Semitic languages (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Semitic languages" in English language version.

Last modified: 17:02:45, 7 September 2026 (UTC)

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Afsaruddin & Zahniser 1997, p. 464; Smart 2013, p. 253; Sánchez 2013, p. 129 Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Winona Lake, Ind.: Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. ISBN 978-1-57506-020-0. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Smart, J. R. (2013). Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature. Smart, J. R., Shaban Memorial Conference (2nd : 1994 : University of Exeter). Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13678-812-3. Sánchez, Francisco del Río (2013). Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (eds.). Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages. Selected Papers. Córdoba: Oriens Academic. ISBN 978-84-695-7829-2. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 75 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261. S2CID 16649580. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2014.

balshanut.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bekins, Peter (12 September 2008). "Old Aramaic (c. 850 to c. 612 BCE)". Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.

biorxiv.org (Global: 6,055^th place; English: low place)

Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; Hallast, Pille; Turki, Saeed Al; Martin, Hilary C.; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "The Genomic History of the Middle East". Cell. 184 (18): 4612–4625.e14. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.10.18.342816. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013. PMC 8445022. PMID 34352227. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Owens 2013, p. 2. Owens, Jonathan (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199344093. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Hudson & Kogan 1997, p. 457. Hudson, Grover; Kogan, Leonid E. (1997). "Amharic and Argobba". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic Languages. New York: Routledge. pp. 457–485. ISBN 0-415-05767-1. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Hudson & Kogan 1997, p. 424; Austin 2008, p. 74 Hudson, Grover; Kogan, Leonid E. (1997). "Amharic and Argobba". In Hetzron, Robert (ed.). The Semitic Languages. New York: Routledge. pp. 457–485. ISBN 0-415-05767-1. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020. Austin, Peter K., ed. (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
Kiraz 2001, p. 25; Kitto 1845, p. 192 Kiraz, George Anton (2001). Computational Nonlinear Morphology: With Emphasis on Semitic Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780521631969. The term "Semitic" is borrowed from the Bible (Gene. x.21 and xi.10–26). It was first used by the Orientalist A. L. Schlözer in 1781 to designate the languages spoken by the Aramæans, Hebrews, Arabs, and other peoples of the Near East (Moscati et al., 1969, Sect. 1.2). Before Schlözer, these languages and dialects were known as Oriental languages. Kitto, John (1845). A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. London: W. Clowes and Sons. That important family of languages, of which the Arabic is the most cultivated and most widely-extended branch, has long wanted an appropriate common name. The term Oriental languages, which was exclusively applied to it from the time of Jerome down to the end of the last century, and which is even now not entirely abandoned, must always have been an unscientific one, inasmuch as the countries in which these languages prevailed are only the east in respect to Europe; and when Sanskrit, Chinese, and other idioms of the remoter East were brought within the reach of our research, it became palpably incorrect. Under a sense of this impropriety, Eichhorn was the first, as he says himself (Allg. Bibl. Biblioth. vi. 772), to introduce the name Semitic languages, which was soon generally adopted, and which is the most usual one at the present day. [...] In modern times, however, the very appropriate designation Syro-Arabian languages has been proposed by Dr. Prichard, in his Physical History of Man. This term, [...] has the advantage of forming an exact counterpart to the name by which the only other great family of languages with which we are likely to bring the Syro-Arabian into relations of contrast or accordance, is now universally known—the Indo-Germanic. Like it, by taking up only the two extreme members of a whole sisterhood according to their geographical position when in their native seats, it embraces all the intermediate branches under a common band; and, like it, it constitutes a name which is not only at once intelligible, but one which in itself conveys a notion of that affinity between the sister dialects, which it is one of the objects of comparative philology to demonstrate and to apply.
Dekel 2014 Dekel, Nurit (2014). Colloquial Israeli Hebrew: A Corpus-based Survey. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-037725-5.
Kuntz 1981, p. 25. Kuntz, Marion Leathers (1981). Guillaume Postel: Prophet of the Restitution of All Things His Life and Thought. The Hague: Nijhoff. ISBN 90-247-2523-2. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
Ruhlen 1991. Ruhlen, Merritt (1991). A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1894-6. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020. The other linguistic group to be recognized in the eighteenth century was the Semitic family. The German scholar Ludwig von Schlozer is often credited with having recognized, and named, the Semitic family in 1781. But the affinity of Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic had been recognized for centuries by Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars, and this knowledge was published in Western Europe as early as 1538 (see Postel 1538). Around 1700 Hiob Ludolf, who had written grammars of Geez and Amharic (both Ethiopic Semitic languages) in the seventeenth century, recognized the extension of the Semitic family into East Africa. Thus when von Schlozer named the family in 1781 he was merely recognizing genetic relationships that had been known for centuries. Three Semitic languages (Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew) were long familiar to Europeans both because of their geographic proximity and because the Bible was written in Hebrew and Aramaic.
