Sharia (English Wikipedia)

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amazon.com.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Öztürk, Yaşar Nuri (2015). İslam Nasıl Yozlaştırıldı: Vahyin Dininden Sapmalar, Hurafeler, Bid'atlar. ASIN 9756779306.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

"Full text of "Narratives Of Islamic Origins The Beginnings Of Islamic Historical Writing"". archive.org. Retrieved 27 July 2026.
"Full text of "Narratives Of Islamic Origins The Beginnings Of Islamic Historical Writing"". Archive.org. Retrieved 18 July 2026.
Al-Ghazālī: al-Mustaṣfā min ʿilm al-ʾuṣūl. Ed. Aḥmad Zakī Ḥammād. SIDRA, Riad, 2009?. S. 328. (Sharia at the Internet Archive).
Anwar, Zainah (2005). "Law-Making in the Name of Islam: Implications for Democratic Governance". In Nathan, K S; Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (eds.). Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 121–34. ISBN 978-9812302830.
Lovejoy, Paul (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0521784306. The religious requirement that new slaves be pagans and need for continued imports to maintain slave population made Africa an important source of slaves for the Islamic world. (...) In Islamic tradition, slavery was perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims. One task of the master was religious instruction and theoretically Muslims could not be enslaved. Conversion (of a non-Muslim to Islam) did not automatically lead to emancipation, but assimilation into Muslim society was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation.

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"Qatar: The Duality of the Legal System". Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.

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classic.austlii.edu.au

"Islamic law and its sources" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2024.

ballotpedia.org (Global: 1,169^th place; English: 548^th place)

"Oklahoma International and Sharia Law, State Question 755 (2010)". Ballotpedia. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Sharia law 'could have UK role'". BBC News. 4 July 2008. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
"Cameron steps into Sharia law row". BBC. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015.
Abdelhadi, Magdi (27 March 2006). "What Islam says on religious freedom". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
Controversial preacher with 'star status' Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine BBC article, by Agdi Abdelhadi on 7 July 2004
Mukul Devichand (24 September 2008). "Is English law related to Muslim law?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.

bbc.co.uk

Slavery in Islam Archived 6 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC Religions Archives

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Who are Islamic 'morality police'?". BBC News Online. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
"Sudan woman faces death for apostasy". BBC News. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan (...).
"What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?". BBC News. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2014) [2013]. "The Sharīa, Sunni Islamic Law (Fiqh), and Legal Methods (Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh)". In Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.). The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–87. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003. ISBN 9781139629249. LCCN 2013019592. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
Dahlén 2003, chpt. 2a. Dahlén, Ashk (2003), Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415945295
Corinna Standke (30 August 2008). Sharia – The Islamic Law. GRIN Verlag. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-3-640-14967-4. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Dahlén 2003, chpt. 4c. Dahlén, Ashk (2003), Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415945295
John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "... by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."
An-Na'im, Abdullahi A (1996). "Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights". In Witte, John; van der Vyver, Johan D. (eds.). Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives. BRILL. pp. 337–59. ISBN 978-9041101792.
Hindoglu, Artin (1838). "شرع". Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français. Vienna: F. Beck. p. 286.
Redhouse, James W. (1890). "شرع". A Turkish and English Lexicon. Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian. p. 1122.
"Corps de Droit Ottoman". Law Quarterly Review. 21. Stevens and Sons: 443–44. October 1905., Number LXXXIV "The religious law of the Sheri, of which the ultimate source is the Koran,[...]" – A review of Corps de Droit Ottoman
Khaled Abou El Fadl (1 October 2014). Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women. Oneworld Publications. pp. 525–526. ISBN 9781780744681.
Jokisch, Benjamin (2018). "Origins of and influences on Islamic Law". In Anver M. Emon; Rumee Ahmed (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law. Oxford University Press. p. 393. ISBN 9780191668265. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
Naseem Rafiabadi, Hamid (2002). Emerging From Darkness: Ghazzali's Impact on the Western Philosophers. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 293. ISBN 81-7625-310-3.
Classical jurists held its "textual integrity" to be beyond doubt on account of it having been handed down by many people in each generation, which is known as "recurrence" or "concurrent transmission" (tawātur).Ziadeh 2009 Hallaq 2009a, pp. 16–18Dahlén 2003, chpt. 4b Ziadeh, Farhat J. (2009). "Uṣūl al-fiqh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. Hallaq, Wael B. (2009a). An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521678735. Dahlén, Ashk (2003), Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415945295
Irshad Abdel Haqq (2006). Ramadan, Hisham M. (ed.). Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 9780759109919. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
Elizabeth M. Bucar (2011). Creative Conformity: The Feminist Politics of U.S. Catholic and Iranian Shi'i Women. Georgetown University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9781589017528.
Sanja Kelly; Julia Breslin (2010). Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Progress Amid Resistance. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 9781442203976.
Behnoosh Payvar (2016). Space, Culture, and the Youth in Iran: Observing Norm Creation Processes at the Artists' House. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 9781137525703.
See Refah Partİsİ (The Welfare Party) And Others V. Turkey (Applications nos. 41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 February 2003, No. 123 (siehe S. 39): "sharia is incompatible with the fundamental principles of democracy, since principles such as pluralism in the political sphere and the constant evolution of public freedoms have no place in it and a regime based on sharia clearly diverges from Convention values"; see Alastair Mowbray, Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights, OUP Oxford, 2012, p 744, Google-Books preview.
Tahir Wasti (2009). The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan. Brill. p. 49. ISBN 978-9004172258. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Nitya Ramakrishnan (2013). In Custody: Law, Impunity and Prisoner Abuse in South Asia. Sage Publishing India. p. 437. ISBN 978-8132117513. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia. Macmillan. pp. 267–68. ISBN 978-0099523277. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Thomas, Jeffrey L. (2015). Scapegoating Islam: Intolerance, Security, and the American Muslim. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-1440831003. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years. Touchstone Books. p. 229. ISBN 978-0684807126. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
John Esposito (2011). What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0199794133. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
Omar, Abdul Rashied (2009). "The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization". In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians. Lexington Books. pp. 179–94. ISBN 978-0-7391-3523-5. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016.
Kecia Ali; Oliver Leaman (2008). Islam: the key concepts. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-0415396387. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
John L. Esposito (2004). The Oxford dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0195125597. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2006). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 526–527. ISBN 9780415775298.
Human Rights Diplomacy. Psychology Press. 1997. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-415-15390-4. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016.
Ali, Kecia (2003). "Progressive Muslims and Islamic jurisprudence: the necessity for critical engagement with marriage and divorce law". In Safi, Omid (ed.). Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism. Oneworld. pp. 163–87. ISBN 978-1780740454. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
Evans, Daniel (2013). "Oppression and Subalternity: Homosexual and Transgender in Islam". Journal of the International Relations and Affairs Group. 3 (1): 109–10. ISBN 978-1304399694. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Esack, Farid (2014). "Islam and Gender Justice: Beyond Simplistic Apologia". In Raines, John C.; Maguire, Daniel C. (eds.). What Men Owe to Women: Men's Voices from World Religions. SUNY. pp. 187–210. ISBN 978-0791491553.
Rohe, Mathias (2009). "Shari'a in a European Context". In Grillo, Ralpho; Ballard, Roger; Ferrari, Alessandro; Hoekema, André J.; Maussen, Marcel; Shah, Prakash (eds.). Legal Practice and Cultural Diversity. Ashgate. pp. 93–114. ISBN 978-0754675471.
Anwar, Zainah (2005). "Law-Making in the Name of Islam: Implications for Democratic Governance". In Nathan, K S; Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (eds.). Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 121–34. ISBN 978-9812302830.
Wael B. Hallaq (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-1107394124. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza, eds. (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0691134840. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
Stewart, Devin J. (2005). "Degrees, or Ijaza". In Josef W. Meri (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0415966917. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.

