Scope (computer science) (English Wikipedia)

Backus, J. W.; Wegstein, J. H.; Van Wijngaarden, A.; Woodger, M.; Bauer, F. L.; Green, J.; Katz, C.; McCarthy, J.; Perlis, A. J.; Rutishauser, H.; Samelson, K.; Vauquois, B. (1960). "Report on the algorithmic language ALGOL 60". Communications of the ACM. 3 (5): 299. doi:10.1145/367236.367262. S2CID 278290.
Louis Steele, Guy (August 1982). "An overview of Common Lisp". Proceedings of the 1982 ACM symposium on LISP and functional programming - LFP '82. pp. 98–107. doi:10.1145/800068.802140. ISBN 0-89791-082-6. S2CID 14517358.

elsevier.com (Global: 365^th place; English: 372^nd place)

booksite.elsevier.com

"Programming Language Pragmatics", LeBlank-Cook symbol table

emacswiki.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Lexical Binding". EmacsWiki. Retrieved October 20, 2018. Emacs 24 has optional lexical binding, which can be enabled on a per-buffer basis.

es5.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Annotated ES5". es5.github.io. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
"12.2 Variable Statement", Annotated ECMAScript 5.1, Last updated: 2012-05-28

geeksforgeeks.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Python Functions". October 4, 2025.

golang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Go Programming Language Specification: Declarations and scope, Version of Nov 13, 2013

hackingwithswift.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hudson, Paul (September 9, 2020). "Pick a word, any word: UIAlertController".

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Steele, Guy Lewis Jr. (May 1978). RABBIT: A Compiler for SCHEME (Technical report). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/6913.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

publib.boulder.ibm.com

"Scope", XL C/C++ V8.0 for Linux, IBM

islisp.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Programming Language ISLISP, ISLISP Working Draft 23.0" (PDF). ISLISP.info. 11.1 The lexical principle. Retrieved October 20, 2018. Dynamic bindings are established and accessed by a separate mechanism (i.e., defdynamic, dynamic-let, and dynamic).

isocpp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"N4720: Working Draft, Extensions to C++ for Modules" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-04-30.

jibbering.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Javascript Closures, Richard Cornford. March 2004

lispworks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pitman, Kent; et al. (webbed version of ANSI standard X3.226-1994) (1996). "Common Lisp HyperSpec". Lispworks.com. LispWorks Ltd. 1.1.2 History. Retrieved October 20, 2018. MacLisp improved on the Lisp 1.5 notion of special variables ... The primary influences on Common Lisp were Lisp Machine Lisp, MacLisp, NIL, S-1 Lisp, Spice Lisp, and Scheme.

maclisp.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pitman, Kent (December 16, 2007). "The Revised Maclisp Manual (The Pitmanual), Sunday Morning Edition". MACLISP.info. HyperMeta Inc. Declarations and the Compiler, Concept "Variables". Retrieved October 20, 2018. If the variable to be bound has been declared to be special, the binding is compiled as code to imitate the way the interpreter binds variables
Pitman, Kent (December 16, 2007). "The Revised Maclisp Manual (The Pitmanual), Sunday Morning Edition". MACLISP.info. HyperMeta Inc. The Evaluator, Special Form *FUNCTION. Retrieved October 20, 2018. *FUNCTION is intended to help solve the "funarg problem," however it only works in some easy cases.

mozilla.org (Global: 2,188^th place; English: 2,076^th place)

developer.mozilla.org

"Functions - Javascript:MDN". 23 April 2023. Variables defined inside a function cannot be accessed from anywhere outside the function, because the variable is defined only in the scope of the function. However, a function can access all variables and functions defined inside the scope in which it is defined.
"Closures". 4 November 2025.
"Functions". MDN Web Docs. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

open-std.org (Global: 7,079^th place; English: 5,042^nd place)

WG14 N1256 (2007 updated version of the C99 standard), 6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers, 2007-09-07

oracle.com (Global: 2,532^nd place; English: 1,847^th place)

docs.oracle.com

"Declaring Member Variables (The Java Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Classes and Objects)". docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
"Controlling Access to Members of a Class (The Java Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Classes and Objects)". docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

paulgraham.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shivers, Olin. "History of T". Paul Graham. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

pocoo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jinja.pocoo.org

For example, the Jinja template engine for Python by default uses both lexical scope (for imports) and dynamic scope (for includes), and allows behavior to be specified with keywords; see Import Context Behavior.

r-project.org (Global: low place; English: 9,320^th place)

cran.r-project.org

"R FAQ". cran.r-project.org. Retrieved 19 March 2018.

realpython.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pozo Ramos, Leodanis (July 16, 2025). "Python Scope and the LEGB Rule: Resolving Names in Your Code".

robertnyman.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Explaining JavaScript Scope And Closures", Robert Nyman, October 9, 2008

rochester.edu (Global: 2,816^th place; English: 1,888^th place)

cs.rochester.edu

Scott 2009, 3.4 Implementing Scope, p. 143. Scott, Michael L. (2009) [2000]. Programming Language Pragmatics (3rd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 978-0-12-374514-9.
- Chapter 3: Names, Scopes, and Bindings, pp. 111–174

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Backus, J. W.; Wegstein, J. H.; Van Wijngaarden, A.; Woodger, M.; Bauer, F. L.; Green, J.; Katz, C.; McCarthy, J.; Perlis, A. J.; Rutishauser, H.; Samelson, K.; Vauquois, B. (1960). "Report on the algorithmic language ALGOL 60". Communications of the ACM. 3 (5): 299. doi:10.1145/367236.367262. S2CID 278290.
Louis Steele, Guy (August 1982). "An overview of Common Lisp". Proceedings of the 1982 ACM symposium on LISP and functional programming - LFP '82. pp. 98–107. doi:10.1145/800068.802140. ISBN 0-89791-082-6. S2CID 14517358.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Borning A. CSE 341 -- Lexical and Dynamic Scoping. University of Washington.
"N4720: Working Draft, Extensions to C++ for Modules" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2019-04-30.

Scope (computer science) (English Wikipedia)

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