Shiva (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Shiva" in English language version.

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Arya & Joshi 2001, p. 48, volume 2. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Delhi: Parimal Publications. ASIN B008RXWY7O (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: ISBN 8170200709.
For text of RV 6.45.17 as यो गृणतामिदासिथापिरूती शिवः सखा । स त्वं न इन्द्र मृलय ॥ and translation as "Indra, who has ever been the friend of those who praise you, and the insurer of their happiness by your protection, grant us felicity" see: Arya & Joshi 2001, p. 91, volume 3. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Delhi: Parimal Publications. ASIN B008RXWY7O (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: ISBN 8170200709.
For text of RV 8.93.3 as स न इन्द्रः सिवः सखाश्चावद् गोमद्यवमत् । उरूधारेव दोहते ॥ and translation as "May Indra, our auspicious friend, milk for us, like a richly-streaming (cow), wealth of horses, kine, and barley" see: Arya & Joshi 2001, p. 48, volume 2. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K. L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṃhitā: Sanskrit Text, English Translation. Delhi: Parimal Publications. ASIN B008RXWY7O (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: ISBN 8170200709.

archive.org

For a general statement of the close relationship, and example shared epithets, see: Sivaramamurti 1976a, p. 11. For an overview of the Rudra-Fire complex of ideas, see: Kramrisch 1981, pp. 15–19. Sivaramamurti, C. (1976a). Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography. Delhi: Abhinav Publications. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Zimmer 1972, pp. 124. Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) [1946]. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691017786.
Zimmer 1972, pp. 124–126. Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) [1946]. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691017786.
Flood 1996, p. 151. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Flood 1996, pp. 17, 153; Sivaraman 1973, p. 131. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Sivaraman, K. (1973). Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120817715. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Kinsley 1988, pp. 50, 103–104. Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520908833.
Flood 1996, pp. 17, 153. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Flood 1996, p. 152. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Flood 1996, pp. 148–149; Keay 2000, p. xxvii; Granoff 2003, pp. 95–114; Nath 2001, p. 31. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802137970. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Granoff, Phyllis (2003). "Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God". Rivista degli studi orientali. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (1/4): 95–114. JSTOR 41913237. Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001). "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition". Social Scientist. 29 (3/4): 19–50. doi:10.2307/3518337. JSTOR 3518337.
Keay 2000, p. xxvii; Flood 1996, p. 17. Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802137970. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
For the definition "Śaivism refers to the traditions which follow the teachings of Śiva (śivaśāna) and which focus on the deity Śiva... " see: Flood 1996, p. 149 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Berreman 1963, p. 385. Berreman, Gerald Duane (1963). Hindus of the Himalayas. University of California Press.
For translation see: Ganguli 2004, Chapter 17 of Volume 13. Ganguli, Kisari Mohan (2004). Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd. ISBN 8121505933.
Lochtefeld 2002, p. 247. Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 476. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 477. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
For Parameśhvara as "Supreme Lord" see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 479. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For an overview of the Śatarudriya see: Kramrisch 1981, pp. 71–74. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Flood 1996, p. 17; Keay 2000, p. xxvii. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802137970. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Flood 1996, p. 148. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Flood 1996, p. 148, 150. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Flood 1996, pp. 148–149; Keay 2000, p. xxvii; Granoff 2003, pp. 95–114. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0802137970. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Granoff, Phyllis (2003). "Mahakala's Journey: from Gana to God". Rivista degli studi orientali. 77, Fasc. 1/4 (1/4): 95–114. JSTOR 41913237.
Singh 1989; Kenoyer 1998. For a drawing of the seal see Figure 1 in Flood 1996, p. 29 Singh, S. P. (1989). "Rgvedic Base of the Pasupati Seal of Mohenjo-Daro". Purātattva. 19: 19–26. Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Vohra 2000; Bongard-Levin 1985, p. 45; Rosen & Schweig 2006, p. 45. Vohra, Ranbir (2000). The Making of India: A Historical Survey. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0765607119. Bongard-Levin, Grigoriĭ Maksimovich (1985). Ancient Indian Civilization. Arnold-Heinemann. Rosen, Steven; Schweig, Graham M. (2006). Essential Hinduism. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Flood 1996, pp. 28–29. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Flood 1996, pp. 28–29; Flood 2003, pp. 204–205; Srinivasan 1997, p. 181. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Flood, Gavin (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405132515. Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. Brill. ISBN 978-9004107588.
Flood 1996, pp. 28–29; Flood 2003, pp. 204–205. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Flood, Gavin (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". In Flood, Gavin (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405132515.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 7. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Kramrisch 1994a, pp. 14–15. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 18. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Deussen 1997, pp. 792–793; Radhakrishnan 1953, p. 929. Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120814677. Radhakrishnan, Sarvapalli (1953), The Principal Upanishads, New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers India (1994 Reprint), ISBN 8172231245 {{citation}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Hume 1921, pp. 399, 403; Hiriyanna 2000, pp. 32–36; Kunst 1968; Srinivasan 1997, pp. 96–97 and Chapter 9. Hume, Robert (1921). "Shvetashvatara Upanishad". The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Oxford University Press. Hiriyanna, M. (2000). The Essentials of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120813304. Kunst, Arnold (June 1968). "Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 31 (2): 309–314. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531. S2CID 179086253. Srinivasan, Doris Meth (1997). Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning and Form in Multiplicity in Indian Art. Brill. ISBN 978-9004107588.
