. October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2010-08-24. Of the total Muslim population, 11–12% are Shia Muslims and 87–88% are Sunni Muslims. Seven to Eleven Million Alevis and Three to Four Million Alawis constitute nearly 10% of Shi'ites.
Radtke, B. "Bāṭen". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
Pike, John. "Alawi Islam". Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
"Alawi Islam" Archived 2008-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. Globalsecurity.org
"The 'secretive sect' in charge of Syria". BBC. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Alawis Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Countrystudies.us, U.S. Library of Congress.
Secretive sect of the rulers of Syria Archived 2022-04-15 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, 05 Aug 2011
"Alawi Islam". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004178922. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Lebanon: current issues and background, John C. Rolland (2003). Nova. 1 August 2003. ISBN 9781590338711. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Kaplan, Robert (February 1993). "Syria: Identity Crisis". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
Kramer, Martin (11 January 2010). "Syria's Alawis and Shi'ism". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2014. In their mountainous corner of Syria, the 'Alawī claim to represent the furthest extension of Twelver Shi'ism.
Me'ir Mikha'el Bar-Asher; Gauke de Kootstra; Arieh Kofsky (2002). The Nuṣayr−i-ʻalaw−i Religion: An Enquiry Into Its Theology and Liturgy. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
"Syria crisis: Deadly shooting at Damascus funeral". BBC News. 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Esther, Pan (18 July 2006). "Syria, Iran, and the Mideast Conflict". Backgrounder. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Syrian comment. Asad's Alawi dilemma Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 8 October 2004
"Islamic Education in Syria: Undoing Secularism". OU. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
"KARRĀMIYA". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (2014). Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object. Routledge. p. 333. ISBN 978-1-135013738. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
"Ahmadiyya Islam – Beliefs History Practices". ReligionFacts. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
"Who are the Ahmadi?". BBC News. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013). When Muslims are not Muslims: the Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. ISBN 9781303424861. Archived from the original on 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
Haq, Zia (2 October 2011). "'Heretical' Ahmadiyya sect raises Muslim hackles". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
"The Promised Messiah – Prophecies Fulfilled". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
"The Holy Quran". Alislam.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-13.
Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya jamaʻat: history, belief, practice. Columbia University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-231-70094-8. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
Nasir Mahmood Malik, National Tarbiyyat Secretary, USA (2007). "Raising Ahmadi Children in the West" (PDF). Al Islam. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Campanini, Massimo (2012). "The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought". Religion Compass. 6: 41–50. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-01-09.

worktribe.com

nottingham-repository.worktribe.com

Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Peters, J. R. T. M. (1980). "La théologie musulmane et l'étude du langage". Histoire. Épistémologie. Langage (in French). 2 (1: Éléments d'Histoire de la tradition linguistique arabe). Paris: Société d'histoire et d'Épistémologie des Sciences du Langage: 9–19. doi:10.3406/hel.1980.1049. ISSN 1638-1580. Archived from the original on 2021-11-30. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
Hussaini, Sayed Hassan (2016). "Islamic Philosophy between Theism and Deism". Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia. 72 (1: Teísmos: Aportações Filosóficas do Leste e Oeste / Theisms: Philosophical Contributions from the East to the West). Braga: Aletheia - Associação Científica e Cultural: 65–83. doi:10.17990/RPF/2016_72_1_0065. ISSN 0870-5283. JSTOR 43816275.
Geaves, Ronald (2021). "Part 1: Sunnī Traditions – Sectarianism in Sunnī Islam". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 25–48. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_004. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
Javad Anvari, Mohammad (2015). "al-Ashʿarī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300. ISSN 1875-9823.
Frank, Richard M. (January–March 1989). "Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (1). American Oriental Society: 37–62. doi:10.2307/604336. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604336. LCCN 12032032.
Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003) [1989]. "Ashʿarī". The New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd Revised ed.). Walnut Creek, California and Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0-759-10190-6. OCLC 1291928025. Archived from the original on 2022-07-09. Retrieved 2022-09-04.
Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-09-04.

wrmea.com

"Telling the truth for more than 30 years – Sunni-Shi'i Schism: Less There Than Meets the Eye". WRMEA. Archived from the original on 23 April 2005. Retrieved 30 November 2013.