Scots language (English Wikipedia)

Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011). A Practical Introduction to the History of English. [València]: Universitat de València. p. 21. ISBN 9788437083216. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
Alexander Bergs, Modern Scots, Languages of the World series, No. 242 (Bow Historical Books, 2001), ISBN 978-3-89586-513-8, pp. 4, 50. "Scots developed out of a mixture of Scandinavianised Northern English during the early Middle English period.... Scots originated as one form of Northern Old English and quickly developed into a language in its own right up to the seventeenth century."
Sandred, Karl Inge (1983). "Good or Bad Scots?: Attitudes to Optional Lexical and Grammatical Usages in Edinburgh". Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. 48. Ubsaliensis S. Academiae: 13. ISBN 978-91-554-1442-9. Whereas Modern Standard English is traced back to an East Midland dialect of Middle English, Modern Scots developed from a northern variety which goes back to Old Northumbrian
Buchan, Peter; Toulmin, David (1998). Buchan Claik: The Saut and the Glaur O't: a Compendium of Words and Phrases from the North-east of Scotland. Gordon Wright. ISBN 978-0-903065-94-8.
McColl Millar, Robert (29 March 2025). "3.4 The Creation and spread of Inglis / 3.5 Formation of Inglis". A History of the Scots Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2023). pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780198863991.
Jones, Charles (1997). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-7486-0754-9. Retrieved 9 August 2010. Menzies (1991:42) also found that in her sample of forty secondary-school children from Easterhouse in Glasgow, there was a tendency to describe Scots words as 'slang' alongside the use of the term 'Scots'

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

conventions.coe.int

"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Conventions.coe.int. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012.

rm.coe.int

"States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages". coe.int.

coe.int

"Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to article 25, paragraph 2 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities" (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

cranntara.scot (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Gaelic Language". cranntara.scot.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

McGuigan, Neil (2022), "Donation and Conquest: The Formation of Lothian and the Origins of the Anglo-Scottish Border", in Guy, Ben; Williams, Howard; Delaney, Liam (eds.), Offa's Dyke Journal 4: Borders in Early Medieval Britain, vol. 4, Chester: JAS Arqueología, pp. 36–65, doi:10.23914/odj.v4i0.352, ISSN 2695-625X, S2CID 257501905, pp. 36–65.

dsl.ac.uk (Global: 8,539^th place; English: 5,058^th place)

"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Scots, adj". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Doric". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
"Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Lawland, adj". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: DOST ::".
Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A.J. (2002). "A History of Scots to 1700 - 2. The origins and spread of Scots (CM)". A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Vol. 12. Dictionary of the Scots Language. p. xxxvi. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Smith, Jeremy. "Scots: an outline history - Influence of Old Norse". Dictionaries of the Scots Language. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
"Dictionaries of the Scots Language – vocabulary". Retrieved 30 April 2021.
"SND INTRODUCTION". 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012.
SND:L
"SND Introduction - Dialect Districts. p.xxxi". Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.

educationscotland.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Knowledge of Language: Scots: Scots and Curriculum for Excellence". Education Scotland. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

ethnologue.com (Global: 339^th place; English: 388^th place)

"Ethnologue – Scots". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 September 2012.

gla.ac.uk (Global: 2,948^th place; English: 1,879^th place)

arts.gla.ac.uk

Scott, Maggie (November 2007). "The Scots Continuum and Descriptive Linguistics". The Bottle Imp. Association for Scottish Literary Studies. Retrieved 21 July 2011.

gov.scot (Global: 7,387^th place; English: 4,467^th place)

"Scots". Scottish Government. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
"Scottish Languages Bill passed". www.gov.scot.
The Scottish Government. "Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language". Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Scots language policy: English version - gov.scot". www.gov.scot.
"Scots - Languages". Scottish Government.

heraldscotland.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 516^th place)

McKay, Gabriel (18 September 2024). "Scots and Gaelic teaching must be strengthened says report". The Herald.
"Lennie Pennie: Debunking the myths about the Scots language". The Herald.

jasarqueologia.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

revistas.jasarqueologia.es

McGuigan, Neil (2022), "Donation and Conquest: The Formation of Lothian and the Origins of the Anglo-Scottish Border", in Guy, Ben; Williams, Howard; Delaney, Liam (eds.), Offa's Dyke Journal 4: Borders in Early Medieval Britain, vol. 4, Chester: JAS Arqueología, pp. 36–65, doi:10.23914/odj.v4i0.352, ISSN 2695-625X, S2CID 257501905, pp. 36–65.

