Seahorse (English Wikipedia)

Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S. (1810). "G. Hippocampus". Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia: con varie osservazioni sopra i medesimi. Palermo: Sanfilippo. p. 18.
Whitley, Gilbert P. (1931). "New Names for Australian Fishes". The Australian Zoologist. 6 (4): 313.

books.google.com

Jarvis, Dr Peter (13 January 2020). The Pelagic Dictionary of Natural History of the British Isles: Descriptions of all Species with a Common Name. Pelagic Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78427-196-1.

dictionary.com

"sea horse or seahorse". dictionary.com. Retrieved 19 June 2016.

doi.org

Porter, Michael M; Novitskaya, Ekaterina; Castro-Ceseña, Ana Bertha; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2013). "Highly deformable bones: Unusual deformation mechanisms of seahorse armor". Acta Biomaterialia. 9 (6): 6763–6770. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.045. PMID 23470547.
Porter, Michael M; Adriaens, Dominique; Hatton, Ross L; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2015). "Why the seahorse tail is square". Science. 349 (6243): aaa6683. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6683. PMID 26138983.
Garrick-Maidment, N.; Trewhella, S.; Hatcher, J.; Collins, K.j.; Mallinson, J.j. (1 January 2010). "Seahorse Tagging Project, Studland Bay, Dorset, UK". Marine Biodiversity Records. 3. doi:10.1017/S175526721000062X. ISSN 1755-2672.
Freret-Meurer, Natalie (2013). "Seahorse Fingerprints: A New Individual Identification Technique". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 96 (12): 1399–1405. doi:10.1007/s10641-013-0118-6. S2CID 13917616.
Žalohar J.; Hitij T.; Križnar M. (2009). "Two new species of seahorses (Syngnathidae, Hippocampus) from the Middle Miocene (Sarmatian) Coprolitic Horizon in Tunjice Hills, Slovenia: The oldest fossil record of seahorses". Annales de Paléontologie. 95 (2): 71–96. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2009.03.002.
Teske PR; Beheregaray LB (2009). "Evolution of seahorses' upright posture was linked to Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats". Biol. Lett. 5 (4): 521–3. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0152. PMC 2781918. PMID 19451164.
Teske PR; Cherry MI; Matthee CA (2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 30 (2): 273–86. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8. PMID 14715220.
Lin, Qiang; Fan, Shaohua; Zhang, Yanhong; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Huixian; Yang, Yulan; et al. (14 December 2016). "The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology". Nature. 540 (7633): 395–399. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..395L. doi:10.1038/nature20595. PMC 8127814. PMID 27974754.
Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Roos, Gert; Ferry, Lara (25 January 2011). "An adaptive explanation for the horse-like shape of seahorses". Nature Communications. 2 (1): 164. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..164V. doi:10.1038/ncomms1168. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 21266964.
Foster S.J; Vincent C.J. (2004). "Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management". Journal of Fish Biology. 65: 1–61. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00429.x.
Milius, S. (2000). "Pregnant: And Still Macho" (PDF). Science News. 157 (11): 168–170. doi:10.2307/4012130. JSTOR 4012130. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2011.
Masonjones, Heather D.; Lewis, Sara M. (1996). "Courtship Behavior in the Dwarf Seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae". Copeia. 1996 (3): 634–640. doi:10.2307/1447527. JSTOR 1447527.
Look, Katrien J. W. Van; Dzyuba, Borys; Cliffe, Alex; Koldewey, Heather J.; Holt, William V. (1 February 2007). "Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse". Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (3): 432–437. doi:10.1242/jeb.02673. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 17234612.
Kvarnemo, Charlotta; Simmons, Leigh W. (2004). "Testes investment and spawning mode in pipefishes and seahorses (Syngnathidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 83 (3): 369–376. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00395.x.
Dudley, Jessica (October 2021). "Structural changes to the brood pouch of male pregnant seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) facilitate exchange between father and embryos". Placenta. 114: 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.002. hdl:2123/31726. PMID 34517263. S2CID 237505281.
Whittington, Camilla M.; Griffith, Oliver W.; Qi, Weihong; Thompson, Michael B.; Wilson, Anthony B. (1 September 2015). "Seahorse Brood Pouch Transcriptome Reveals Common Genes Associated with Vertebrate Pregnancy". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (12): 3114–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv177. hdl:20.500.11850/110832. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 26330546.
