Second Congo War (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Second Congo War" in English language version.

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77web.archive.org

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1humansecurityreport.info

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africa-confidential.com

"Who killed Laurent?". africa-confidential.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.

afrika.no

'No Zim soldiers in DRC' Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 8 June 2006. The Herald. See also "The war that might not have been" Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Inter Press Service: Article about Zimbabwean soldiers' involvement, October 2004

aljazeera.com

programme, Special. "Murder in Kinshasa". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
Muronzi, Chris (9 September 2019). "Robert Mugabe leaves a legacy of economic mismanagement". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023.

allafrica.com

"Zimbabwe: Controversy Over $600m Spare Parts For ZNA".

american.edu

www1.american.edu

"Between October 2002 and January 2003, two of the rebel groups, the MLC and RCD-N in the East of the Congo launched a premeditated, systematic genocide against the local tribes and Pygmies nicknamed operation "Effacer le Tableau" ("erase the board"). During their offensive against the civilian population of the Ituri region, the rebel groups left more than 60,000 dead and over 100,000 displaced. The rebels even engaged in slavery and cannibalism. Human Rights Reports state that this was due to the fact that rebel groups, often far away from their bases of supply and desperate for food, enslaved the Pygmies on captured farms to grow provisions for their militias or when times get really tough simply slaughter them like animals and devour their flesh which some believe gives them magical powers. 11. Fatality Level of Dispute (military and civilian fatalities): 70,000 estimated" see: Raja Seshadri (7 November 2005). "Pygmies in the Congo Basin and Conflict". Case Study 163. The Inventory of Conflict & Environment, American University. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2012.

archive.org

Prunier, Gerard (2014). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780195374209. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Clark, John Frank (2002). The African stakes of the Congo War (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 128. ISBN 978-1-4039-8244-5. OCLC 647537048.
Alao, Abiodun (2007). Natural resources and conflict in Africa : the tragedy of endowment. Rochester, NY: Rochester Press. pp. 134. ISBN 978-1-58046-267-9. OCLC 85851531.
Reyntjens, Filip (24 August 2009). The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-521-11128-7.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

[Staff] (20100120) "DR Congo war deaths 'exaggerated'" Archived 21 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine BBC News
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Hate messages on East Congolese radio Archived 21 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 12 August 1998
"Kabila praises Kagame talks". BBC News. 7 February 2001. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
"DR Congo Pygmies appeal to UN". BBC News. 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
"Zimbabwe losses add up in the Congo". Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
Pearce, Justin (25 July 2000). "Mugabe's costly Congo venture". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019.

cato.org

object.cato.org

"Hanke S., & Kwok, A. (2009) "On the Measurement of Zimbabwe's Hyperinflation", Cato Journal, 29 (2)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2015.

cawebhosting.com

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Michael Spagat, Andrew Mack, Tara Cooper and Joakim Kreutz, "Estimating War Deaths: An Arena of Contestation," Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Conflict Resolution, (2009); 53; 934–950.

cnn.com

"CNN.com – Congo's President Kabila is dead – January 18, 2001". CNN. 18 January 2001. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.

congoresearchgroup.org

CRG (6 February 2010). "Who Killed Laurent Kabila?". Congo Research Group | Groupe d'Etude Sur le Congo. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.

creativecommons.org

Kasaija, Phillip Apuuli (2011). "The United Nations' Mapping Exercise Report and Uganda's involvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict from 1996 to 2003". African Human Rights Law Journal. 11 (2): 659–682. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

crisisgroup.org

BERCI, October 1997. p. 38, as cited in International Crisis Group, 21 May 1999. How Kabila Lost His Way: The performance of Laurent Désiré Kabila’s government Archived 20 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine. p. 9. Texts have been modified and adapted from the original.
"DR Congo: The Bemba Earthquake". Crisis Group. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
"Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War". Crisis Group. 20 December 2000. Appendix B. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021. Modified from the original.
"Uganda and Rwanda: Friends or Enemies?" Archived 26 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. International Crisis Group. 4 May 2000.
"Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
"Congo at War: A Briefing of the Internal and External Players in the Central African Conflict". International Crisis Group. 17 November 1998. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.

csmonitor.com

Baldauf, Scott (21 December 2011). "DR Congo election: Kabila sworn in as rival challenges his legitimacy". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.

