Siege of Baghdad (1258) (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Siege of Baghdad (1258)" in English language version.

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Boyle 1968, pp. 200–202; Atwood 2004, p. 1. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, pp. 81–82; Atwood 2004, p. 2; Boyle 1968, pp. 334–335. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, pp. 82–83; Atwood 2004, p. 2. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, pp. 83–85; Atwood 2004, p. 2. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, p. 125; Atwood 2004, p. 255; Morgan 1986, p. 130; Biran 2012, pp. 78–79. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5.
May 2018, pp. 144–145; Atwood 2004, p. 263. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Lane 2003, pp. 18–19; Hodous 2020, p. 30; Atwood 2004, p. 255; Jackson 2017, pp. 126–127. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Hodous, Florence (2020). "Guo Kan: Military Exchanges between China and the Middle East". In Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.). Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals (1st ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. pp. 27–43. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 342; May 2018, p. 163; Atwood 2004, p. 255. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Atwood 2004, p. 255; Lane 2003, pp. 24–25; Jackson 2017, p. 127; Boyle 1968, pp. 342–344. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, pp. 255–256; Boyle 1968, pp. 344–345; Jackson 2017, p. 127. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Lane 2003, pp. 25–26; Atwood 2004, p. 255. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Lane 2003, pp. 31–35; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4; Atwood 2004, p. 2. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Boyle 1968, p. 347; Atwood 2004, p. 28. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Boyle 1968, p. 347; Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 144. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 144; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1.
Atwood 2004, p. 2; Buell 2003, p. 51; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Buell 2003, p. 52; Atwood 2004, pp. 28–29; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, p. 29; Boyle 1968, p. 348; May 2018, p. 166. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 145; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, p. 348; Jackson 2017, p. 167; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1.
Jackson 2017, p. 167; Atwood 2004, p. 226. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Chambers 1979, p. 145; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4; Biran 2012, p. 79. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5.
Morgan 1986, p. 133; Buell 2003, p. 117; Atwood 2004, p. 344; Chambers 1979, p. 146. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Boyle 1968, pp. 348–349; Chambers 1979, p. 145; Atwood 2004, p. 226; Hodous 2020, p. 35. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Hodous, Florence (2020). "Guo Kan: Military Exchanges between China and the Middle East". In Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.). Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals (1st ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. pp. 27–43.
Jackson 2017, pp. 128–129; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Morgan 1986, p. 133. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6.
Biran 2012, p. 79; Jackson 2017, p. 129. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 349; Atwood 2004, p. 29. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Biran 2012, p. 99; Atwood 2004, p. 2. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.

archive.org

Jackson 2017, p. 125; Atwood 2004, p. 255; Morgan 1986, p. 130; Biran 2012, pp. 78–79. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5.
May 2007, p. 27. May, Timothy (2007). The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System. Yardley: Westholme. ISBN 978-1-5941-6046-2.
Morgan 1986, p. 133; Buell 2003, p. 117; Atwood 2004, p. 344; Chambers 1979, p. 146. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Morgan 1986, p. 133; Boyle 1968, p. 248; May 2018, p. 166. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Jackson 2017, pp. 128–129; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Morgan 1986, p. 133. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6.
Morgan 1986, pp. 133–134; Jackson 2017, p. 129. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.