Masonjones, H. D.; Lewis, S. M. (2000). "Differences in potential reproductive rates of male and female seahorses related to courtship roles". Animal Behaviour. 59 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1269. PMID 10640362. S2CID 5999610.
Vincent, Amanda C. J. (1994). "Operational Sex Ratios in Seahorses". Behaviour. 128 (1/2): 153–167. doi:10.1163/156853994X00091. JSTOR 4535169.
Kvarnemo C; Moore G.I; Jones A.G; Nelson W.S; Avise J.C. (2000). "Monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus subelongatus". J. Evol. Biol. 13 (6): 882–8. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00228.x. S2CID 40777563.
Vincent C.J.; Sadler L.M. (1995). "Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, Hippocampus whitei" (PDF). Anim. Behav. 50 (6): 1557–1569. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5. S2CID 53192875. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011.
Woods, Chris M. C. (September 2002). "Natural diet of the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 36 (3): 655–660. doi:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517121. ISSN 0028-8330.
Flynn, A. J.; Ritz, D. A. (June 1999). "Effect of habitat complexity and predatory style on the capture success of fish feeding on aggregated prey". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 79 (3): 487–494. doi:10.1017/s0025315498000617. ISSN 1469-7769. S2CID 86160386.
Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013). "Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey". Nature Communications. 4: 2840. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2840G. doi:10.1038/ncomms3840. PMID 24281430.
Wassenbergh, Sam Van; Strother, James A.; Flammang, Brooke E.; Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Aerts, Peter (6 March 2008). "Extremely fast prey capture in pipefish is powered by elastic recoil". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (20): 285–296. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1124. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 2607401. PMID 17626004.
Bergert, B. A.; Wainwright, P. C. (14 March 1997). "Morphology and kinematics of prey capture in the syngnathid fishes Hippocampus erectus and Syngnathus floridae". Marine Biology. 127 (4): 563–570. doi:10.1007/s002270050046. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 84452341.
Rosa, Ierecê L.; Dias, Thelma L.; Baum, Julia K. (2002). "Threatened Fishes of the World: Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 (Syngnathidae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 64 (4): 378. doi:10.1023/a:1016152528847. ISSN 0378-1909. S2CID 26782777.
Lawson, J. M.; Foster, S. J.; Vincent, A. C. J. (January 2017). "Low bycatch rates add up to big numbers for a genus of small fishes". Fisheries Magazine. 42 (1). American Fisheries Society: 19–33. doi:10.1080/03632415.2017.1259944.
Still, J. (2003). "Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: Environmental impact and health hazards". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 11 (2): 118–22. doi:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00055-4. PMID 12801499.
LOURIE, SARA A.; POLLOM, RILEY A.; FOSTER, SARAH J. (1 August 2016). "A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research". Zootaxa. 4146 (1): 1–66. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27515600.
Short, Graham; Smith, Richard; Motomura, Hiroyuki; Harasti, David; Hamilton, Healy (2 August 2018). "Hippocampus japapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H. pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (779): 27–49. doi:10.3897/zookeys.779.24799. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6110155. PMID 30166895.
Zhang, Yan-Hong; Qin, Geng; Wang, Xin; Lin, Qiang (23 September 2016). "A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea". Zootaxa. 4170 (2): 384–392. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4170.2.11. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27701270.
Han, Sang-Yun; Kim, Jin-Koo; Kai, Yoshiaki; Senou, Hiroshi (30 October 2017). "Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (712): 113–139. doi:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5704180. PMID 29187790.
Short, Graham; Claassens, Louw; Smith, Richard; De Brauwer, Maarten; Hamilton, Healy; Stat, Michael; Harasti, David (19 May 2020). "Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (934): 141–156. doi:10.3897/zookeys.934.50924. PMC 7253503. PMID 32508498.
Lourie, Sara; Rudie Kuiter (2008). "Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1963: 54–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
Teske, Peter; Michael Cherry; Conrad Matthee (February 2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (2): 273–286. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8. PMID 14715220.

