Second Temple period (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Second Temple period" in English language version.

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archive.org

Har-El, Menashe (1977). This Is Jerusalem. Canaan Publishing House. pp. 68–95. ISBN 0-86628-002-2.

archive.today

Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). "Palestine". Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.

ariel.ac.il

עבאדי, עומרי; זיסו, בועז (2019). "עולי רגל, דרכים וקברים בדרך לירושלים בימי הבית השני" [Pilgrims, roads and tombs on the way to Jerusalem during the Second Temple period]. Judea and Samaria Research Studies (28): 165–185. doi:10.26351/JSRS/28-2/2. S2CID 239232386.

bible.ca

Jan Gunneweg; Th. Beier; U. Diehl; D. Lambrecht; H. Mommsen (August 1991). "'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results". Archaeometry. 33 (2). Oxford, UK: Oxford University: 239–253. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00701.x. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

biu.ac.il

"Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule". Biu.ac.il. Retrieved 15 March 2014.

books.google.com

The Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament: Second Commonwealth Judaism in Recent Study, Wheaton College, Previously published in Archaeology of the Biblical World, 1/2 (1991), pp. 40–49.
Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. "Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 178–190. ISBN 9781032199344.
Becking, Bob (2006). ""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud - A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1. T & T Clark. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-567-08998-4.
Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume One. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780567658135. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
Kasher, Aryeh (1990). "2: The Early Hasmonean Era". Jews and Hellenistic cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic cities during the Second Temple Period (332 BCE – 70 CE). Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum. Vol. 21. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 55–65. ISBN 978-3-16-145241-3.
William Smith; John Mee Fuller (2004). Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Bible. Vol. 5. Concept Publishing Company. p. 287. ISBN 978-81-7268-095-4.
Bunson, Matthew (1995). A Dictionary of the Roman Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0195102338.
Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199554485. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
Mark Avrum Ehrlich, ed. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6.
Vermes 1981, pp. 20, 26, 27, 29. Vermes, Geza (1981). Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Philadelphia: First Fortress. ISBN 978-0-8006-1443-0. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
Millard, Allan (2005). Reading and Writing in the Time of Jesus: Understanding the Bible and Its World. A&C Black. p. 88. ISBN 9780567083487. Retrieved 2 June 2020.

brill.com

Zissu, Boaz (2017), "Interbellum Judea 70–132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective", Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE, Brill, pp. 21–22, doi:10.1163/9789004352971_003, ISBN 978-90-04-35297-1
Pummer, Reinhard (2020-01-31). "Samaritans, Galileans, and Judeans in Josephus and the Gospel of John". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 18 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1163/17455197-2019002. ISSN 1745-5197. S2CID 203539982.
Berlin, Andrea (2005). "Jewish Life Before the Revolt: The Archaeological Evidence". Journal for the Study of Judaism. 36 (4): 417–419. doi:10.1163/157006305774482669. ISSN 0047-2212.

cambridge.org

Smith, Morton (1999), Sturdy, John; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.), "The Gentiles in Judaism 125 BCE - 66 CE", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3: The Early Roman Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192–249, doi:10.1017/chol9780521243773.008, ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3, retrieved 2023-03-20, These changes accompanied and were partially caused by the great extension of the Judaeans' contacts with the peoples around them. Many historians have chronicled the Hasmonaeans' territorial acquisitions. In sum, it took them twenty-five years to win control of the tiny territory of Judaea and get rid of the Seleucid colony of royalist Jews (with, presumably, gentile officials and garrison) in Jerusalem. [...] However, in the last years before its fall, the Hasmonaeans were already strong enough to acquire, partly by negotiation, partly by conquest, a little territory north and south of Judaea and a corridor on the west to the coast at Jaffa/Joppa. This was briefly taken from them by Antiochus Sidetes, but soon regained, and in the half century from Sidetes' death in 129 to Alexander Jannaeus' death in 76 they overran most of Palestine and much of western and northern Transjordan. First John Hyrcanus took over the hills of southern and central Palestine (Idumaea and the territories of Shechem, Samaria and Scythopolis) in 128–104; then his son, Aristobulus I, took Galilee in 104–103, and Aristobulus' brother and successor, Jannaeus, in about eighteen years of warfare (103–96, 86–76) conquered and reconquered the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western edge of Transjordan.
Halpern-Zylberstein, Marie-Christine (1990-03-22), Davies, W. D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.), "The Archeology of Hellenistic Palestine", The Cambridge History of Judaism (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 7, doi:10.1017/chol9780521219297.002, ISBN 978-0-521-21929-7, retrieved 2023-03-19
Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (2006-06-22), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117", The Cambridge History of Judaism (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–106, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.005, ISBN 978-1-139-05513-0, retrieved 2024-09-08
Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–39, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.003, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2023-03-31
Sáenz-Badillos, Angel; Elwolde, John, eds. (1993), "Hebrew in the period of the Second Temple", A History of the Hebrew Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–160, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139166553.006, ISBN 978-0-521-55634-7, retrieved 2022-08-31
Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–203, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2023-03-31
Goodblatt, David (2006). Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499067. ISBN 978-0-521-86202-8.
Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23–52, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.003, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2023-03-31