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809^th place; English: 536^th place)

See for example "Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020., written in Scots and still part of British Law

lingv.ro (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Atlas Linguarum Europae Symposium: The 54th Annual Meeting" (PDF). Romanian Academy: Institute of Linguistics. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2025.

ltscotland.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Scots – Teaching approaches – Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
"National Guidelines 5–14: ENGLISH LANGUAGE Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009.

measuringworth.com (Global: 2,465^th place; English: 1,383^rd place)

UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.

nationalarchives.gov.uk (Global: 744^th place; English: 547^th place)

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

"UK Government Web Archive". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk.

oed.com (Global: 360^th place; English: 231^st place)

"Scots, a. (n.)". OED online. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.

open.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"OLCreate: Scots language and culture". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.

parliament.uk (Global: 367^th place; English: 243^rd place)

scottish.parliament.uk

"Scots - Help". Scottish Parliament. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

scotland.gov.uk (Global: 7,987^th place; English: 5,537^th place)

"The Scots Language in education in Scotland" (PDF). Regional Dossiers Series. Mercator-Education. 2002. ISSN 1570-1239.
"Pupils in Scotland, 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2012.

scotlandscensus.gov.uk (Global: 6,859^th place; English: 6,025^th place)

"Scottish government website" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2023.
"Planning the 2022 census | Scotland's Census". Scotland's Census. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
"How to fill in your questionnaire: Individual question 16". Scotland's Census. General Register Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
"Scotland's Census 2011: Standard Outputs". National Records of Scotland. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2014.

scots-online.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"cairt n. v.". The Online Scots Dictionary.
Eagle, Andy (2006). "Aw Ae Wey – Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Horsbroch, Dauvit. "Nostra Vulgari Lingua: Scots as a European Language 1500–1700". www.scots-online.org. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Andy Eagle (26 July 2005). "Wir Ain Leed – An introduction to Modern Scots". Scots-online.org. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Eagle, Andy (2014). "Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" (PDF). v1.5.

scotslanguage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A Brief History of Scots". Scotslanguage.
"550-1100 Anglo-Saxon (Pre-Scots)". Scotslanguage.com.
"Children's books in Scots". Scotslanguage.com.

scotsman.com (Global: 413^th place; English: 261^st place)

"Exposed to ridicule". The Scotsman. 7 February 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
Bradley, Jane (19 September 2024). "Scots speakers experience 'threats and hate speech' amid calls to 'depoliticise' Gaelic". The Scotsman.
"Singer wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for first time". The Scotsman. 4 March 2021.

scottishbooktrust.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Book List: Scots books for 9–14 year olds". Scottish Book Trust. Retrieved 21 October 2021.

scottishlegal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Council of Europe experts call on UK to boost support for regional and minority languages". Scottish Legal News. 20 September 2024.

scuilwab.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Scuilwab, p.3" (PDF).

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

McGuigan, Neil (2022), "Donation and Conquest: The Formation of Lothian and the Origins of the Anglo-Scottish Border", in Guy, Ben; Williams, Howard; Delaney, Liam (eds.), Offa's Dyke Journal 4: Borders in Early Medieval Britain, vol. 4, Chester: JAS Arqueología, pp. 36–65, doi:10.23914/odj.v4i0.352, ISSN 2695-625X, S2CID 257501905, pp. 36–65.

theferret.scot (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fact check: Claims about the Scots language". The Ferret.

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011). "Endangered languages: the full list". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
O'Carroll, Lisa (18 September 2024). "UK urged to promote speaking of Irish and Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland". The Guardian.

thenational.scot (Global: 4,295^th place; English: 2,413^th place)

Moos Bille, Katharina (22 March 2019). "The National at the fore of dictionary updates of Scots language". The National.

tintinscots.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Derk Isle". Tintin in Scots. Retrieved 9 August 2025.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

unesdoc.unesco.org

Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre (2010). Atlas of the world's languages in danger / editor-in-Chief, Christopher Moseley ; cartographer, Alexandre Nicolas. Memory of peoples series (3rd ed. entirely revised, enlarged and updated. ed.). Paris: UNESCO, Intangible Cultural Heritage Section. ISBN 978-92-3-104095-5.