eastlandpress.com

Bensky, D., Clavey, S., Stoger, E. (2004) Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica. Eastland Press, Inc. Seattle, 3rd ed. ISBN 0939616424. p. 815

escholarship.org

Kvarnemo C; Moore G.I; Jones A.G; Nelson W.S; Avise J.C. (2000). "Monogamous pair bonds and mate switching in the Western Australian seahorse Hippocampus subelongatus". J. Evol. Biol. 13 (6): 882–8. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00228.x. S2CID 40777563.

fishbase.org

"Hippocampus spinosissimus". Fishbase. Retrieved 11 November 2009.

fusedjaw.com

Weiss, Tami (10 April 2010). "What's Love Got to Do With It? The Truth About Seahorse Monogamy". fusedjaw.com.
"Seahorse and Pipefish Foods | Tami Weiss". Fusedjaw.com. 25 June 2005. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
"Seahorse Tankmates | Will Wooten". Fusedjaw.com. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 11 November 2009.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Dudley, Jessica (October 2021). "Structural changes to the brood pouch of male pregnant seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) facilitate exchange between father and embryos". Placenta. 114: 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.002. hdl:2123/31726. PMID 34517263. S2CID 237505281.
Whittington, Camilla M.; Griffith, Oliver W.; Qi, Weihong; Thompson, Michael B.; Wilson, Anthony B. (1 September 2015). "Seahorse Brood Pouch Transcriptome Reveals Common Genes Associated with Vertebrate Pregnancy". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (12): 3114–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv177. hdl:20.500.11850/110832. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 26330546.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Lin, Qiang; Fan, Shaohua; Zhang, Yanhong; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Huixian; Yang, Yulan; et al. (14 December 2016). "The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology". Nature. 540 (7633): 395–399. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..395L. doi:10.1038/nature20595. PMC 8127814. PMID 27974754.
Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Roos, Gert; Ferry, Lara (25 January 2011). "An adaptive explanation for the horse-like shape of seahorses". Nature Communications. 2 (1): 164. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..164V. doi:10.1038/ncomms1168. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 21266964.
Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013). "Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey". Nature Communications. 4: 2840. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2840G. doi:10.1038/ncomms3840. PMID 24281430.

institut-paul-ricard.org

"Seahorse". Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

iucnredlist.org

"The IUCN Red List of Seahorses and Pipefishes in the Mediterranean Sea". IUCN Red List. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

jstor.org

Milius, S. (2000). "Pregnant: And Still Macho" (PDF). Science News. 157 (11): 168–170. doi:10.2307/4012130. JSTOR 4012130. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2011.
Masonjones, Heather D.; Lewis, Sara M. (1996). "Courtship Behavior in the Dwarf Seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae". Copeia. 1996 (3): 634–640. doi:10.2307/1447527. JSTOR 1447527.
Vincent, Amanda C. J. (1994). "Operational Sex Ratios in Seahorses". Behaviour. 128 (1/2): 153–167. doi:10.1163/156853994X00091. JSTOR 4535169.

mapress.com

Lourie, Sara; Rudie Kuiter (2008). "Three new pygmy seahorse species from Indonesia (Teleostei: Syngnathidae: Hippocampus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1963: 54–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1963.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2009.

marinespecies.org

Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810, WoRMS

nationalgeographic.com

animals.nationalgeographic.com

"Seahorses, Seahorse Pictures, Seahorse Facts". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

news.nationalgeographic.com

Danielson, Stentor (14 June 2002). "Seahorse Fathers Take Reins in Childbirth". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2002.

