Silent Parade (English Wikipedia)

"President Woodrow Wilson's Proclamation of July 26, 1918, Denouncing Lynching" (PDF). Retrieved April 3, 2025. The printed proclamation was distributed as a press release, but was not recited in a speech by the president.

archive.org

Hyde 1899, p. 1913. Hyde, William, ed. (1899). "Riots and Mobs". Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis: A Compendium of History and Biography for Ready Reference. Vol. 4. Southern History Company. p. 1913. LCCN 00003693. Retrieved June 7, 2025. This article describes the 1836 lynching of African American Francis McIntosh in St. Louis.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (February 1915). "The Lynching Industry". The Crisis. Vol. 9, no. 4. pp. 196–198. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
Morrissette 2013, pp. 91–93. Morrissette, Noelle (2013). James Weldon Johnson's Modern Soundscapes. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 9781609381592. Retrieved June 10, 2025.
Sammons 2015, p. 146. Sammons, Jeffrey (2015). Harlem's Rattlers and the Great War: The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality. Modern War Studies. {University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700621385. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Stille 2007. Stille, Darlene R. (2007). Madam C.J. Walker: Entrepreneur and Millionaire. Compass Point Books. pp. 78–80. ISBN 9780756518837. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Sammons 2015, p. 147. Sammons, Jeffrey (2015). Harlem's Rattlers and the Great War: The Undaunted 369th Regiment and the African American Quest for Equality. Modern War Studies. {University Press of Kansas. ISBN 9780700621385. Retrieved June 8, 2025.

atlantablackstar.com

Kenney, Tanasia (July 29, 2017). "Many Learn of #SilentParade For First Time After Google Honors Iconic Civil Rights March". Atlanta Black Star. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.

blackpast.org

Newman, Alexis (March 26, 2017). "NAACP Silent Protest Parade, New York City (1917)". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

bnd.com

Maddox, Teri (June 30, 2017). "Clubbing, Burning, Lynching, Shooting: 1917 Race Riot a Dark Day in East St. Louis History". Belleville News-Democrat. ISSN 8750-1058. Retrieved June 1, 2025.
Johnson, Kaley (July 2, 2017). "March in Memory of Race Riot Victims Gives Voice to History and Healing". Belleville News-Democrat. ISSN 8750-1058. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

