Shield volcano (English Wikipedia)

J.G. Moore (1987). "Subsidence of the Hawaiian Ridge". Volcanism in Hawaii. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Vol. 1350.
James S. Monroe; Reed Wicander (2006). The changing Earth : exploring geology and evolution (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-495-55480-6. Retrieved February 22, 2011.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Plescia, J. B. (2004). "Morphometric properties of Martian volcanoes". Journal of Geophysical Research. 109 (E3): E03003. Bibcode:2004JGRE..109.3003P. doi:10.1029/2002JE002031.
Keddie, Susan T.; Head, James W. (1994). "Sapas Mons, Venus: evolution of a large shield volcano". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 65 (2): 129–190. Bibcode:1994EM&P...65..129K. doi:10.1007/BF00644896. S2CID 122532573.
Sanger, W.; et al. (2019). "Oceanic plateau formation by seafloor spreading implied by Tamu Massif magnetic anomalies". Nature Geoscience. 12 (8): 661–666. Bibcode:2019NatGe..12..661S. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0390-y.
Hasenaka, T. (October 1994). "Size, distribution, and magma output rate for shield volcanoes of the Michoacán-Guanajuato volcanic field, Central Mexico". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 63 (2): 13–31. Bibcode:1994JVGR...63...13H. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(94)90016-7.
Marco Bagnardia; Falk Amelunga; Michael P. Poland (September 2013). "A new model for the growth of basaltic shields based on deformation of Fernandina volcano, Galápagos Islands". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 377–378: 358–366. Bibcode:2013E&PSL.377..358B. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.016.
Regelous, M.; Hofmann, A. W.; Abouchami, W.; Galer, S. J. G. (2003). "Geochemistry of Lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the Geochemical Evolution of Hawaiian Magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma". Journal of Petrology. 44 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003JPet...44..113R. doi:10.1093/petrology/44.1.113.
Gerardo Carrasco-Núñeza; et al. (30 November 2010). "Evolution and hazards of a long-quiescent compound shield-like volcano: Cofre de Perote, Eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 197 (4): 209–224. Bibcode:2010JVGR..197..209C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.010.
Regelous, M.; Hofmann, A.W.; Abouchami, W.; Galer, S.J.G. (2003). "Geochemistry of Lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the Geochemical Evolution of Hawaiian Magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma" (PDF). Journal of Petrology. 44 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003JPet...44..113R. doi:10.1093/petrology/44.1.113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
Bailey, K. (30 April 1976). "Potassium-Argon Ages from the Galapagos Islands". Science. 192 (4238): 465–467. Bibcode:1976Sci...192..465B. doi:10.1126/science.192.4238.465. PMID 17731085. S2CID 11848528.
Rossi, M. J. (1996). "Morphology and mechanism of eruption of postglacial shield volcanoes in Iceland". Bulletin of Volcanology. 57 (7): 530–540. Bibcode:1996BVol...57..530R. doi:10.1007/BF00304437. S2CID 129027679.
Masursky, H.; Masursky, Harold; Saunders, R. S. (1973). "An Overview of Geological Results from Mariner 9". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (20): 4009–4030. Bibcode:1973JGR....78.4031C. doi:10.1029/JB078i020p04031.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

Douglas Harper (2010). "Shield volcano". Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper. Retrieved February 13, 2011.

galapagosonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Volcanoes". Galapagos Online Tours and Cruises. Archived from the original on 23 July 2001. Retrieved 22 February 2011.

igepn.edu.ec (Global: low place; English: low place)

Institute for Geophysics at National Polytechnic School

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

Brian Clark Howard (5 September 2013). "New Giant Volcano Below Sea Is Largest in the World". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183^rd place; English: 212^th place)

"Galapagos volcano erupts, could threaten wildlife". October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bailey, K. (30 April 1976). "Potassium-Argon Ages from the Galapagos Islands". Science. 192 (4238): 465–467. Bibcode:1976Sci...192..465B. doi:10.1126/science.192.4238.465. PMID 17731085. S2CID 11848528.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"Shield volcano" at Oxford English Dictionary

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

volcano.oregonstate.edu

"Large Shield Volcanoes". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2011.

