Arya & Joshi 2001, p. 48, volume 2. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Delhi: Parimal Publications. ASINB008RXWY7O (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: ISBN8170200709.
For text of RV 6.45.17 as यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥ and translation as "Indra, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see: Arya & Joshi 2001, p. 91, volume 3. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Delhi: Parimal Publications. ASINB008RXWY7O (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: ISBN8170200709.
For text of RV 8.93.3 as स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥ and translation as "May Indra, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see: Arya & Joshi 2001, p. 48, volume 2. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Delhi: Parimal Publications. ASINB008RXWY7O (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: ISBN8170200709.
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For a general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see: Sivaramamurti 1976, p. 11. For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see: Kramrisch 1981, pp. 15–19. Sivaramamurti, C. (1976). Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN978-0876330395.
Hume 1921, pp. 399, 403; Hiriyanna 2000, pp. 32–36; Kunst 1968; Srinivasan 1997, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9. Hume, Robert (1921). "Shvetashvatara Upanishad". The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press. Hiriyanna, M. (2000). The Essentials of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN978-8120813304. Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 31 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531. S2CID179086253. Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. Brill. ISBN978-9004107588.
Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World, ISBN978-1577316695, p. 17; for Sanskrit, see: Skanda Purana Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20–21 (Sanskrit)
This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of Brahmanic origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See: Flood 1996, pp. 92, 161 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521438780.
It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 182. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN978-0876330395.
For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see: Kramrisch 1981, pp. 182–189. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN978-0876330395.
Temporal range for Mesolithic in South Asia is from 12000 to 4000 years before present. The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain tribes in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 Before Present is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early Neolithic at Mehrgarh. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age", Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23).
"Hinduism". Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp. 445–448. ISBN978-1593394912.
For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see Keay 2000, p. 147 Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN0802137970. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020). The Rigveda. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0190633394. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
Sivananda, Swami (1996). "Worship of Siva Linga". Lord Siva and His Worship. The Divine Life Trust Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
Nath 2001, p. 31. Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition". Social Scientist. 29 (3/4): 19–50. doi:10.2307/3518337. JSTOR3518337.
Long, J. Bruce (1971). "Siva and Dionysos: Visions of Terror and Bliss". Numen. 18 (3): 180–209. doi:10.2307/3269768. JSTOR3269768.
Hume 1921, pp. 399, 403; Hiriyanna 2000, pp. 32–36; Kunst 1968; Srinivasan 1997, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9. Hume, Robert (1921). "Shvetashvatara Upanishad". The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press. Hiriyanna, M. (2000). The Essentials of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN978-8120813304. Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 31 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531. S2CID179086253. Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. Brill. ISBN978-9004107588.
Manju Bhatnagar (1988). "The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan". Asian Folklore Studies. 47 (1): 63–72. doi:10.2307/1178252. JSTOR1178252.
Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). "The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal". Asian Folklore Studies. 53 (2): 259–305. doi:10.2307/1178647. JSTOR1178647.
Nath 2001, p. 31. Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition". Social Scientist. 29 (3/4): 19–50. doi:10.2307/3518337. JSTOR3518337.
The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states Jan Gonda, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of Agni, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: Gonda 1969, pp. 218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: [a] David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0226894843, pp. 4, 29 [b] Gonda 1969 Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. ISSN0257-9774. JSTOR40457085. Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. ISSN0257-9774. JSTOR40457085.
Manju Bhatnagar (1988). "The Monsoon Festival Teej in Rajasthan". Asian Folklore Studies. 47 (1): 63–72. doi:10.2307/1178252. JSTOR1178252.
Skinner, Debra; Holland, Dorothy; Adhikari, G. B. (1994). "The Songs of Tij: A Genre of Critical Commentary for Women in Nepal". Asian Folklore Studies. 53 (2): 259–305. doi:10.2307/1178647. JSTOR1178647.
Hume 1921, pp. 399, 403; Hiriyanna 2000, pp. 32–36; Kunst 1968; Srinivasan 1997, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9. Hume, Robert (1921). "Shvetashvatara Upanishad". The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press. Hiriyanna, M. (2000). The Essentials of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN978-8120813304. Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 31 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531. S2CID179086253. Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. Brill. ISBN978-9004107588.
For Shiva as a composite deity whose history is not well documented, see Keay 2000, p. 147 Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN0802137970. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020). The Rigveda. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0190633394. Archived from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
Sivananda, Swami (1996). "Worship of Siva Linga". Lord Siva and His Worship. The Divine Life Trust Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states Jan Gonda, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of Agni, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: Gonda 1969, pp. 218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: [a] David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, ISBN978-0226894843, pp. 4, 29 [b] Gonda 1969 Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. ISSN0257-9774. JSTOR40457085. Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. ISSN0257-9774. JSTOR40457085.
J.L. Moens (1974), Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; OCLC10404094