chabad.org

"What Is Hanukkah?". Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah.

creativecommons.org

Raviv, Dvir; David, Chaim Ben (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Smith, Morton (1999), Sturdy, John; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.), "The Gentiles in Judaism 125 BCE - 66 CE", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3: The Early Roman Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192–249, doi:10.1017/chol9780521243773.008, ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3, retrieved 2023-03-20, These changes accompanied and were partially caused by the great extension of the Judaeans' contacts with the peoples around them. Many historians have chronicled the Hasmonaeans' territorial acquisitions. In sum, it took them twenty-five years to win control of the tiny territory of Judaea and get rid of the Seleucid colony of royalist Jews (with, presumably, gentile officials and garrison) in Jerusalem. [...] However, in the last years before its fall, the Hasmonaeans were already strong enough to acquire, partly by negotiation, partly by conquest, a little territory north and south of Judaea and a corridor on the west to the coast at Jaffa/Joppa. This was briefly taken from them by Antiochus Sidetes, but soon regained, and in the half century from Sidetes' death in 129 to Alexander Jannaeus' death in 76 they overran most of Palestine and much of western and northern Transjordan. First John Hyrcanus took over the hills of southern and central Palestine (Idumaea and the territories of Shechem, Samaria and Scythopolis) in 128–104; then his son, Aristobulus I, took Galilee in 104–103, and Aristobulus' brother and successor, Jannaeus, in about eighteen years of warfare (103–96, 86–76) conquered and reconquered the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western edge of Transjordan.
Westwood, Ursula (2017-04-01). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. 68 (1): 189–193. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN 0022-2097.
Goldenberg, Robert (1977). "The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XLV (3): 353. doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353. ISSN 0002-7189.
Halpern-Zylberstein, Marie-Christine (1990-03-22), Davies, W. D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.), "The Archeology of Hellenistic Palestine", The Cambridge History of Judaism (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 7, doi:10.1017/chol9780521219297.002, ISBN 978-0-521-21929-7, retrieved 2023-03-19
Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (2006-06-22), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117", The Cambridge History of Judaism (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–106, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.005, ISBN 978-1-139-05513-0, retrieved 2024-09-08
Mor, Menahem (2016-04-18). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. pp. 483–484. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
Raviv, Dvir; David, Chaim Ben (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Schwartz, Seth (2009). "Historiography on the Jews in the 'Talmudic Period' (70–640 ce)". The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies. Oxford. pp. 79–114. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0005. ISBN 978-0199280322.
J. Collins, John (2019). "The Literature of the Second Temple Period". In Goodman, Martin (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford. pp. 53–78. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0004. ISBN 978-0199280322.
Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–39, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.003, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2023-03-31
