Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) (English Wikipedia)

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Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah (2019). Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research. Brill. pp. 54–58. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6.
Sheppard, Si (2013). The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-78096-184-2.
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Peter J. Fast (2012). 70 A.D.: A War of the Jews. AuthorHouse. p. 761. ISBN 978-1-4772-6585-7.
Si Sheppard (2013). The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-185-9.
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Schwartz, Seth (1984). "Political, social and economic life in the land of Israel". In Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8.
Wettstein, Howard: Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, p. 31 (2002). University of California Press
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Taylor, J. E. (2012). The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955448-5. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction
Totten, S. Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources. p. 24. [1]
The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered by Peter Schäfer, ISBN 978-3-16-148076-8
Zissos, Andrew (2015). A Companion to the Flavian Age of Imperial Rome. Wiley. p. 493. ISBN 978-1-118-87817-0. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

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Price 2011, p. 410. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 1992, pp. 70–71. Price, Jonathan J. (1992). Jerusalem under Siege: The Collapse of the Jewish State 66-70 C.E. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Vol. 3. Leiden, New York and Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-09471-0.
Price 1992, p. 70. Price, Jonathan J. (1992). Jerusalem under Siege: The Collapse of the Jewish State 66-70 C.E. Brill's Series in Jewish Studies. Vol. 3. Leiden, New York and Köln: Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-09471-0.
Price 2011, p. 409. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, pp. 409–410. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, p. 414. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, p. 415. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, pp. 415–416. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.

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H. Meservy, Keith. "'Gadiantonism' and the Destruction of Jerusalem". BYU Religious Studies Center. Retrieved 22 October 2024.

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Katz, Steven T., ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 268. doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.
Broshi 1999, p. 3. Broshi, Magen (1999). "The Archaeology of Palestine 63 BCE–CE 70". In Horbury, William; Davies, W. D.; Sturdy, John (eds.). The Early Roman Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–37. ISBN 9781139053662.
Goldenberg, Robert (2006). Katz, Steven T. (ed.). "The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences". The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Retrieved 16 September 2024.

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L. Maier, Paul. "Not One Stone Left Upon Another". Christian History. Christian History Institute. Retrieved 22 October 2024.

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"A.D. 70 Titus Destroys Jerusalem". Christian History. Retrieved 6 July 2017.

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Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. 68 (1): 189–193. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN 0022-2097.
Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). "The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 364: 61–85. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 164199980.
Neusner, Jacob (28 November 2017). Hinnells, John (ed.). "Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple". Neusner on Judaism. Routledge. pp. 399–413. doi:10.4324/9781351152761-20. ISBN 978-1-351-15276-1.
Katz, Steven T., ed. (2006). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 268. doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.
Stemberger, Guenter (2003). Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.). "The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE". The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Wiley. pp. 78–79. doi:10.1002/9780470758014.ch5. ISBN 978-1-57718-058-6.
Goldenberg, Robert (1977). "The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XLV (3): 353. doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353. ISSN 0002-7189.
Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (9 December 2019). "The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis". Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period. Brill. pp. 19–50. doi:10.1163/9789004417076_003. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6. S2CID 214005509. After the destruction of the Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the text of a diploma of 93 CE: "(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense", and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem
Price 2011, p. 410. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Roth, Helena; Gadot, Yuval; Langgut, Dafna (2019). "Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 382: 71–87. doi:10.1086/705729. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 211672443.
Mason 2016, p. 281. Mason, Steve (2016). A History of the Jewish War: AD 66–74. Key Conflicts of Classical Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139020718. ISBN 978-1-139-02071-8.
Goldenberg, Robert (2006). Katz, Steven T. (ed.). "The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences". The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–195. doi:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
Price 2011, p. 409. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, pp. 409–410. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, p. 414. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, p. 415. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Price 2011, pp. 415–416. Price, Jonathan (2011). "The Jewish Population of Jerusalem from the First Century BCE to the Early Second Century CE: The Epigraphic Record". In Popović, Mladen (ed.). The Jewish Revolt against Rome: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Brill. pp. 399–418. doi:10.1163/9789004216693_017. ISBN 978-9-004-21668-6.
Millar 2005, p. 101. ——— (2005). "Last Year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome". In Edmondson, Jonathan; Mason, Steve; Rives, James (eds.). Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–128. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262120.003.0006. ISBN 978-0-199-26212-0.
Goodman 1987, p. 27–28. Goodman, Martin (1987). The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66–70. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511552656. ISBN 9780511552656.
Gerber 2021, p. 166. Gerber, Jane S. (2021). "The Jews of Muslim Spain". In Lieberman, Phillip I. (ed.). Jews in the Medieval Islamic World. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–198. doi:10.1017/9781139048873. ISBN 9781139048873.

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Telushkin, Joseph (1991). Jewish Literacy. New York: William Morrow and Co. Retrieved 11 December 2017. While the Romans would have won the war in any case, the Jewish civil war both hastened their victory and immensely increased the casualties. One horrendous example: In expectation of a Roman siege, Jerusalem's Jews had stockpiled a supply of dry food that could have fed the city for many years. But one of the warring Zealot factions burned the entire supply, apparently hoping that destroying this "security blanket" would compel everyone to participate in the revolt. The starvation resulting from this mad act caused suffering as great as any the Romans inflicted.

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רייך, רוני; Reich, Ronny (2009). "The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record / חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (131): 25–42. ISSN 0334-4657. JSTOR 23407359.
Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli; Lernau, Omri (2007). "Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 57 (2): 153–169. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27927171.

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Soloveichik, Meir (12 July 2018). "How Rembrandt Understood the Destruction of Jerusalem (and Poussin Didn't)". Mosaic Magazine. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

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"David Roberts' 'The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A.D. 70'". Jerusalem: Fall of a City – Rise of a Vision. University of Nottingham. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

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Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). "The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 364: 61–85. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 164199980.
Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (9 December 2019). "The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis". Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period. Brill. pp. 19–50. doi:10.1163/9789004417076_003. ISBN 978-90-04-41707-6. S2CID 214005509. After the destruction of the Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the text of a diploma of 93 CE: "(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense", and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem
Roth, Helena; Gadot, Yuval; Langgut, Dafna (2019). "Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 382: 71–87. doi:10.1086/705729. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 211672443.

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Westwood, Ursula (1 April 2017). "A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74". Journal of Jewish Studies. 68 (1): 189–193. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. ISSN 0022-2097.
Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). "The Lower City of Jerusalem on the Eve of Its Destruction, 70 CE: A View From Hanyon Givati". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 364: 61–85. doi:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0061. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 164199980.
Goldenberg, Robert (1977). "The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. XLV (3): 353. doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353. ISSN 0002-7189.
Geva, Hillel (1984). "The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration". Israel Exploration Journal. 34 (4): 239–254. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27925952.
Roth, Helena; Gadot, Yuval; Langgut, Dafna (2019). "Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 382: 71–87. doi:10.1086/705729. ISSN 0003-097X. S2CID 211672443.
רייך, רוני; Reich, Ronny (2009). "The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record / חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (131): 25–42. ISSN 0334-4657. JSTOR 23407359.
Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli; Lernau, Omri (2007). "Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 57 (2): 153–169. ISSN 0021-2059. JSTOR 27927171.
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