Sastri 1898, pp. 80–82. Sastri, A Mahadeva (1898). Amritabindu and Kaivalya Upanishads with Commentaries. Thomson & Co.
Pratapaditya Pal (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700. University of California Press. pp. 75–80. ISBN 978-0520-059917.
Flood 1996, pp. 162–169. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
"Devi bhagwat Purana Skandh 5 Chapter 1 Verse 22-23". {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
Gregor Maehle (2009), Ashtanga Yoga, New World, ISBN 978-1577316695, p. 17; for Sanskrit, see: Skanda Purana Shankara Samhita Part 1, Verses 1.8.20–21 (Sanskrit)
Lochtefeld 2002, p. 426. Lochtefeld, James (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1 & 2. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798.
Kinsley 1988, pp. 101–105. Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520908833.
Kinsley 1988, pp. 50, 103–104; Pintchman 2015, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171. Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520908833. Pintchman, Tracy (2015). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1438416182.
James C. Harle (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 140–142, 191, 201–203. ISBN 978-0300062175.
Flood 1996, p. 17. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Kramrisch 1981, p. 22. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Kramrisch 1981, p. 23. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For Shiva as depicted with a third eye, and mention of the story of the destruction of Kama with it, see: Flood 1996, p. 151. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
For translation of Tryambakam as "having three mother eyes" and as an epithet of Rudra, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 483. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For translation "Having the moon as his crest" see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 472. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
This smearing of cremation ashes emerged into a practice of some Tantra-oriented ascetics, where they would also offer meat, alcohol and sexual fluids to Bhairava (a form of Shiva), and these groups were probably not of Brahmanic origin. These ascetics are mentioned in the ancient Pali Canon of Thervada Buddhism. See: Flood 1996, pp. 92, 161 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Kramrisch 1981, p. 475. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For Shiva drinking the poison churned from the world ocean see: Flood 1996, p. 78 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
Kramrisch 1981, p. 473. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For Shiva supporting Gaṅgā upon his head, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 473. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Kramrisch 1981, p. 479. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For quotation "Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox" and overview of conflicting attributes see: Flood 1996, p. 150 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
For rud- meaning "cry, howl" as a traditional etymology see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 5. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Citation to M. Mayrhofer, Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary, s.v. "rudra", is provided in: Kramrisch 1981, p. 5. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 476; Kramrisch 1981, p. 474. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Kramrisch 1981, p. 481. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Flood 1996, p. 92. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
For the contrast between ascetic and householder depictions, see: Flood 1996, pp. 150–151 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780.
For Pārvatī identified as the wife of Shiva, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 479 Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
McDaniel 2004, p. 156. McDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195347135.
Vettam Mani (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 62, 515–516. ISBN 978-0842608220.
For interpretation of the naṭarāja form see: Zimmer 1972, pp. 151–157. Zimmer, Heinrich (1972) [1946]. Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691017786.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 439; Klostermaier 1984, p. 151, Shiva the Dancer. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1984). Mythologies and Philosophies of Salvation in the Theistic Traditions of India. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-0889201583.
For description of the form as representing teaching functions, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 472. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For five as a sacred number, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 182. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
It is first encountered in an almost identical form in the Rudram. For the five syllable mantra see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 182. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For discussion of these five forms and a table summarizing the associations of these five mantras see: Kramrisch 1981, pp. 182–189. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For distinct iconography, see Kramrisch 1981, p. 185. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For association with the five faces and other groups of five, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 182. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
For variation in attributions among texts, see: Kramrisch 1981, p. 187. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 184. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Quotation from Pañcabrahma Upanishad 31 is from: Kramrisch 1981, p. 182. Kramrisch, Stella (1981). Manifestations of Shiva. Philadelphia Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0876330395.
James C. Harle (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 309–310. ISBN 978-0300062175.
Alain Daniélou (1991). The Myths and Gods of India. Princeton Bollingen Series. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 222–224. ISBN 978-0892813544.
Kramrisch 1994a, pp. 171–185. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 221. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Michaels 2004, p. 216; Flood 1996, p. 29; Tattwananda 1984, pp. 49–52. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691089522. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2016. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd. First revised edition.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 26. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.
Kramrisch 1994a, p. 218. Kramrisch, Stella (1994a). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691019304.