Sáenz-Badillos, Angel; Elwolde, John, eds. (1993), "Hebrew in the period of the Second Temple", A History of the Hebrew Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–160, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139166553.006, ISBN 978-0-521-55634-7, retrieved 2022-08-31
Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–203, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2023-03-31
Goodblatt, David (2006). Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499067. ISBN 978-0-521-86202-8.
Seland, Torrey (2010-01-01). "'Colony' and 'metropolis' in Philo. Examples of Mimicry and Hybridity in Philo's writing back from the Empire?". Études platoniciennes (7): 11–33. doi:10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.621. ISSN 2275-1785.
Zissu, Boaz (2017), "Interbellum Judea 70–132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective", Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE, Brill, pp. 21–22, doi:10.1163/9789004352971_003, ISBN 978-90-04-35297-1
Jan Gunneweg; Th. Beier; U. Diehl; D. Lambrecht; H. Mommsen (August 1991). "'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results". Archaeometry. 33 (2). Oxford, UK: Oxford University: 239–253. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00701.x. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24). "The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism". Religions. 11 (10): 487. doi:10.3390/rel11100487. ISSN 2077-1444.
Pummer, Reinhard (2020-01-31). "Samaritans, Galileans, and Judeans in Josephus and the Gospel of John". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 18 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1163/17455197-2019002. ISSN 1745-5197. S2CID 203539982.
Rosenfeld, Ben-Zion (2000). "Flavius Josephus and His Portrayal of the Coast (Paralia) of Contemporary Roman Palestine: Geography and Ideology". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 91 (1/2): 143–183. doi:10.2307/1454789. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1454789.
Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.
Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), "Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23–52, doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.003, ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8, retrieved 2023-03-31
Safrai, Ze'ev (1994). The Economy of Roman Palestine. p. 103. doi:10.4324/9780203204863. ISBN 9781134851874.
Berlin, Andrea (2005). "Jewish Life Before the Revolt: The Archaeological Evidence". Journal for the Study of Judaism. 36 (4): 417–419. doi:10.1163/157006305774482669. ISSN 0047-2212.
Hachlili, Rachel; Killebrew, Ann (1983). "Jewish Funerary Customs During the Second Temple Period, in the Light of the Excavations at the Jericho Necropolis". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 115 (2): 109–139. doi:10.1179/peq.1983.115.2.109. ISSN 0031-0328.
Kloner, Amos; Whetstone, Sherry (2016-01-01), "A Burial Complex and Ossuaries of the Second Temple Period on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem", Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology, BRILL, pp. 193–270, doi:10.1163/9789004306592_011, ISBN 9789004156852, retrieved 2022-08-24
Fine, Steven (2010-08-19). "Death, Burial, and Afterlife". The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine. Oxford University Press. p. 443. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199216437.013.0025. ISBN 978-0-19-921643-7.
עבאדי, עומרי; זיסו, בועז (2019). "עולי רגל, דרכים וקברים בדרך לירושלים בימי הבית השני" [Pilgrims, roads and tombs on the way to Jerusalem during the Second Temple period]. Judea and Samaria Research Studies (28): 165–185. doi:10.26351/JSRS/28-2/2. S2CID 239232386.