books.google.com

Rudwick 1972, p. 138. Rudwick, E.M. (1972) [1964]. Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917. Blacks in the New World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780689703362. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
SoRelle 2007. SoRelle, James M. (2007). "The 'Waco Horror': The Lynching of Jesse Washington". In Bruce A. Glasrud; James Smallwood (eds.). The African American Experience in Texas: An Anthology. Texas Tech University Press. pp. 183–202. ISBN 9780896726093. Retrieved May 1, 2025.
Lewis 2009, pp. 335–336. Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography 1868–1963. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781466843073.
Pfeifer 2004. Pfeifer, M.J. (2004). Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252029178. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Wood 2009. Wood, Amy Louise (2009). Lynching and Spectacle: Witnessing Racial Violence in America, 1890-1940},. North Carolina University Press. ISBN 9780807832547. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Logan 1997. Logan, Rayford Whittingham (1997) [1965]. The Betrayal of the Negro, from Rutherford B. Hayes to Woodrow Wilson (Reprint ed.). Da Capo Press. ISBN 0306807580. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
Ifill 2007, p. 58. Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (2007). On the Courthouse Lawn: Confronting the Legacy of Lynching in the Twenty-First Century. Boston: Beacon. ISBN 9780807009888. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
Lewis 2009, p. 335. Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography 1868–1963. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781466843073.
Shillady, John, ed. (1919). Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. LCCN 20013596. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (April 1916). "The Lynching in Lee County GA". The Crisis. Vol. 11, no. 6. pp. 303–310. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved March 29, 2025.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (July 1916a). "The Waco Horror". The Crisis. Vol. 12, no. 3. pp. 1–8. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved March 29, 2025. "The Waco Horror" was an eight page supplement at the end of the magazine, with its own page numbering, pages 1 to 8.
Young 2018, pp. 53–54. Young, Darius (2018). "The Saving of Black America's Body and White America's Soul: The Lynching of Ell Persons and the Rise of Black Activism in Memphis". In Goudsouzian, Aram (ed.). An Unseen Light: Black Struggles for Freedom in Memphis, Tennessee. Civil Rights and the Struggle for Black Equality in the Twentieth Century. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 39–60. ISBN 9780813175539. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (August 1917b). "The Lynching at Memphis". The Crisis. Vol. 14, no. 4. pp. 185–188. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (June 1917). "Resolutions of the Washington Conference". The Crisis. Vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 59–62. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
Du Bois, W. E. B. (July 1918). "Close Ranks". The Crisis. Vol. 16, no. 3. p. 111. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
Rudwick 1972, pp. 17–23. Rudwick, E.M. (1972) [1964]. Race Riot at East St. Louis, July 2, 1917. Blacks in the New World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780689703362. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
Meacham 2004. Meacham, Rebecca (2004). "Lynching: Silent Protest Parade". Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, Vol II. Routledge. pp. 751–752. ISBN 157958389X. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
Barnes 2011, p. 2. Barnes, Harper (2011). Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot That Sparked the Civil Rights Movement. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780802779748.
Ellis 2001, p. 43. Ellis, Mark (2001). Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government During World War I. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253109329. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
James 1998. James, Winston (1998). Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America. Verso. pp. 94–96. ISBN 1859841406. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Shapiro 1988, p. 163. Shapiro, Herbert (1988). White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0870235788. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
Garvey 2023, pp. 212–220. Garvey, Marcus (2023) [1919]. Hill, Robert Abraham (ed.). The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. I: 1826 – August 1919. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520342224. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
Douglas 1995, pp. 326–327. Douglas, Ann (1995). Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0374116202. LCCN 94010892.
Dray 2007, pp. 235–236. Dray, Philip (2007). At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. Modern Library Paperbacks. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307430663. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Marchand 2015, p. 189. Marchand, C.R. (2015). The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1889-1918. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400870257. Retrieved April 3, 2025.
Vieira 2024, pp. 89–90. Vieira, M.B. (2024). Democracy and the Politics of Silence. Rhetoric and Democratic Deliberation. Penn State University Press. ISBN 9780271098982. Retrieved June 10, 2025.
Dray 2007, p. 237. Dray, Philip (2007). At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. Modern Library Paperbacks. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307430663. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Sullivan 2009, p. 69. Sullivan, Patricia (2009). Lift Every Voice: The NAACP and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. New Press. ISBN 9781595585110. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Dray 2007, p. 236. Dray, Philip (2007). At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America. Modern Library Paperbacks. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307430663. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Rice 2016, pp. 161–163. Rice, Anne (2016). "Gender, Race, and Public Space: Photography and Memory in the Massacre of East Saint Louis and The Crisis Magazine". In Simien, Evelyn (ed.). Gender and Lynching: The Politics of Memory. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 9781137001221. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Capshaw 2006, pp. 27–28. Capshaw, Katharine (2006). Children's Literature of the Harlem Renaissance. Blacks in the Diaspora. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253218888. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Johnson 2008, p. 321. Johnson, James Weldon (2008). Along This Way: The Autobiography of James Weldon Johnson. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 9780143105176. Retrieved April 2, 2025.
Wedin 1998, p. 161. Wedin, Carolyn (1998). Inheritors of the Spirit: Mary White Ovington and the Founding of the NAACP. Wiley. ISBN 0471168386.
Lewis 2009, p. 352. Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography 1868–1963. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781466843073.
Lewis 2009, pp. 330–332. Lewis, David (2009). W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography 1868–1963. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781466843073.
Williams 2010, p. 28. Williams, Chad (2010). Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. The John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807899359. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
Sartain 2007, p. 21. Sartain, Lee (2007). Invisible Activists: Women of the Louisiana NAACP and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1915–1945. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807135761. Retrieved March 30, 2025.
Zangrando 1980, p. 38. Zangrando, Robert (1980). The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909-1950. Temple University Press. ISBN 087722174X. Retrieved June 7, 2025.
Francis 2014, pp. 74–75. Francis, Megan (2014). Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State. Civil Rights and the Making of the Modern American State. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107037106. Retrieved June 10, 2025.
King 2001, p. 191. King, William (2001). "Silent Protest Against Lynching". W. E. B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313017220. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
Bernstein 2006, p. 178. Bernstein, Patricia (2006). The First Waco Horror: The Lynching of Jesse Washington and the Rise of the NAACP. Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A & M University. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 9781603445474. Retrieved March 30, 2025.
Ellis 2001, p. 129. Ellis, Mark (2001). Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government During World War I. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253109329. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
Churchwell 2018, p. 122. Churchwell, Sarah (2018). Behold, America: The Entangled History of America First and the American Dream. Basic Books. ISBN 9781541673403. Retrieved April 15, 2025.
Meier 2002, p. 347. Meier, August (2002). Along the Color Line: Explorations in the Black Experience. Blacks in the New World. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252071077. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
"NAACP to Hold Silent March in Washington to Protest New Supreme Court Ruling". Jet. 76 (20): 6. August 21, 1989. ISSN 0021-5996. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2020.