books.google.com

Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011, p. 129 "In November 1257, Hűlegű set off from Hamadān in the direction of Baghdad. (...) With him were the forces of the Armenian Prince Zak‘arē, the son of Shahnshah Zak‘arian and Prince Pŕosh Khaghbakian. The Mongols placed considerable trust in these Armenian lords, whose assistance they had received since the 1230s." Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan, D. (2011). The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335). Leiden ; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0041-8635-4.
Pubblici, L. (2023). ‘Georgia and the Caucasus’, in M. Biran and H. Kim (eds.) The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. pp. 719–720. The Georgian and Armenian aristocracy now was bound tightly to the Mongol leading class and the military became of primary importance. The Mongols forced their subjects to participate in their military campaigns. For the local aristocracy, it was sometimes necessary to contribute in order to get some immediate advantages from them. Therefore the intervention of Armenian and Georgian forces in Mongol military operations was not an isolated incident. (...) Around mid-1200, the whole Caucasian region was gripped by Mongol power on one side and the Muslim independent states on the other; the Ismā'īlĭs (Assassins) in the territory between Syria and northern Iran, and the Caliphate of Baghdad. When Hülegü began the military campaign against the caliphate, the Armenian and Georgian aristocracy took the opportunity to eliminate the menace and joined the Mongol armies. The attack on the Assassins' stronghold in Alamūt – which ended with the fall of the city in November 1256 – was planned and executed with the aid of David Lasha. Prince Zak'are, son of Shahanshah, participated in the operations against Baghdad in 1258 and the Armenian aristocracy was fully involved as well. Eastern Christianity embraced the conquest of Baghdad by Hülegü's army as divine revenge. The Mongols massacred the Muslim population of the city but spared the Christians. Hülegü gave the palace of the Dawādār (vice chancellor) to the Nestorian patriarch Makhika. Kirakos describes the fall of Baghdad in joyful terms and states that all the oriental Christians were exulting because after 647 years the "Muslim tyranny" had finally ended.
Strange, Guy Le (1 March 2011). Baghdad: During the Abbasid Caliphate. Cosimo, Inc. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-1-61640-532-8.
Boyle 1968, pp. 200–202; Atwood 2004, p. 1. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, pp. 81–82; Atwood 2004, p. 2; Boyle 1968, pp. 334–335. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
May 2018, p. 159; Jackson 2017, p. 125; Boyle 1968, p. 340; Lane 2003, p. 23. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9.
Boyle 1968, p. 341; Jackson 2017, pp. 126–127. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 342; May 2018, p. 163; Atwood 2004, p. 255. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Atwood 2004, p. 255; Lane 2003, pp. 24–25; Jackson 2017, p. 127; Boyle 1968, pp. 342–344. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, pp. 255–256; Boyle 1968, pp. 344–345; Jackson 2017, p. 127. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Wu, Pai-nan Rashid (1974). The Fall of Baghdad and the Mongol Rule in Al-Iraq, 1258-1335. University of Utah. p. 80.
Lane 2003, p. 143; Boyle 1968, pp. 345–346. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Lane 2003, p. 30; Boyle 1968, p. 346. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Boyle 1968, p. 346. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, pp. 346–347; Jackson 2017, p. 128. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 347; Atwood 2004, p. 28. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Boyle 1968, p. 347; Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 144. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Boyle 1968, pp. 347–348; Chambers 1979, pp. 144–145. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Atwood 2004, p. 2; Buell 2003, p. 51; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Buell 2003, p. 52; Atwood 2004, pp. 28–29; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, p. 29; Boyle 1968, p. 348; May 2018, p. 166. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 145; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, p. 348; Jackson 2017, p. 167; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1.
Boyle 1968, p. 348. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, pp. 348–349; Chambers 1979, p. 145; Atwood 2004, p. 226; Hodous 2020, p. 35. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Hodous, Florence (2020). "Guo Kan: Military Exchanges between China and the Middle East". In Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.). Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals (1st ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. pp. 27–43.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Morgan 1986, p. 133; Boyle 1968, p. 248; May 2018, p. 166. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Lane 2003, p. 145; Boyle 1968, p. 349; Chambers 1979. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Boyle 1968, p. 349; Atwood 2004, p. 29. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.