dx.doi.org

Westwood, Ursula (2017-04-01). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. 68 (1): 189–193. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN 0022-2097.
Goldenberg, Robert (1977). "The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XLV (3): 353. doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353. ISSN 0002-7189.
Mor, Menahem (2016-04-18). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. pp. 483–484. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.
Hachlili, Rachel; Killebrew, Ann (1983). "Jewish Funerary Customs During the Second Temple Period, in the Light of the Excavations at the Jericho Necropolis". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 115 (2): 109–139. doi:10.1179/peq.1983.115.2.109. ISSN 0031-0328.
Kloner, Amos; Whetstone, Sherry (2016-01-01), "A Burial Complex and Ossuaries of the Second Temple Period on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem", Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology, BRILL, pp. 193–270, doi:10.1163/9789004306592_011, ISBN 9789004156852, retrieved 2022-08-24

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. p. 336. hdl:20.500.12657/43969. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9.
Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416. hdl:20.500.12657/43969. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9.

jhsonline.org

Romer 2008, p. 2 and fn.3. Romer, Thomas (2008). "Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity" (PDF). Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8, article 15: 2–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2019-09-27.

jstor.org

Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 109: 195–226. JSTOR 20189648.
Rosenfeld, Ben-Zion (2000). "Flavius Josephus and His Portrayal of the Coast (Paralia) of Contemporary Roman Palestine: Geography and Ideology". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 91 (1/2): 143–183. doi:10.2307/1454789. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1454789.
Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.

mu.edu

mcadams.posc.mu.edu

"Livy's History of Rome". Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2007.

oapen.org

library.oapen.org

Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. p. 336. hdl:20.500.12657/43969. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9.
Leibner, Uzi (2009). Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416. hdl:20.500.12657/43969. ISBN 978-3-16-151460-9.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Seland, Torrey (2010-01-01). "'Colony' and 'metropolis' in Philo. Examples of Mimicry and Hybridity in Philo's writing back from the Empire?". Études platoniciennes (7): 11–33. doi:10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.621. ISSN 2275-1785.

oremus.org

bible.oremus.org

1 Maccabees 2:27

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Fine, Steven (2010-08-19). "Death, Burial, and Afterlife". The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine. Oxford University Press. p. 443. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199216437.013.0025. ISBN 978-0-19-921643-7.

oxfordbibliographies.com

"Maccabean Revolt". obo.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Raviv, Dvir; David, Chaim Ben (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Pummer, Reinhard (2020-01-31). "Samaritans, Galileans, and Judeans in Josephus and the Gospel of John". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 18 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1163/17455197-2019002. ISSN 1745-5197. S2CID 203539982.
Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.
עבאדי, עומרי; זיסו, בועז (2019). "עולי רגל, דרכים וקברים בדרך לירושלים בימי הבית השני" [Pilgrims, roads and tombs on the way to Jerusalem during the Second Temple period]. Judea and Samaria Research Studies (28): 165–185. doi:10.26351/JSRS/28-2/2. S2CID 239232386.

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Ponet, James (22 December 2005). "The Maccabees and the Hellenists". Faith-based. Slate. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

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Prof. Itzhaq Beit-Arieh (December 1996). "Edomites Advance into Judah". Biblical Archaeology Review. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

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Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.

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Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007). "Palestine: History". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2007.

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Romer 2008, p. 2 and fn.3. Romer, Thomas (2008). "Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity" (PDF). Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 8, article 15: 2–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
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Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007). "Palestine: History". The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. The University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2007.
Vermes 1981, pp. 20, 26, 27, 29. Vermes, Geza (1981). Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. Philadelphia: First Fortress. ISBN 978-0-8006-1443-0. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.