Vermeulen, H. F. (2015). Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment. Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology Series. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-7738-0. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Schlözer 1781: p. 161 'From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische). To the north and east of this Semitic language and national district (Semitische Sprach- und VölkerBezirke) begins a second one: With Moses and Leibniz I would like to call it the Japhetic.'^{[check quotation syntax]}
Kiraz 2001, p. 25; Baasten 2003, p. 67 Kiraz, George Anton (2001). Computational Nonlinear Morphology: With Emphasis on Semitic Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780521631969. The term "Semitic" is borrowed from the Bible (Gene. x.21 and xi.10–26). It was first used by the Orientalist A. L. Schlözer in 1781 to designate the languages spoken by the Aramæans, Hebrews, Arabs, and other peoples of the Near East (Moscati et al., 1969, Sect. 1.2). Before Schlözer, these languages and dialects were known as Oriental languages. Baasten, Martin F. J. (2003). "A Note on the History of 'Semitic'". In Baasten, M. F. J.; Van Peursen, W. Th. (eds.). Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters. pp. 57–73. ISBN 90-429-1215-4.
Kiraz 2001, p. 25. Kiraz, George Anton (2001). Computational Nonlinear Morphology: With Emphasis on Semitic Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780521631969. The term "Semitic" is borrowed from the Bible (Gene. x.21 and xi.10–26). It was first used by the Orientalist A. L. Schlözer in 1781 to designate the languages spoken by the Aramæans, Hebrews, Arabs, and other peoples of the Near East (Moscati et al., 1969, Sect. 1.2). Before Schlözer, these languages and dialects were known as Oriental languages.
Baasten 2003, pp. 68–69. Baasten, Martin F. J. (2003). "A Note on the History of 'Semitic'". In Baasten, M. F. J.; Van Peursen, W. Th. (eds.). Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters. pp. 57–73. ISBN 90-429-1215-4.
Eichhorn 1794, pp. 773–776; Baasten 2003, p. 69 Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried (1794). Allgemeine Bibliothek der biblischen Literatur [General Library of Biblical Literature] (in German). Vol. 6. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020. Baasten, Martin F. J. (2003). "A Note on the History of 'Semitic'". In Baasten, M. F. J.; Van Peursen, W. Th. (eds.). Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters. pp. 57–73. ISBN 90-429-1215-4.
Murtonen, A. (1967). "Early Semitic. A diachronical inquiry into the relationship of Ethiopic to the other so-called South-East Semitic languages". Archived from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
Weitzman, Steven (2 April 2019). The Origin of the Jews: The Quest for Roots in a Rootless Age By Steven Weitzman page 69. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19165-2. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
Waltke & O'Connor 1990, p. 8. Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1990). An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Vol. 3. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-31-5. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
Brock 1998, p. 708. Brock, Sebastian (1998). "Syriac Culture, 337–425". In Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 13: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 708–719. ISBN 0-521-85073-8. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
Versteegh 1997, p. 13. Versteegh, Kees (1997). The Arabic Language. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11152-2. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
Kogan (2011), p. 54. Kogan, Leonid (2011). "Proto-Semitic Phonology and Phonetics". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
Kogan 2012, pp. 54–151. Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Phonology and Phonetics". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
Greenberg 1999, p. 157. Greenberg, Joseph H. (1999). "The Diachronic Typological Approach to Language". In Shibatani, Masayoshi; Bynon, Theodora (eds.). Approaches to Language Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 145–166. ISBN 0-19-823866-5. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
Hetzron 1997, p. 123. Hetzron, Robert (1997). The Semitic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05767-7.
Hackett 2006, pp. 929–35. Hackett, Jo Ann (2006). "Semitic Languages". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. pp. 929–935. ISBN 9780080877754. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-7591-0466-2. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
Benjamin Read Foster; Karen Polinger Foster (2009). Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0691137223.
Rebecca Hasselbach (2005). Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 9783447051729.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Canaanite languages | Semitic, Ancient Near East, Phoenician | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 April 2026. Retrieved 21 May 2026.
"Semitic languages | Definition, Map, Tree, Distribution, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2020.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Phillipson, David (2012). Foundations of an African Civilization, Aksum and the Northern Horn 1000 BC-AD 1300. Boydell & Brewer. p. 11. ISBN 9781846158735. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021. The former belief that this arrival of South-Semitic-speakers took place in about the second quarter of the first millennium BC can no longer be accepted in view of linguistic indications that these languages were spoken in the northern Horn at a much earlier date.
Pardee, Dennis (2008), "Ugaritic", in Woodard, Roger D. (ed.), The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5–35, ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9, retrieved 21 May 2026

