В.в, Пенской; О.н, Полухин; С.н, Борисов; Р.а, Дмитраков (2021). "ВСАДНИК НА БЛЕДНОМ КОНЕ: ЧУМА ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО". Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 29 (1): 173–179. ISSN0869-866X. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
Barras & Greub 2014. "In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de' Mussi, in his Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed >25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city." Barras, Vincent; Greub, Gilbert (2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): 498. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID24894605.
Barras & Greub 2014. "In the Middle Ages, a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of Caffa (now Feodossia in Ukraine/Crimea), a Genovese outpost on the Black Sea coast, by the Mongols. In 1346, the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague. The Italian chronicler Gabriele de' Mussi, in his Istoria de Morbo sive Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Domini 1348, describes quite plausibly how the plague was transmitted by the Mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city, and how ships transporting Genovese soldiers, fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the Mediterranean ports. Given the highly complex epidemiology of plague, this interpretation of the Black Death (which might have killed >25 million people in the following years throughout Europe) as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the Black Death remains controversial. Similarly, it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city." Barras, Vincent; Greub, Gilbert (2014). "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 20 (6): 498. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12706. PMID24894605.
Brogini, Anne (2005). "Chapitre XI. l'Irrésistible ascension du commerce". Malta, border of Christianity (1530-1670). Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. Publications of the French School of Rome. pp. 565–615. ISBN9782728307425. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
В.в, Пенской; О.н, Полухин; С.н, Борисов; Р.а, Дмитраков (2021). "ВСАДНИК НА БЛЕДНОМ КОНЕ: ЧУМА ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО". Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 29 (1): 173–179. ISSN0869-866X. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
Brogini, Anne (2005). "Chapitre XI. l'Irrésistible ascension du commerce". Malta, border of Christianity (1530-1670). Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. Publications of the French School of Rome. pp. 565–615. ISBN9782728307425. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2012). "Constantinople/Istanbul". Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN978-1-59884-254-8. OCLC769344478.
В.в, Пенской; О.н, Полухин; С.н, Борисов; Р.а, Дмитраков (2021). "ВСАДНИК НА БЛЕДНОМ КОНЕ: ЧУМА ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО". Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 29 (1): 173–179. ISSN0869-866X. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2023-12-04.