worldcat.org

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Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). "The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era". In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.). The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-8010-9861-1. OCLC 961153992. The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains
Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity. Univ of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-29360-1. OCLC 1103519319. From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.
Karesh, Sara E. (2006). Encyclopedia of Judaism. Facts On File. ISBN 1-78785-171-0. OCLC 1162305378. Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.
Westwood, Ursula (2017-04-01). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. 68 (1): 189–193. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN 0022-2097.
Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-300-26256-8. OCLC 1294393934.
Goldenberg, Robert (1977). "The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XLV (3): 353. doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353. ISSN 0002-7189.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah. London: T&T Clark. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-567-21617-5. OCLC 747041289.
Grabbe, Lester L. (1992). Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian. Fortress Press. p. 216. OCLC 716308928.
Hjelm, Ingrid (2010). "Mt. Gerizim and Samaritans in Recent Research". In Mor, Menachem; Reiterer, Friedrich V. (eds.). Samaritans - Past and Present: Current Studies. De Gruyer. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9. OCLC 1059032652. The destruction of the Samaritan temple, Josephus argues, had taken place at the beginning of the reign of John Hyrcanus (135-104 BCE), rather than at the end of his reign. From the coinage, a dating later than 111 BCE is the more probable.
Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-300-26256-8. OCLC 1294393934.
Goodman, Martin (2008). Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations. Penguin. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-14-029127-8. OCLC 1016414322. The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, "leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited."
Raviv, Dvir; David, Chaim Ben (2021). "Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Ehrlich, Michael (2022). The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-64189-222-3. OCLC 1302180905. The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain.
Safrai, Zeev (2003). "Trade in the Land of Israel during the Second Temple period". The Economy of Roman Palestine. Taylor & Francis. pp. 125–128. ISBN 1-280-09423-0. OCLC 814404092.
Decker, Michael (2009). Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-19-956528-3. OCLC 316430311.
Cambridge History of Judaism: The Hellenistic Age (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1990. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-139-05512-3. OCLC 1149188730.
Seland, Torrey (2010-01-01). "'Colony' and 'metropolis' in Philo. Examples of Mimicry and Hybridity in Philo's writing back from the Empire?". Études platoniciennes (7): 11–33. doi:10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.621. ISSN 2275-1785.
Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24). "The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism". Religions. 11 (10): 487. doi:10.3390/rel11100487. ISSN 2077-1444.
Pummer, Reinhard (2020-01-31). "Samaritans, Galileans, and Judeans in Josephus and the Gospel of John". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 18 (1): 77–99. doi:10.1163/17455197-2019002. ISSN 1745-5197. S2CID 203539982.
Rosenfeld, Ben-Zion (2000). "Flavius Josephus and His Portrayal of the Coast (Paralia) of Contemporary Roman Palestine: Geography and Ideology". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 91 (1/2): 143–183. doi:10.2307/1454789. ISSN 0021-6682. JSTOR 1454789.
McGing, Brian (2002). "Population and Proselytism: How many Jews were there in the ancient world?". Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman cities. John R. Bartlett. London: Routledge. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-0-203-44634-8. OCLC 52847163.
Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. doi:10.2307/1356664. ISSN 0003-097X. JSTOR 1356664. S2CID 24341643.
Berlin, Andrea (2005). "Jewish Life Before the Revolt: The Archaeological Evidence". Journal for the Study of Judaism. 36 (4): 417–419. doi:10.1163/157006305774482669. ISSN 0047-2212.
Hachlili, Rachel; Killebrew, Ann (1983). "Jewish Funerary Customs During the Second Temple Period, in the Light of the Excavations at the Jericho Necropolis". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 115 (2): 109–139. doi:10.1179/peq.1983.115.2.109. ISSN 0031-0328.

worldcat.org

Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). "The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era". In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.). The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. ISBN 978-0-8010-9861-1. OCLC 961153992. The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains
Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity. Univ of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-29360-1. OCLC 1103519319. From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.
Karesh, Sara E. (2006). Encyclopedia of Judaism. Facts On File. ISBN 1-78785-171-0. OCLC 1162305378. Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.
Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-300-26256-8. OCLC 1294393934.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah. London: T&T Clark. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-567-21617-5. OCLC 747041289.
Hjelm, Ingrid (2010). "Mt. Gerizim and Samaritans in Recent Research". In Mor, Menachem; Reiterer, Friedrich V. (eds.). Samaritans - Past and Present: Current Studies. De Gruyer. p. 35. ISBN 978-3-11-021283-9. OCLC 1059032652. The destruction of the Samaritan temple, Josephus argues, had taken place at the beginning of the reign of John Hyrcanus (135-104 BCE), rather than at the end of his reign. From the coinage, a dating later than 111 BCE is the more probable.
Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-300-26256-8. OCLC 1294393934.
Goodman, Martin (2008). Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations. Penguin. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-14-029127-8. OCLC 1016414322. The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, "leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited."
Ehrlich, Michael (2022). The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-64189-222-3. OCLC 1302180905. The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain.
Safrai, Zeev (2003). "Trade in the Land of Israel during the Second Temple period". The Economy of Roman Palestine. Taylor & Francis. pp. 125–128. ISBN 1-280-09423-0. OCLC 814404092.
Decker, Michael (2009). Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-19-956528-3. OCLC 316430311.
Cambridge History of Judaism: The Hellenistic Age (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1990. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-139-05512-3. OCLC 1149188730.
McGing, Brian (2002). "Population and Proselytism: How many Jews were there in the ancient world?". Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman cities. John R. Bartlett. London: Routledge. pp. 88–95. ISBN 978-0-203-44634-8. OCLC 52847163.