boweryboyshistory.com

"Listening to the Silent Parade of 1917: The Forgotten Civil Rights March". The Bowery Boys: New York City History. July 27, 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

brown.edu

library.brown.edu

Johnson, James Weldon (July 1917). Du Bois, W. E. B. (ed.). "Memphis: May 22, AD, 1917" (PDF). The Crisis. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved April 17, 2025. According to this article about Ell Persons, it was published as a four page supplement to volume 14, issue 3 of The Crisis.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (September 1917). "The Massacre of East St. Louis" (PDF). The Crisis. 14 (5): 219–238. ISSN 0011-1422. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (September 1917a). "The Negro Silent Parade" (PDF). The Crisis. 14 (5): 241-244. ISSN 0011-1422. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2017.

cnn.com

Gamble, Giselle Rhoden (March 1, 2022). "House Passes Emmett Till Anti-lynching Act with Overwhelmingly Bipartisan Support". CNN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
Holt, Lauren (June 15, 2020). "Thousands show up for black trans people in nationwide protests". CNN. Retrieved June 8, 2025.

doi.org

Kim 2012. Kim, Linda (2012). "A Law of Unintended Consequences: United States Postal Censorship of Lynching Photographs". Visual Resources. 28 (2): 171–193. doi:10.1080/01973762.2012.678812. ISSN 1477-2809. S2CID 159670864. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
Seguin & Rigby 2019. Seguin, Charles; Rigby, David (2019). "National Crimes: A New National Data Set of Lynchings in the United States, 1883 to 1941". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5. doi:10.1177/2378023119841780. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 164388036.
Williams 2018. Williams, Chad (2018). "World War I in the Historical Imagination of W. E. B. Du Bois". Modern American History. 1 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1017/mah.2017.20. ISSN 2397-1851.
O'Reilly 1997. O'Reilly, Kenneth (1997). "The Jim Crow Policies of Woodrow Wilson". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 17: 117–121. doi:10.2307/2963252. ISSN 1077-3711.
Aneja & Xu 2021. Aneja, Abhay; Xu, Guo (2021). "The Costs of Employment Segregation: Evidence from the Federal Government Under Woodrow Wilson". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 137 (2): 911–958. doi:10.1093/qje/qjab040. ISSN 0033-5533. Retrieved April 22, 2025.

eji.org

lynchinginamerica.eji.org

"Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror" (3rd ed.). Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018.

google.com

Milward 2015, p. 70. Milward, Jessica (2015). Finding Charity's Folks. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820348797. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2017.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

Colbert 2017. Colbert, Soyica Diggs (2017). Black Movements: Performance and Cultural Politics. Rutgers University Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 9780813588544. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Adams 2016, p. 86. Adams, Betty Livingston (2016). "Unholy and Unchristian Attitude: Interracial Dialogue in Segregated Spaces, 1920–1937". Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. NYU Press. p. 86. ISBN 9781479880324. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Project MUSE.

jstor.org

Bryan 2002. Bryan, Jami L. (2002). "Fighting for Respect: African Americans in World War I". On Point. 8 (4): 11–14. ISSN 2577-1337. JSTOR 44610299. Retrieved April 3, 2025.

latimes.com

"Thousands Stage Silent March on Capitol : Civil Rights Gathering Protests Recent Supreme Court Decisions". Los Angeles Times. August 27, 1989. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Hyde 1899, p. 1913. Hyde, William, ed. (1899). "Riots and Mobs". Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis: A Compendium of History and Biography for Ready Reference. Vol. 4. Southern History Company. p. 1913. LCCN 00003693. Retrieved June 7, 2025. This article describes the 1836 lynching of African American Francis McIntosh in St. Louis.
Shillady, John, ed. (1919). Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. LCCN 20013596. Retrieved April 21, 2025.
Douglas 1995, pp. 326–327. Douglas, Ann (1995). Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0374116202. LCCN 94010892.

loc.gov

"NAACP: A Century in the Fight for Freedom - Founding and Early Years". Library of Congress Exhibits. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 8, 2025.

marxists.org

Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (December 1917). "Social Progress" (PDF). The Crisis. Vol. 15, no. 2. p. 88. ISSN 0011-1422. Retrieved March 29, 2025.