sdsu.edu (Global: 3,918^th place; English: 2,749^th place)

geology.sdsu.edu

"How Volcanoes Work: Shield Volcanoes". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
"How Volcanoes Work: Hawaiian Eruptions". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2001. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
"How Volcanoes Work: Basaltic Lava". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
"How Volcanoes Work: Galapagos Shield Volcanoes". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Keddie, Susan T.; Head, James W. (1994). "Sapas Mons, Venus: evolution of a large shield volcano". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 65 (2): 129–190. Bibcode:1994EM&P...65..129K. doi:10.1007/BF00644896. S2CID 122532573.
Bailey, K. (30 April 1976). "Potassium-Argon Ages from the Galapagos Islands". Science. 192 (4238): 465–467. Bibcode:1976Sci...192..465B. doi:10.1126/science.192.4238.465. PMID 17731085. S2CID 11848528.
Rossi, M. J. (1996). "Morphology and mechanism of eruption of postglacial shield volcanoes in Iceland". Bulletin of Volcanology. 57 (7): 530–540. Bibcode:1996BVol...57..530R. doi:10.1007/BF00304437. S2CID 129027679.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

volcano.si.edu

"Purico Complex". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
"Billy Mitchell". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Venzke, E, ed. (31 March 2026). "Holocene Volcano List". Global Volcanism Program — Volcanoes of the World (version 5.3.5). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 7 May 2026.
"Volcanoes of South America: Galápagos Islands". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
"Menengai". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 28 February 2011.

und.edu (Global: low place; English: 8,796^th place)

volcano.und.edu

"Shield Volcanoes". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2010.

uni-erlangen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

gzn.uni-erlangen.de

Regelous, M.; Hofmann, A.W.; Abouchami, W.; Galer, S.J.G. (2003). "Geochemistry of Lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the Geochemical Evolution of Hawaiian Magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma" (PDF). Journal of Petrology. 44 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003JPet...44..113R. doi:10.1093/petrology/44.1.113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.

uni-goettingen.de (Global: 2,423^rd place; English: 2,569^th place)

geoleoedocs.sub.uni-goettingen.de

Ruth Andrews & Agust Gudmundsson (2006). "Holocene shield volcanoes in Iceland" (PDF). University of Göttingen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2011.

universetoday.com (Global: 3,994^th place; English: 3,813^th place)

Nancy Atkinson (8 April 2010). "Volcanoes on Venus May Still Be Active". Universe Today. Retrieved April 14, 2011.

uoregon.edu (Global: 3,189^th place; English: 1,887^th place)

darkwing.uoregon.edu

Bill White & Bree Burdick. "Volcanic Galapagos: Formation of an Oceanic Archipelago". University of Oregon. Retrieved 23 February 2011.

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

pubs.usgs.gov

John Watson (1 March 2011). "Principal Types of Volcanoes". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
Moore, J.G; Mark, R.K. (1992). "Morphology of the Island of Hawaii". GSA Today. 2 (12): 257–262. Bibcode:1992GSAT....2..257M. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
Watson, Jim (5 May 1999). "The long trail of the Hawaiian hotspot". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
Watson, John (February 5, 1997). "Extraterrestrial Volcanism". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 13, 2011.

vulcan.wr.usgs.gov

Topinka, Lyn (28 December 2005). "Description: Shield Volcano". USGS. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
Topinka, Lyn (18 April 2002). "Description: Lava Tubes and Lava Tube Caves". USGS. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
Lyn Topinka (2 October 2003). "Africa Volcanoes and Volcanics". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 28 February 2011.

hvo.wr.usgs.gov

"How High is Mauna Loa?". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory – United States Geological Survey. 20 August 1998. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
"Summary of the Pu'u 'Ō 'ō-Kupaianaha Eruption, 1983-present". United States Geological Survey - Hawaii Volcano Observatory. 4 October 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory - United States Geological Survey. 8 September 1995. Retrieved 28 February 2011.

volcanoes.usgs.gov

"VHP Photo Glossary: Shield volcano". USGS. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2010.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"How Volcanoes Work: Shield Volcanoes". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
"Shield Volcanoes". University of North Dakota. Archived from the original on 8 August 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
Brian Clark Howard (5 September 2013). "New Giant Volcano Below Sea Is Largest in the World". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
"How Volcanoes Work: Hawaiian Eruptions". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2001. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
"How Volcanoes Work: Basaltic Lava". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
Regelous, M.; Hofmann, A.W.; Abouchami, W.; Galer, S.J.G. (2003). "Geochemistry of Lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the Geochemical Evolution of Hawaiian Magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma" (PDF). Journal of Petrology. 44 (1): 113–140. Bibcode:2003JPet...44..113R. doi:10.1093/petrology/44.1.113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
"How Volcanoes Work: Galapagos Shield Volcanoes". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
"Volcanoes". Galapagos Online Tours and Cruises. Archived from the original on 23 July 2001. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
Ruth Andrews & Agust Gudmundsson (2006). "Holocene shield volcanoes in Iceland" (PDF). University of Göttingen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
"Galapagos volcano erupts, could threaten wildlife". October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15.
"Large Shield Volcanoes". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on January 5, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2011.

worldbookonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

World Book: U · V · 20. Chicago: Scott Fetzer. 2009. pp. 438–443. ISBN 978-0-7166-0109-8. Retrieved 22 August 2010.

Shield volcano (English Wikipedia)

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