doi.org

Biran, Michal (25 July 2022). Scheiner, Jens; Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (eds.). Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century. Leiden: Brill. pp. 285-315. doi:10.1163/9789004513372_012. At the very beginning of 1258 Hülegü and his multi-ethnic armies—including Chinese siege breakers, Armenian and Georgian auxiliaries and quite a few Sunnī Muslim troops from Central Asia, Iran and Iraq— converged on Baghdād from all sides. Fighting began in earnest in mid-January, and the city was taken on February 10, 1258, when the caliph left the city and surrendered to Hülegü.
Boyle 1968, pp. 200–202; Atwood 2004, p. 1. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, pp. 81–82; Atwood 2004, p. 2; Boyle 1968, pp. 334–335. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
May 2018, p. 159; Jackson 2017, p. 125; Boyle 1968, p. 340; Lane 2003, p. 23. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9.
Boyle 1968, p. 341; Jackson 2017, pp. 126–127. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 342; May 2018, p. 163; Atwood 2004, p. 255. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Atwood 2004, p. 255; Lane 2003, pp. 24–25; Jackson 2017, p. 127; Boyle 1968, pp. 342–344. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, pp. 255–256; Boyle 1968, pp. 344–345; Jackson 2017, p. 127. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Lane 2003, p. 143; Boyle 1968, pp. 345–346. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Lane 2003, p. 30; Boyle 1968, p. 346. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Boyle 1968, p. 346. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, pp. 346–347; Jackson 2017, p. 128. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 347; Atwood 2004, p. 28. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Boyle 1968, p. 347; Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 144. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Boyle 1968, pp. 347–348; Chambers 1979, pp. 144–145. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Atwood 2004, p. 2; Buell 2003, p. 51; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Buell 2003, p. 52; Atwood 2004, pp. 28–29; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Buell, Paul D. (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4571-8. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, p. 29; Boyle 1968, p. 348; May 2018, p. 166. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Atwood 2004, p. 28; Chambers 1979, p. 145; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, p. 348; Jackson 2017, p. 167; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1.
Boyle 1968, p. 348. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, pp. 348–349; Chambers 1979, p. 145; Atwood 2004, p. 226; Hodous 2020, p. 35. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Hodous, Florence (2020). "Guo Kan: Military Exchanges between China and the Middle East". In Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.). Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals (1st ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. pp. 27–43.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Morgan 1986, p. 133; Boyle 1968, p. 248; May 2018, p. 166. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Lane 2003, p. 145; Boyle 1968, p. 349; Chambers 1979. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Boyle 1968, p. 349; Atwood 2004, p. 29. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Biran 2019, p. 465; Al-Khalili 2012, chapter 12: Decline and Renaissance. Biran, Michal (2019). "Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 62 (2–3): 464–502. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341485. S2CID 167078796. Al-Khalili, Jim (2012). The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-1431-2056-8.
Biran 2019, pp. 470–472. Biran, Michal (2019). "Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 62 (2–3): 464–502. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341485. S2CID 167078796.
Biran 2016, p. 150; Biran 2019, pp. 494–495. Biran, Michal (2016). "Music in the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: Ṣafī al-Dīn Urmawī and the Ilkhanid Circle of Musicians". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 127. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0043-1199-2. Biran, Michal (2019). "Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 62 (2–3): 464–502. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341485. S2CID 167078796.

huji.ac.il

mongol.huji.ac.il

Biran, Michal (25 July 2022). Scheiner, Jens; Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (eds.). Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century. Leiden: Brill. pp. 285-315. doi:10.1163/9789004513372_012. At the very beginning of 1258 Hülegü and his multi-ethnic armies—including Chinese siege breakers, Armenian and Georgian auxiliaries and quite a few Sunnī Muslim troops from Central Asia, Iran and Iraq— converged on Baghdād from all sides. Fighting began in earnest in mid-January, and the city was taken on February 10, 1258, when the caliph left the city and surrendered to Hülegü.