unesco.org

"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

utexas.edu (Global: 916^th place; English: 706^th place)

lib.utexas.edu

The British Isles about 802 (Map). 1:7 500 000.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Conventions.coe.int. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
"Scots, a. (n.)". OED online. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
The Scottish Government. "Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language". Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
See for example "Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020., written in Scots and still part of British Law
"Knowledge of Language: Scots: Scots and Curriculum for Excellence". Education Scotland. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Scots – Teaching approaches – Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
"National Guidelines 5–14: ENGLISH LANGUAGE Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
"OLCreate: Scots language and culture". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
"Scottish government website" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2023.
"Planning the 2022 census | Scotland's Census". Scotland's Census. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
"Scots - Help". Scottish Parliament. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"Pupils in Scotland, 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. 1 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
"How to fill in your questionnaire: Individual question 16". Scotland's Census. General Register Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
"Scotland's Census 2011: Standard Outputs". National Records of Scotland. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
"SND INTRODUCTION". 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012.
"SND Introduction - Dialect Districts. p.xxxi". Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

McGuigan, Neil (2022), "Donation and Conquest: The Formation of Lothian and the Origins of the Anglo-Scottish Border", in Guy, Ben; Williams, Howard; Delaney, Liam (eds.), Offa's Dyke Journal 4: Borders in Early Medieval Britain, vol. 4, Chester: JAS Arqueología, pp. 36–65, doi:10.23914/odj.v4i0.352, ISSN 2695-625X, S2CID 257501905, pp. 36–65.
"The Scots Language in education in Scotland" (PDF). Regional Dossiers Series. Mercator-Education. 2002. ISSN 1570-1239.

Scots language (English Wikipedia)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

ayecan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

coe.int (Global: 772nd place; English: 849th place)

conventions.coe.int

rm.coe.int

coe.int

cranntara.scot (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dsl.ac.uk (Global: 8,539th place; English: 5,058th place)

educationscotland.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 339th place; English: 388th place)

gla.ac.uk (Global: 2,948th place; English: 1,879th place)

arts.gla.ac.uk

gov.scot (Global: 7,387th place; English: 4,467th place)

heraldscotland.com (Global: 873rd place; English: 516th place)

jasarqueologia.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

revistas.jasarqueologia.es

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809th place; English: 536th place)

lingv.ro (Global: low place; English: low place)

ltscotland.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

measuringworth.com (Global: 2,465th place; English: 1,383rd place)

nationalarchives.gov.uk (Global: 744th place; English: 547th place)

webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk

oed.com (Global: 360th place; English: 231st place)

open.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

parliament.uk (Global: 367th place; English: 243rd place)

scottish.parliament.uk

scotland.gov.uk (Global: 7,987th place; English: 5,537th place)

scotlandscensus.gov.uk (Global: 6,859th place; English: 6,025th place)

scots-online.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

scotslanguage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

scotsman.com (Global: 413th place; English: 261st place)

scottishbooktrust.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

scottishlegal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

scuilwab.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

theferret.scot (Global: low place; English: low place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; English: 11th place)

thenational.scot (Global: 4,295th place; English: 2,413th place)

tintinscots.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

unesco.org (Global: 104th place; English: 199th place)

unesdoc.unesco.org

unesco.org

utexas.edu (Global: 916th place; English: 706th place)

lib.utexas.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

coe.int (Global: 772^nd place; English: 849^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dsl.ac.uk (Global: 8,539^th place; English: 5,058^th place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 339^th place; English: 388^th place)

gla.ac.uk (Global: 2,948^th place; English: 1,879^th place)

gov.scot (Global: 7,387^th place; English: 4,467^th place)

heraldscotland.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 516^th place)

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 809^th place; English: 536^th place)

measuringworth.com (Global: 2,465^th place; English: 1,383^rd place)

nationalarchives.gov.uk (Global: 744^th place; English: 547^th place)

oed.com (Global: 360^th place; English: 231^st place)

parliament.uk (Global: 367^th place; English: 243^rd place)

scotland.gov.uk (Global: 7,987^th place; English: 5,537^th place)

scotlandscensus.gov.uk (Global: 6,859^th place; English: 6,025^th place)

scotsman.com (Global: 413^th place; English: 261^st place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

thenational.scot (Global: 4,295^th place; English: 2,413^th place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

utexas.edu (Global: 916^th place; English: 706^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)