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Kitchen, Ehret & Assefa 2009, pp. 2703–10. Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
Brandão, Jacyntho Lins (2019). "A "Epopeia Gilgamesh" é uma epopeia?". ArtCultura (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 (38). Uberlândia: 9–24. doi:10.14393/artc-v21-n38-2019-50156. S2CID 202426524.
Harrak 1992, pp. 209–14. Harrak, Amir (1992). "The ancient name of Edessa". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 51 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1086/373553. JSTOR 545546. S2CID 162190342.
Afsaruddin & Zahniser 1997, p. 464; Smart 2013, p. 253; Sánchez 2013, p. 129 Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Winona Lake, Ind.: Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. ISBN 978-1-57506-020-0. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Smart, J. R. (2013). Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature. Smart, J. R., Shaban Memorial Conference (2nd : 1994 : University of Exeter). Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13678-812-3. Sánchez, Francisco del Río (2013). Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (eds.). Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages. Selected Papers. Córdoba: Oriens Academic. ISBN 978-84-695-7829-2. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 75 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261. S2CID 16649580. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
Moscati 1958, pp. 142–43. Moscati, Sabatino (1958). "On Semitic Case-Endings". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 17 (2): 142–144. doi:10.1086/371454. S2CID 161828505.
Hetzron, Kaye & Zuckermann 2018, p. 568. Hetzron, Robert; Kaye, Alan S.; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2018). "Semitic Languages". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 568–576. doi:10.4324/9781315644936. ISBN 978-1-315-64493-6. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
Weninger, Stefan (2011). "Reconstructive Morphology". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). Semitic languages: an international handbook. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 166. doi:10.1515/9783110251586.151. ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0.
Müller 1995, pp. 261–71; Coghill 2016^{[page needed]} Müller, Hans-Peter (1995). "Ergative Constructions in Early Semitic Languages". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 54 (4): 261–271. doi:10.1086/373769. JSTOR 545846. S2CID 161626451. Coghill, Eleanor (2016). The Rise and Fall of Ergativity in Aramaic: Cycles of Alignment Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872380-6.
Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; Hallast, Pille; Turki, Saeed Al; Martin, Hilary C.; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "The Genomic History of the Middle East". Cell. 184 (18): 4612–4625.e14. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.10.18.342816. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013. PMC 8445022. PMID 34352227. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

ethnologue.com (Global: 354^th place; English: 413^th place)

Semitic languages at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025)
Semitic languages at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025)
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2025). "Tigrinya". Ethnologue, 28th ed. SIL International. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
"Hebrew". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Semitic languages at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Harrak 1992, pp. 209–14. Harrak, Amir (1992). "The ancient name of Edessa". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 51 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1086/373553. JSTOR 545546. S2CID 162190342.
Afsaruddin & Zahniser 1997, p. 464; Smart 2013, p. 253; Sánchez 2013, p. 129 Afsaruddin, Asma; Zahniser, A. H. Mathias (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Studies in Honor of Georg Krotkoff. Winona Lake, Ind.: Penn State University Press. doi:10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. ISBN 978-1-57506-020-0. JSTOR 10.5325/j.ctv1w36pkt. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Smart, J. R. (2013). Tradition and modernity in Arabic language and literature. Smart, J. R., Shaban Memorial Conference (2nd : 1994 : University of Exeter). Richmond, Surrey, U.K.: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-13678-812-3. Sánchez, Francisco del Río (2013). Monferrer-Sala, Juan Pedro; Watson, Wilfred G. E. (eds.). Archaism and Innovation in the Semitic Languages. Selected Papers. Córdoba: Oriens Academic. ISBN 978-84-695-7829-2. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
Müller 1995, pp. 261–71; Coghill 2016^{[page needed]} Müller, Hans-Peter (1995). "Ergative Constructions in Early Semitic Languages". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 54 (4): 261–271. doi:10.1086/373769. JSTOR 545846. S2CID 161626451. Coghill, Eleanor (2016). The Rise and Fall of Ergativity in Aramaic: Cycles of Alignment Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872380-6.