newswatch.nationalgeographic.com

Langley, Liz (26 November 2013). "Why Does the Seahorse Have Its Odd Head? Mystery Solved – News Watch". Newswatch.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Porter, Michael M; Novitskaya, Ekaterina; Castro-Ceseña, Ana Bertha; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2013). "Highly deformable bones: Unusual deformation mechanisms of seahorse armor". Acta Biomaterialia. 9 (6): 6763–6770. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.045. PMID 23470547.
Porter, Michael M; Adriaens, Dominique; Hatton, Ross L; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna (2015). "Why the seahorse tail is square". Science. 349 (6243): aaa6683. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6683. PMID 26138983.
Teske PR; Beheregaray LB (2009). "Evolution of seahorses' upright posture was linked to Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats". Biol. Lett. 5 (4): 521–3. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0152. PMC 2781918. PMID 19451164.
Teske PR; Cherry MI; Matthee CA (2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 30 (2): 273–86. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8. PMID 14715220.
Lin, Qiang; Fan, Shaohua; Zhang, Yanhong; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Huixian; Yang, Yulan; et al. (14 December 2016). "The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology". Nature. 540 (7633): 395–399. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..395L. doi:10.1038/nature20595. PMC 8127814. PMID 27974754.
Van Wassenbergh, Sam; Roos, Gert; Ferry, Lara (25 January 2011). "An adaptive explanation for the horse-like shape of seahorses". Nature Communications. 2 (1): 164. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..164V. doi:10.1038/ncomms1168. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 21266964.
Look, Katrien J. W. Van; Dzyuba, Borys; Cliffe, Alex; Koldewey, Heather J.; Holt, William V. (1 February 2007). "Dimorphic sperm and the unlikely route to fertilisation in the yellow seahorse". Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (3): 432–437. doi:10.1242/jeb.02673. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 17234612.
Dudley, Jessica (October 2021). "Structural changes to the brood pouch of male pregnant seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) facilitate exchange between father and embryos". Placenta. 114: 115–123. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2021.09.002. hdl:2123/31726. PMID 34517263. S2CID 237505281.
Whittington, Camilla M.; Griffith, Oliver W.; Qi, Weihong; Thompson, Michael B.; Wilson, Anthony B. (1 September 2015). "Seahorse Brood Pouch Transcriptome Reveals Common Genes Associated with Vertebrate Pregnancy". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (12): 3114–31. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv177. hdl:20.500.11850/110832. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 26330546.
Masonjones, H. D.; Lewis, S. M. (2000). "Differences in potential reproductive rates of male and female seahorses related to courtship roles". Animal Behaviour. 59 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1269. PMID 10640362. S2CID 5999610.
Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013). "Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey". Nature Communications. 4: 2840. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2840G. doi:10.1038/ncomms3840. PMID 24281430.
Wassenbergh, Sam Van; Strother, James A.; Flammang, Brooke E.; Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Aerts, Peter (6 March 2008). "Extremely fast prey capture in pipefish is powered by elastic recoil". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (20): 285–296. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1124. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 2607401. PMID 17626004.
Still, J. (2003). "Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: Environmental impact and health hazards". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 11 (2): 118–22. doi:10.1016/S0965-2299(03)00055-4. PMID 12801499.
LOURIE, SARA A.; POLLOM, RILEY A.; FOSTER, SARAH J. (1 August 2016). "A global revision of the Seahorses Hippocampus Rafinesque 1810 (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes): Taxonomy and biogeography with recommendations for further research". Zootaxa. 4146 (1): 1–66. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4146.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27515600.
Short, Graham; Smith, Richard; Motomura, Hiroyuki; Harasti, David; Hamilton, Healy (2 August 2018). "Hippocampus japapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H. pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (779): 27–49. doi:10.3897/zookeys.779.24799. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6110155. PMID 30166895.
Zhang, Yan-Hong; Qin, Geng; Wang, Xin; Lin, Qiang (23 September 2016). "A new species of seahorse (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) from the South China Sea". Zootaxa. 4170 (2): 384–392. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4170.2.11. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27701270.
Han, Sang-Yun; Kim, Jin-Koo; Kai, Yoshiaki; Senou, Hiroshi (30 October 2017). "Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (712): 113–139. doi:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5704180. PMID 29187790.
Short, Graham; Claassens, Louw; Smith, Richard; De Brauwer, Maarten; Hamilton, Healy; Stat, Michael; Harasti, David (19 May 2020). "Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (934): 141–156. doi:10.3897/zookeys.934.50924. PMC 7253503. PMID 32508498.
Teske, Peter; Michael Cherry; Conrad Matthee (February 2004). "The evolutionary history of seahorses (Syngnathidae: Hippocampus): molecular data suggest a West Pacific origin and two invasions of the Atlantic Ocean". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (2): 273–286. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00214-8. PMID 14715220.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Teske PR; Beheregaray LB (2009). "Evolution of seahorses' upright posture was linked to Oligocene expansion of seagrass habitats". Biol. Lett. 5 (4): 521–3. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0152. PMC 2781918. PMID 19451164.
Lin, Qiang; Fan, Shaohua; Zhang, Yanhong; Xu, Meng; Zhang, Huixian; Yang, Yulan; et al. (14 December 2016). "The seahorse genome and the evolution of its specialized morphology". Nature. 540 (7633): 395–399. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..395L. doi:10.1038/nature20595. PMC 8127814. PMID 27974754.
Wassenbergh, Sam Van; Strother, James A.; Flammang, Brooke E.; Ferry-Graham, Lara A.; Aerts, Peter (6 March 2008). "Extremely fast prey capture in pipefish is powered by elastic recoil". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 5 (20): 285–296. doi:10.1098/rsif.2007.1124. ISSN 1742-5689. PMC 2607401. PMID 17626004.
Short, Graham; Smith, Richard; Motomura, Hiroyuki; Harasti, David; Hamilton, Healy (2 August 2018). "Hippocampus japapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H. pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (779): 27–49. doi:10.3897/zookeys.779.24799. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6110155. PMID 30166895.
Han, Sang-Yun; Kim, Jin-Koo; Kai, Yoshiaki; Senou, Hiroshi (30 October 2017). "Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (712): 113–139. doi:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5704180. PMID 29187790.
Short, Graham; Claassens, Louw; Smith, Richard; De Brauwer, Maarten; Hamilton, Healy; Stat, Michael; Harasti, David (19 May 2020). "Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (934): 141–156. doi:10.3897/zookeys.934.50924. PMC 7253503. PMID 32508498.