books.google.com

Temporal range for Mesolithic in South Asia is from 12000 to 4000 years before present. The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodisation of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain tribes in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a Mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000–4,000 Before Present is based on the combination of the ranges given by Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early Neolithic at Mehrgarh. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age", Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37–44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000–2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen, Ancient Indian History and Civilization, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23).
"Yogeshvara". Indian Civilization and Culture. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. 1998. p. 115. ISBN 978-81-7533-083-2.
Indian Civilization and Culture. M.D. Publications Pvt. 1998. p. 116. ISBN 9788175330832.
Dalal 2010, pp. 436. Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143414216.
"Hinduism". Encyclopedia of World Religions. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. 2008. pp. 445–448. ISBN 978-1593394912.
Javid 2008, pp. 20–21. Javid, Ali (2008). World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0875864846.
Dalal 2010, pp. 137, 186. Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143414216.
Cush, Robinson & York 2008, p. 78. Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine A.; York, Michael (2008). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0700712670. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
Williams 1981, p. 62. Williams, Joanna Gottfried (1981). Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India. Brill Academic. ISBN 9004064982. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
Kinsley 1998, p. 35. Kinsley, David (1998). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-8120803947. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (1984). The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-89581-441-8.
Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-416-5.
Sivaramamurti 1976b. Sivaramamurti, C. (1976b). Gaṅgā. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-0-86125-084-4.
Sharma 2000, p. 65. Sharma, Arvind (2000). Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195644418.
Issitt & Main 2014, pp. 147, 168. Issitt, Micah Lee; Main, Carlyn (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610694780.
Flood 1996, pp. 17, 153; Sivaraman 1973, p. 131. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521438780. Sivaraman, K. (1973). Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120817715. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Pintchman 2015, pp. 113, 119, 144, 171. Pintchman, Tracy (2015). The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1438416182.
Sadasivan 2000, p. 148; Sircar 1998, pp. 3 with footnote 2, 102–105. Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A Social History of India. APH Publishing. ISBN 978-8176481700. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2020. Sircar, Dineschandra (1998). The Śākta Pīṭhas. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120808799.
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[a] Vasugupta; Jaideva (1979). Śiva Sūtras. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xv–xx. ISBN 978-8120804074.;
[b] James Mallinson (2007). The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition. Yoga. pp. xiii–xiv. ISBN 978-0971646650. OCLC 76143968.
The Trimurti idea of Hinduism, states Jan Gonda, "seems to have developed from ancient cosmological and ritualistic speculations about the triple character of an individual god, in the first place of Agni, whose births are three or threefold, and who is threefold light, has three bodies and three stations". See: Gonda 1969, pp. 218–219; Other trinities, beyond the more common "Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva", mentioned in ancient and medieval Hindu texts include: "Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati", "Agni, Indra, Surya", "Agni, Vayu, Aditya", "Mahalakshmi, Mahasarasvati, and Mahakali", and others. See: [a] David White (2006), Kiss of the Yogini, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0226894843, pp. 4, 29
[b] Gonda 1969 Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40457085. Gonda, Jan (1969). "The Hindu Trinity". Anthropos. 63/64 (1/2): 212–226. ISSN 0257-9774. JSTOR 40457085.
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J.L. Moens (1974), Het Buddhisme Java en Sumatra in Zijn laatste boeiperiods, T.B.G., pp. 522–539, 550; OCLC 10404094