jstor.org

Jackson 2017, pp. 81–82; Atwood 2004, p. 2; Boyle 1968, pp. 334–335. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, pp. 82–83; Atwood 2004, p. 2. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, pp. 83–85; Atwood 2004, p. 2. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, p. 125; Atwood 2004, p. 255; Morgan 1986, p. 130; Biran 2012, pp. 78–79. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5.
May 2018, pp. 144–145; Atwood 2004, p. 263. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
May 2018, p. 159; Jackson 2017, p. 125; Boyle 1968, p. 340; Lane 2003, p. 23. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9.
Smith 1975, pp. 277–278. Smith, John Masson (1975). "Mongol Manpower and Persian Population". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 18 (3): 271–299.
Lane 2003, pp. 18–19; Hodous 2020, p. 30; Atwood 2004, p. 255; Jackson 2017, pp. 126–127. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Hodous, Florence (2020). "Guo Kan: Military Exchanges between China and the Middle East". In Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.). Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals (1st ed.). Oakland: University of California Press. pp. 27–43. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 341; Jackson 2017, pp. 126–127. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Boyle 1968, p. 342; May 2018, p. 163; Atwood 2004, p. 255. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Atwood 2004, p. 255; Lane 2003, pp. 24–25; Jackson 2017, p. 127; Boyle 1968, pp. 342–344. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Atwood 2004, pp. 255–256; Boyle 1968, pp. 344–345; Jackson 2017, p. 127. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Lane 2003, p. 30. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Lane 2003, p. 30; Boyle 1968, p. 346. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Lane, George (2003). Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-4152-9750-9. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Chambers 1979, p. 144. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Boyle 1968, p. 346. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Boyle 1968, pp. 346–347; Jackson 2017, p. 128. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Atwood 2004, p. 29; Boyle 1968, p. 348; May 2018, p. 166. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Jackson 2017, p. 128; Boyle 1968, p. 348. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X.
Jackson 2017, p. 167; Chambers 1979, p. 145. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-6891-0942-3.
Boyle 1968, p. 348; Jackson 2017, p. 167; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Marozzi 2014, chapter 4. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1.
Jackson 2017, p. 167; Atwood 2004, p. 226. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Jackson 2017, p. 172. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Jackson 2017, p. 129; Morgan 1986, p. 133; Boyle 1968, p. 248; May 2018, p. 166. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Boyle, John Andrew (1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 303–421. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366. ISBN 0-521-06936-X. May, Timothy (2018). The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4237-3. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.
Jackson 2017, pp. 128–129; Atwood 2004, p. 29; Morgan 1986, p. 133. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7. Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3. Retrieved 2 March 2022. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6.
Biran 2012, p. 79; Jackson 2017, p. 129. Biran, Michal (2012). Genghis Khan. Makers of the Muslim World. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-7807-4204-5. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Morgan 1986, pp. 133–134; Jackson 2017, p. 129. Morgan, David (1986). The Mongols. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-6311-7563-6. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.
Jackson 2017, p. 129. Jackson, Peter (2017). The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-2533-7.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Biran 2019, p. 465; Al-Khalili 2012, chapter 12: Decline and Renaissance. Biran, Michal (2019). "Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 62 (2–3): 464–502. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341485. S2CID 167078796. Al-Khalili, Jim (2012). The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-1431-2056-8.
Biran 2019, pp. 470–472. Biran, Michal (2019). "Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 62 (2–3): 464–502. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341485. S2CID 167078796.
Biran 2016, p. 150; Biran 2019, pp. 494–495. Biran, Michal (2016). "Music in the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: Ṣafī al-Dīn Urmawī and the Ilkhanid Circle of Musicians". In De Nicola, Bruno; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 127. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-9-0043-1199-2. Biran, Michal (2019). "Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 62 (2–3): 464–502. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341485. S2CID 167078796.

washington.edu

faculty.washington.edu

Marozzi 2014, chapter 4; Modelski 2007. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1. Modelski, George (29 September 2007). "Central Asian world cities? (XI – XIII century) A discussion paper". Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.

web.archive.org

Marozzi 2014, chapter 4; Modelski 2007. Marozzi, Justin (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-1419-4804-1. Modelski, George (29 September 2007). "Central Asian world cities? (XI – XIII century) A discussion paper". Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.