Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Semi-Automatic Ground Environment" in English language version.

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archive.org

  • Schaffel, Kenneth (1991). The Emerging Shield: The Air Force and the Evolution of Continental Air Defense, 1945–1960. Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. ISBN 978-0-912799-60-5. A SAGE component, a 64 x 64 [4K] magnetic core memory … SAGE direction center. This installation is located at Stewart Air Force Base in New York state. …[Hancock Field] combined direction-combat center was located at Syracuse, New York. [captions of p. 198, 208, & 265 photos] NOTE: Schaffel's history uses the same name as "The Emerging Shield: The Air Defense Ground Environment," Air University Quarterly Review 8, no. 2 (spring 1956).
  • Sokolski, Henry D (2004). Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice. DIANE Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4289-1033-1.
  • Edwards, Paul N (1997). The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. MIT Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780262550284 – via Internet Archive. SAGE—Air Force project 416L—became the pattern for at least twenty-five other major military command-control systems… These were the so-called "Big L" systems [and] included 425L, the NORAD system; 438L, the Air Force Intelligence Data Handling System; and 474L, the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS). … Project 465L, the SAC Control System (SACCS) [with] over a million lines, reached four times the size of the SAGE code and consumed 1,400 man-years of programming; SDC invented a major computer language, JOVIAL, specifically for this project.

archive.today

  • [who?], Tim (Sep 21, 2007). "Re: Speaking of AUTOVON". Yahoo.com (coldwarcomms newsgroup). Archived from the original (personal notes) on April 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-18. A previously referenced AT&T training manual on SAGE/BUIC/AUTOVON phone systems does list all the AUTOVON/SAGE Switching Centers & includes their General Purpose (AUTOVON) NNX, their SAGE NNX, and … For example, Delta, Utah had 890 for AUTOVON, 764 for SAGE{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • Yahoo! Groups. Dir.groups.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-18.

army.mil

history.army.mil

atlasmissilesilo.com

bitsavers.org

books.google.com

coldwarpeacemuseum.org

coldwarrelics.com

  • "Topsham AFS". Cold War Relics. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2013-02-19. the SAGE block house was bulldozed in 1985. (image of entrance sign with arrow: "Bangor North American Air Defense Sector")

computer.org

computerhistory.org

doi.org

  • Enticknap, R. G.; Schuster, E. F. (1958). "SAGE Data System Considerations". AIEE Transactions. 77 (pt I): 824–32. doi:10.1109/tce.1959.6372899. S2CID 51659466.
  • Harrington, Jacobs, Tropp; et al. (1983). Everett, Robert R (ed.). "Special Issue: SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Articles include:
    Harrington, John V. (1983). "Radar Data Transmission". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 370–374. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10100. S2CID 7227862. (cited by Edwards, 1996)
    Jacobs, John B (Oct 1983). "SAGE Overview". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 323–329. doi:10.1109/mahc.1983.10101. S2CID 154313. (cited by Schaffel 310)
    Tropp, Henry S. (moderator); Everett, Robert R.; et al. (1983). "A Perspective on SAGE: Discussion". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 375–98. doi:10.1109/mahc.1983.10091. S2CID 7490741. (citation 15 of Edwards, 1996)
    [verification needed]Astrahan, Morton M.; Jacobs, John F. (1983). "History of the Design of the SAGE Computer, the AN-FSQ-7". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 341. doi:10.1109/mahc.1983.10098. S2CID 14273110. (cited by Schaffel p. 310)
  • Valley Jr., George E. (1985). "How the SAGE Development Began". Annals of the History of Computing. 7 (3): 196–226. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1985.10030. S2CID 30320780.

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  • Israel, David. R. (January 1965). System Design and Engineering for Real-Time Military Data Processing Systems (AD610392, Technical Documentary Report ESD-TDR-64-168, SR-124) (Report). Bedford, Massachusetts: The MITRE Corporation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-04-20. To be more specific, I have in mind something like the BADGE system; in U.S. experience, examples would be SAGE, 412L,[specify] or the NORAD COC … The early development of SAGE was hampered by the fact that the radars were not considered as a part of the system.

duluthnewstribune.com

ed-thelen.org

  • "Introduction". Ed-Thelen.org. Archived from the original on 2012-04-03. The function of the Control Center in solving the air defense problem is to combine, summarize, and display the air battle picture for the supervision of the several sectors within the division. … The typical Control Center (CC) building housing the AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central is a 3-story structure of the same type construction as the DC building. (p. 7)
  • "Vigilance and Vacuum Tubes: The SAGE System 1956-63" (SAGE Talk Transcript). Ed-Thelen.org. 1998. Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2013-02-16. the Whirlwind computer, which was a digital version of the ASCA, was about five million dollars, in 1950s dollars … For the 1949 fiscal year, MIT requested 1.5 million dollars for the Whirlwind project. … one [SAGE computer] was at Lincoln Lab, …the XD-1, and the other one was at Kingston, the XD-2. So we used both those sites for development. … The XD-1 was a simplex system…not duplex … the original vacuum-tube computers—the last one was finally taken down in 1983, still operating. … IBM got…about 500 million dollars…to build the 56 computers.
  • Page, Thomas E. (June 16, 2009). "title tbd" (anecdotal message post). Ed-Thelen.org. Archived from the original on March 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-21.

globalsecurity.org

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www-03.ibm.com

  • "Overview |". SAGE: The First [computerized] National Air Defense Network. IBM.com. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-05-08. the AN/FSQ-7…was developed, built and maintained by IBM. … In June 1956, IBM delivered the prototype of the computer to be used in SAGE.