booksc.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

zh.booksc.eu

"Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the pre-Islamic Arab Society | SADIK KIRAZLI | download". Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

Al-Jallad 2022, p. 41–44, 68. Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022). The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-50427-1.
"According to the Bishair the fardh, is like the wajib but the wajib expresses [that something should] occur and the fard, expresses [that something has] a definitive assessment". Archived from the original on 6 April 2024.

brillonline.com (Global: 1,475^th place; English: 1,107^th place)

referenceworks.brillonline.com

Calder & Hooker 2007, p. 321. Calder, Norman; Hooker, Michael Barry (2007). "S̲h̲arīʿa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 321–26.
Calder & Hooker 2007, p. 326. Calder, Norman; Hooker, Michael Barry (2007). "S̲h̲arīʿa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 321–26.
Calder & Hooker 2007, p. 323. Calder, Norman; Hooker, Michael Barry (2007). "S̲h̲arīʿa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 321–26.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

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Encyclopædia Britannica, Qisas (2012)
"Qadi" Encyclopædia Britannica

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bassiouni, M. Cherif (2014) [2013]. "The Sharīa, Sunni Islamic Law (Fiqh), and Legal Methods (Ilm Uṣūl al-Fiqh)". In Bassiouni, M. Cherif (ed.). The Shari'a and Islamic Criminal Justice in Time of War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–87. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139629249.003. ISBN 9781139629249. LCCN 2013019592. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
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Classical jurists held its "textual integrity" to be beyond doubt on account of it having been handed down by many people in each generation, which is known as "recurrence" or "concurrent transmission" (tawātur).Ziadeh 2009 Hallaq 2009a, pp. 16–18Dahlén 2003, chpt. 4b Ziadeh, Farhat J. (2009). "Uṣūl al-fiqh". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001. ISBN 9780195305135. Hallaq, Wael B. (2009a). An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521678735. Dahlén, Ashk (2003), Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415945295
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archive.wikiwix.com

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search.worldcat.org

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yavuzkoktas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bir şer‘iyet vardır, bir de meşruiyet. Şer‘iyet, bir hükmün İslam’daki varlığını, hükmün bir ayette, hadiste var olması şer‘iliğini ifade eder. Yasal olan şer‘idir. Adil olan meşrudur. Her şer‘î olan meşru değildir. Her meşru olan şer‘îdir.....Görmez, bu teorik ayrımı kölelik, eşin dövülmesi, müellefe-i kulûba zekât verilmesi, hırsızlık cezasının uygulanması ve Ehl-i kitap kadınlarla evlenme gibi örnekler üzerinden somutlaştırmaktadır. Ona göre bunların bir kısmı naslarda yer aldığı için “şer‘î” olmakla birlikte adalet ve maslahat açısından her zaman “meşru” olmayabilir. Hz. Ömer’in bazı uygulamaları da bu meşruiyet anlayışının örnekleri olarak sunulmaktadır.https://www.yavuzkoktas.com/mehmet-gormezin-serilik-mesruluk-ayrimina-dair-bir-degerlendirme/

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)

3 Çarpıcı Örnek: Kurban, Kölelik ve Allah Tasavvuru on YouTube
"bir söyleşide yaptığı ilgili açıklama". YouTube. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2016.

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