obs-banyuls.fr

"Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls sur mer". www.obs-banyuls.fr. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

pbs.org

"Seahorse Crusader Amanda Vincent" on Nova television show

pensoft.net

zookeys.pensoft.net

Short, Graham; Smith, Richard; Motomura, Hiroyuki; Harasti, David; Hamilton, Healy (2 August 2018). "Hippocampus japapigu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from Japan, with a redescription of H. pontohi (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (779): 27–49. doi:10.3897/zookeys.779.24799. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6110155. PMID 30166895.
Han, Sang-Yun; Kim, Jin-Koo; Kai, Yoshiaki; Senou, Hiroshi (30 October 2017). "Seahorses of the Hippocampus coronatus complex: taxonomic revision, and description of Hippocampus haema, a new species from Korea and Japan (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (712): 113–139. doi:10.3897/zookeys.712.14955. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 5704180. PMID 29187790.
Short, Graham; Claassens, Louw; Smith, Richard; De Brauwer, Maarten; Hamilton, Healy; Stat, Michael; Harasti, David (19 May 2020). "Hippocampus nalu, a new species of pygmy seahorse from South Africa, and the first record of a pygmy seahorse from the Indian Ocean (Teleostei, Syngnathidae)". ZooKeys (934): 141–156. doi:10.3897/zookeys.934.50924. PMC 7253503. PMID 32508498.

petseahorse.com

"Why Do Male Seahorses Get Pregnant?". Petseahorse.com.

quackwatch.org

Stephen Barrett, M.D. (12 January 2011). "Be Wary of Acupuncture, Qigong, and "Chinese Medicine"". Retrieved 11 December 2013.

saveourseahorses.org

"Save Our Seahorses". Save Our Seahorses. Retrieved 13 May 2014.

sciencedaily.com

"The galloping evolution in seahorses: Entire genome of the seahorse sequenced". ScienceDaily.

seahorse.com

"Seahorse Stress, Disease & Health Problems | Ocean Rider Kona". Seahorse.com. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

seahorseaquariums.ie

How to care for Seahorses & Pipefish. seahorseaquariums.ie

semanticscholar.org

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