doi.org

Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3. PMID 16399152. S2CID 2400082. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo; Shabaya, Judith (2005). "What has corruption got to do with it? Understanding the persistence of rural-urban and inter-regional inequalities in Ghana and Zimbabwe". GeoJournal. 62 (1/2): 129–146. Bibcode:2005GeoJo..62..129K. doi:10.1007/s10708-005-8181-y. ISSN 0343-2521. JSTOR 41147983. S2CID 154159372 – via JSTOR.
Beyers, Rene L.; Hart, John A.; Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Grossmann, Falk; Klinkenberg, Brian; Dino, Simeon (2011). "Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo—the case of the Okapi Reserve". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27129. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627129B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027129. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3212536. PMID 22096529.
"1 The Context of Congo's Internal Wars", Civil Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960–2010, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1–36, 1 March 2012, doi:10.1515/9781626370821-003, ISBN 9781626370821, archived from the original on 27 February 2023, retrieved 15 July 2022
LINGOMO, Bongoli; KIMURA, Daiji (December 2009), "Taboo of Eating Bonobo Among the Bongando People in the Wamba Region, Democratic Republic of Congo", African Study Monographs, 30, The Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University, doi:10.14989/91451, archived from the original on 27 February 2023, retrieved 15 July 2022
Laurance, William F (December 2001). "Immense logging deal to sustain war in the Congo". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16 (12): 670. Bibcode:2001TEcoE..16..670L. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02363-1. ISSN 0169-5347. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
Walsh, Peter D.; Abernethy, Kate A.; Bermejo, Magdalena; Beyers, Rene; De Wachter, Pauwel; Akou, Marc Ella; Huijbregts, Bas; Mambounga, Daniel Idiata; Toham, Andre Kamdem; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Lahm, Sally A. (April 2003). "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa". Nature. 422 (6932): 611–614. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..611W. doi:10.1038/nature01566. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12679788. S2CID 5905831. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
De MERODE, EMMANUEL; COWLISHAW, GUY (10 March 2006). "Species Protection, the Changing Informal Economy, and the Politics of Access to the Bushmeat Trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Conservation Biology. 20 (4): 1262–1271. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20.1262D. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 16922242. S2CID 25757273.
Nackoney, Janet; Molinario, Giuseppe; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Hansen, Matthew C.; Furuichi, Takeshi (February 2014). "Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010". Biological Conservation. 170: 321–328. Bibcode:2014BCons.170..321N. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033. ISSN 0006-3207. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
Kikuta, Kyosuke (24 January 2020). "The Environmental Costs of Civil War: A Synthetic Comparison of the Congolese Forests with and without the Great War of Africa". The Journal of Politics. 82 (4): 1243–1255. doi:10.1086/708241. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 213051823.

dx.doi.org

"1 The Context of Congo's Internal Wars", Civil Wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1960–2010, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1–36, 1 March 2012, doi:10.1515/9781626370821-003, ISBN 9781626370821, archived from the original on 27 February 2023, retrieved 15 July 2022
Laurance, William F (December 2001). "Immense logging deal to sustain war in the Congo". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16 (12): 670. Bibcode:2001TEcoE..16..670L. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02363-1. ISSN 0169-5347. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
De MERODE, EMMANUEL; COWLISHAW, GUY (10 March 2006). "Species Protection, the Changing Informal Economy, and the Politics of Access to the Bushmeat Trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Conservation Biology. 20 (4): 1262–1271. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20.1262D. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 16922242. S2CID 25757273.
Nackoney, Janet; Molinario, Giuseppe; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Hansen, Matthew C.; Furuichi, Takeshi (February 2014). "Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010". Biological Conservation. 170: 321–328. Bibcode:2014BCons.170..321N. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033. ISSN 0006-3207. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

easterncongo.org

"History of the Conflict". easterncongo.org. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.

economist.com

"Africa's great war". The Economist. 4 July 2002. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2007.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo; Shabaya, Judith (2005). "What has corruption got to do with it? Understanding the persistence of rural-urban and inter-regional inequalities in Ghana and Zimbabwe". GeoJournal. 62 (1/2): 129–146. Bibcode:2005GeoJo..62..129K. doi:10.1007/s10708-005-8181-y. ISSN 0343-2521. JSTOR 41147983. S2CID 154159372 – via JSTOR.
Beyers, Rene L.; Hart, John A.; Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Grossmann, Falk; Klinkenberg, Brian; Dino, Simeon (2011). "Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo—the case of the Okapi Reserve". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27129. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627129B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027129. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3212536. PMID 22096529.
Laurance, William F (December 2001). "Immense logging deal to sustain war in the Congo". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16 (12): 670. Bibcode:2001TEcoE..16..670L. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02363-1. ISSN 0169-5347. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
Walsh, Peter D.; Abernethy, Kate A.; Bermejo, Magdalena; Beyers, Rene; De Wachter, Pauwel; Akou, Marc Ella; Huijbregts, Bas; Mambounga, Daniel Idiata; Toham, Andre Kamdem; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Lahm, Sally A. (April 2003). "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa". Nature. 422 (6932): 611–614. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..611W. doi:10.1038/nature01566. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12679788. S2CID 5905831. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
De MERODE, EMMANUEL; COWLISHAW, GUY (10 March 2006). "Species Protection, the Changing Informal Economy, and the Politics of Access to the Bushmeat Trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Conservation Biology. 20 (4): 1262–1271. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20.1262D. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 16922242. S2CID 25757273.
Nackoney, Janet; Molinario, Giuseppe; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Hansen, Matthew C.; Furuichi, Takeshi (February 2014). "Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010". Biological Conservation. 170: 321–328. Bibcode:2014BCons.170..321N. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033. ISSN 0006-3207. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