kamal-osman.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Watson 2002, p. 13. Watson, Janet C. E. (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic (PDF). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824137-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2016 – via Wayback Machine.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kitchen, Ehret & Assefa 2009, pp. 2703–10. Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; Hallast, Pille; Turki, Saeed Al; Martin, Hilary C.; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "The Genomic History of the Middle East". Cell. 184 (18): 4612–4625.e14. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.10.18.342816. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013. PMC 8445022. PMID 34352227. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kitchen, Ehret & Assefa 2009, pp. 2703–10. Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC 2839953. PMID 19403539.
Almarri, Mohamed A.; Haber, Marc; Lootah, Reem A.; Hallast, Pille; Turki, Saeed Al; Martin, Hilary C.; Xue, Yali; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "The Genomic History of the Middle East". Cell. 184 (18): 4612–4625.e14. bioRxiv 10.1101/2020.10.18.342816. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013. PMC 8445022. PMID 34352227. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Brandão, Jacyntho Lins (2019). "A "Epopeia Gilgamesh" é uma epopeia?". ArtCultura (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 (38). Uberlândia: 9–24. doi:10.14393/artc-v21-n38-2019-50156. S2CID 202426524.
Harrak 1992, pp. 209–14. Harrak, Amir (1992). "The ancient name of Edessa". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 51 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1086/373553. JSTOR 545546. S2CID 162190342.
Garnier, Romain; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "A neglected phonetic law: The assimilation of pretonic yod to a following coronal in North-West Semitic". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 75 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1017/s0041977x11001261. S2CID 16649580. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
Moscati 1958, pp. 142–43. Moscati, Sabatino (1958). "On Semitic Case-Endings". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 17 (2): 142–144. doi:10.1086/371454. S2CID 161828505.
Müller 1995, pp. 261–71; Coghill 2016^{[page needed]} Müller, Hans-Peter (1995). "Ergative Constructions in Early Semitic Languages". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 54 (4): 261–271. doi:10.1086/373769. JSTOR 545846. S2CID 161626451. Coghill, Eleanor (2016). The Rise and Fall of Ergativity in Aramaic: Cycles of Alignment Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872380-6.

soas.ac.uk (Global: 4,148^th place; English: 2,409^th place)

eprints.soas.ac.uk

Archived 2020-07-31 at the Wayback Machine Andrew George, "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian", In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.), Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 37.

tau.ac.il (Global: 3,866^th place; English: 3,877^th place)

Izre'el 1987c, p. 4. Izre'el, Shlomo (1987c), Canaano-Akkadian (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2020, retrieved 10 August 2020

taylorfrancis.com (Global: 1,902^nd place; English: 1,063^rd place)

Hetzron, Kaye & Zuckermann 2018, p. 568. Hetzron, Robert; Kaye, Alan S.; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2018). "Semitic Languages". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.). The World's Major Languages (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 568–576. doi:10.4324/9781315644936. ISBN 978-1-315-64493-6. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.

ucla.edu (Global: 885^th place; English: 584^th place)

lmp.ucla.edu

"Hebrew". UCLA Language Materials Project. University of California. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2017.

ufu.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

seer.ufu.br

Brandão, Jacyntho Lins (2019). "A "Epopeia Gilgamesh" é uma epopeia?". ArtCultura (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 (38). Uberlândia: 9–24. doi:10.14393/artc-v21-n38-2019-50156. S2CID 202426524.

uky.edu (Global: 3,287^th place; English: 1,839^th place)

uknowledge.uky.edu

Brewster, Jarred (2021). "Language contact and covert prominence in the SḤERĒT-JIBBĀLI language of Oman". Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics: 26, 27.

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uwa.edu.au (Global: 5,877^th place; English: 3,780^th place)

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Harrison, Shelly. "LIN325: Introduction to Semitic Languages. Common Consonant Changes" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2006.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

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Ruhlen 1991. Ruhlen, Merritt (1991). A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1894-6. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020. The other linguistic group to be recognized in the eighteenth century was the Semitic family. The German scholar Ludwig von Schlozer is often credited with having recognized, and named, the Semitic family in 1781. But the affinity of Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic had been recognized for centuries by Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars, and this knowledge was published in Western Europe as early as 1538 (see Postel 1538). Around 1700 Hiob Ludolf, who had written grammars of Geez and Amharic (both Ethiopic Semitic languages) in the seventeenth century, recognized the extension of the Semitic family into East Africa. Thus when von Schlozer named the family in 1781 he was merely recognizing genetic relationships that had been known for centuries. Three Semitic languages (Aramaic, Arabic, and Hebrew) were long familiar to Europeans both because of their geographic proximity and because the Bible was written in Hebrew and Aramaic.
Vermeulen, H. F. (2015). Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment. Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology Series. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-7738-0. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Schlözer 1781: p. 161 'From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische). To the north and east of this Semitic language and national district (Semitische Sprach- und VölkerBezirke) begins a second one: With Moses and Leibniz I would like to call it the Japhetic.'^{[check quotation syntax]}
Eichhorn 1794, pp. 773–776; Baasten 2003, p. 69 Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried (1794). Allgemeine Bibliothek der biblischen Literatur [General Library of Biblical Literature] (in German). Vol. 6. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2020. Baasten, Martin F. J. (2003). "A Note on the History of 'Semitic'". In Baasten, M. F. J.; Van Peursen, W. Th. (eds.). Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday. Peeters. pp. 57–73. ISBN 90-429-1215-4.
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