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  • "MC 665" (PDF). dome.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-29.

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  • Enticknap, R. G.; Schuster, E. F. (1958). "SAGE Data System Considerations". AIEE Transactions. 77 (pt I): 824–32. doi:10.1109/tce.1959.6372899. S2CID 51659466.
  • Harrington, Jacobs, Tropp; et al. (1983). Everett, Robert R (ed.). "Special Issue: SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Articles include:
    Harrington, John V. (1983). "Radar Data Transmission". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 370–374. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1983.10100. S2CID 7227862. (cited by Edwards, 1996)
    Jacobs, John B (Oct 1983). "SAGE Overview". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 323–329. doi:10.1109/mahc.1983.10101. S2CID 154313. (cited by Schaffel 310)
    Tropp, Henry S. (moderator); Everett, Robert R.; et al. (1983). "A Perspective on SAGE: Discussion". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 375–98. doi:10.1109/mahc.1983.10091. S2CID 7490741. (citation 15 of Edwards, 1996)
    [verification needed]Astrahan, Morton M.; Jacobs, John F. (1983). "History of the Design of the SAGE Computer, the AN-FSQ-7". Annals of the History of Computing. 5 (4): 341. doi:10.1109/mahc.1983.10098. S2CID 14273110. (cited by Schaffel p. 310)
  • Valley Jr., George E. (1985). "How the SAGE Development Began". Annals of the History of Computing. 7 (3): 196–226. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1985.10030. S2CID 30320780.

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  • Benington, Herbert D. Production of Large Computer Programs (PDF) (adaptation of June 1956 presentation). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015. The following paper is a description of the organization and techniques we used at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory in the mid-1950s to produce programs for the SAGE air-defense system. The paper appeared a year before the announcement of SAGE; no mention was made of the specific application other than to indicate that the program was used in a large control system. The programming effort was very large—eventually, close to half a million computer instructions. About one-quarter of these instructions supported actual operational air-defense missions. … In a letter to me on April 23, 1981 … A Lincoln Utility System of service routines containing 40,000 instructions has been prepared … the experience of the Lincoln Laboratory that a system of service programs equal in size to the main system program must be maintained to support preparation, testing, and maintenance of the latter.
  • Benington, Herbert D. Foreword: Production of Large Computer Programs (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015. (Foreword is part of pdf that includes "Editor's Note" and a transcript of Benington's 1956 symposium paper beginning with the Introduction—"This paper looks ahead at some programming problems that are likely to arise during Forrester's 1960–1965 period of real-time control applications."—through Summary: "The techniques that have been developed for automatic programming over the past five years have mostly aimed at simplifying the part of programming that, at first glance, seems toughest—program input, or conversion from programmer language to machine code.")

web.archive.org

williamson-labs.com

  • "AN/FST-2, RADAR Data Processor/Network System: Gallery". Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Air Movements Identification Service (AMIS) AMIS is responsible for sending [Air Route Traffic Control Center] data on flight plans, weapons status, weather, and aircraft tracks to the Direction and Combat Centers over teletype and voice grade telephone circuits.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

  • United States Navy Mathematical Computing Advisory Panel (29 June 1956). "Symposium on advanced programming methods for digital computers". Washington, D.C.: Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy. OCLC 10794738. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

yahoo.com

dir.groups.yahoo.com

  • [who?], Tim (Sep 21, 2007). "Re: Speaking of AUTOVON". Yahoo.com (coldwarcomms newsgroup). Archived from the original (personal notes) on April 12, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-18. A previously referenced AT&T training manual on SAGE/BUIC/AUTOVON phone systems does list all the AUTOVON/SAGE Switching Centers & includes their General Purpose (AUTOVON) NNX, their SAGE NNX, and … For example, Delta, Utah had 890 for AUTOVON, 764 for SAGE{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

youtube.com

  • Colonel John Morton (narrator). In Your Defense (digitized movie). Western Electric. Archived from the original on 2012-07-03. Retrieved 2012-04-03. The System Development Corporation…in the design of massive computer programs … Burroughs…electronic equipment … Western Electric…assist the Air Force in coordinating and managing the entire effort…and design of buildings. …SAGE project office…Air Material Command[when?]
  • IBM Sage Computer Ad (digitized film at YouTube). 1960. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-02-16.