herald.co.zw

'No Zim soldiers in DRC' Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 8 June 2006. The Herald. See also "The war that might not have been" Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Inter Press Service: Article about Zimbabwean soldiers' involvement, October 2004

history.com

"Rwandan Genocide". HISTORY. A&E Television Networks. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

hrw.org

"Uganda in Eastern DRC – Political Confusion". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
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humansecurityreport.info

"Human Security Report 2009: The Shrinking Costs of War" (PDF). Human Security Report Project at the School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University. 20 January 2010. p. 43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

icj-cij.org

"Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 19 December 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

imdb.com

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ipsnews.net

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irinnews.org

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jhu.edu

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Soderlund, Walter C.; DonaldBriggs, E.; PierreNajem, Tom; Roberts, Blake C. (1 January 2013). Africa's Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 9781554588787. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.

jstor.org

Carayannis, Tatiana (2008). "Elections in the DRC". US Institute of Peace. JSTOR resrep12240. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Konadu-Agyemang, Kwadwo; Shabaya, Judith (2005). "What has corruption got to do with it? Understanding the persistence of rural-urban and inter-regional inequalities in Ghana and Zimbabwe". GeoJournal. 62 (1/2): 129–146. Bibcode:2005GeoJo..62..129K. doi:10.1007/s10708-005-8181-y. ISSN 0343-2521. JSTOR 41147983. S2CID 154159372 – via JSTOR.

lemonde.fr

"Ces enfants-soldats qui ont tué Kabila". Le Monde.fr (in French). 10 February 2001. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2021.

lshtm.ac.uk

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Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3. PMID 16399152. S2CID 2400082. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.

mydd.com

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nature.com

Walsh, Peter D.; Abernethy, Kate A.; Bermejo, Magdalena; Beyers, Rene; De Wachter, Pauwel; Akou, Marc Ella; Huijbregts, Bas; Mambounga, Daniel Idiata; Toham, Andre Kamdem; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Lahm, Sally A. (April 2003). "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa". Nature. 422 (6932): 611–614. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..611W. doi:10.1038/nature01566. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12679788. S2CID 5905831. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3. PMID 16399152. S2CID 2400082. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
Beyers, Rene L.; Hart, John A.; Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Grossmann, Falk; Klinkenberg, Brian; Dino, Simeon (2011). "Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo—the case of the Okapi Reserve". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27129. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627129B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027129. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3212536. PMID 22096529.
Walsh, Peter D.; Abernethy, Kate A.; Bermejo, Magdalena; Beyers, Rene; De Wachter, Pauwel; Akou, Marc Ella; Huijbregts, Bas; Mambounga, Daniel Idiata; Toham, Andre Kamdem; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Lahm, Sally A. (April 2003). "Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa". Nature. 422 (6932): 611–614. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..611W. doi:10.1038/nature01566. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12679788. S2CID 5905831. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
De MERODE, EMMANUEL; COWLISHAW, GUY (10 March 2006). "Species Protection, the Changing Informal Economy, and the Politics of Access to the Bushmeat Trade in the Democratic Republic of Congo". Conservation Biology. 20 (4): 1262–1271. Bibcode:2006ConBi..20.1262D. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00425.x. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 16922242. S2CID 25757273.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Beyers, Rene L.; Hart, John A.; Sinclair, Anthony R. E.; Grossmann, Falk; Klinkenberg, Brian; Dino, Simeon (2011). "Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo—the case of the Okapi Reserve". PLOS ONE. 6 (11): e27129. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...627129B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027129. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3212536. PMID 22096529.

nybooks.com

Howard W. French (24 September 2009). "Kagame's Hidden War in the Congo". New York Review of Books. 56 (14). Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
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nytimes.com

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rescue.org

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researchgate.net

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reuters.com

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safpi.org

"No Namibian troops to DRC". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Coghlan B; Brennan RJ; Ngoy P; et al. (January 2006). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey" (PDF). Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3. PMID 16399152. S2CID 2400082. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
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