nationalhumanitiescenter.org

"The Negro Silent Protest Parade organized by the NAACP Fifth Ave., New York City July 28, 1917" (PDF). National Humanities Center. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

newspapers.com

"The Silent Parade Proposed to Be Held ..." The New York Age. July 19, 1917. ISSN 2998-1379. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"The Silent Parade". The New York Age. July 26, 1917. ISSN 2998-1379. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Negroes to Hold a Silent Parade". The Daily Times. July 25, 1917. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"To Have Silent Parade". Palladium-Item. July 25, 1917. ISSN 2993-9534. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"New York Negro to Protest Riots". The Oklahoma City Times. July 25, 1917. ISSN 2333-0201. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
Walton, Lester A. (August 2, 1917). "Nearly Ten Thousand Take Part In Big Silent Protest Parade Down Fifth Avenue". New York Age. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"15,000 Negroes in Anti-Riot Parade". New York Herald. July 29, 1917. ISSN 2474-3224. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Wilson Pledge to Negroes: Effort to Punish East St. Louis Rioters Promised, says Committee". The Washington Post. August 17, 1917. p. 2. Retrieved June 10, 2025 – via Newspapers.com. Wilson met with the smaller group on August 16, 1917. This small article, dateline August 16, 1917, is based on statement from the NAACP, not from the White House.
"Silent Protest Parade Held in Providence". The New York Age. October 18, 1917. ISSN 2998-1379. Retrieved April 17, 2025 – via Newspapers.com.

npr.org

McDaniel, Eric; Moore, Elena (March 29, 2022). "Lynching Is Now a Federal Gate Crime After a Century of Blocked Efforts". NPR. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.

nybranchnaacp.com

"New York Branch History". NAACP. Retrieved June 8, 2025.

nytimes.com

timesmachine.nytimes.com

"Negroes in Protest March in Fifth Av.; 8,000 Men, Women, and Children Demand That Discrimination and Oppression End. Tell Woes on Banners Parade in Silence While Thousands of Their Race Look On with Never a Cheer" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

politico.com

Lewis, Tom (November 2, 2015). "How Woodrow Wilson Stoked the First Urban Race Riot". Politico. Retrieved April 22, 2025.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Kim 2012. Kim, Linda (2012). "A Law of Unintended Consequences: United States Postal Censorship of Lynching Photographs". Visual Resources. 28 (2): 171–193. doi:10.1080/01973762.2012.678812. ISSN 1477-2809. S2CID 159670864. Retrieved April 1, 2025.
Seguin & Rigby 2019. Seguin, Charles; Rigby, David (2019). "National Crimes: A New National Data Set of Lynchings in the United States, 1883 to 1941". Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. 5. doi:10.1177/2378023119841780. ISSN 2378-0231. S2CID 164388036.

smithsonianmag.com

Keyes, Allison (June 30, 2017). "The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. ISSN 0037-7333. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

stanford.edu

review.law.stanford.edu

Zier 2021. Zier, Magdalene (March 2021). "Crimes of Omission: State-Action Doctrine and Anti-Lynching Legislation in the Jim Crow Era" (PDF). Stanford Law Review. 73: 777–819. ISSN 0038-9765. Retrieved June 7, 2025. Discussion of state versus federal prosecution is throughout the entire article, but an overview is on pages 777–795.

stlamerican.com

Vaughn, Kenya (July 6, 2017). "ESL Commemorated 100th Anniversary of Unparalleled Racial Terror". St. Louis American. Archived from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

tefilmfest.org

Berger, Sally (2018). "Bill Morrison: The Art of the Archive" (PDF). Black Maria Film Festival program. p. 25. Retrieved April 17, 2025.

theartnewspaper.com

Angeleti, Gabriella (July 28, 2017). "Arts Group to Restage Historic Civil Rights Protest in New York". The Art Newspaper. ISSN 0960-6556. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

theguardian.com

Lartey, Jamiles (July 29, 2017). "Activists Marking 100th Anniversary of NAACP's Silent Parade See Scary Parallels". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.

time.com

Waxman, Olivia B. "The Forgotten March That Started the National Civil Rights Movement Took Place 100 Years Ago". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Samuelson, Kate (July 28, 2017). "Google Doodle Commemorates 100th Anniversary of the Silent Parade". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved July 28, 2017.

vcu.edu

blackbird-archive.vcu.edu

Gray 2018. Gray, Brandie, ed. (2018). "1917 Suite: A Month, a Year, a Term of Liberty". Blackbird. 17 (1). Virginia Commonwealth University. ISSN 1540-3068. Retrieved April 1, 2025.

web.archive.org

"Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror" (3rd ed.). Equal Justice Initiative. 2017. Archived from the original on May 10, 2018.
Keyes, Allison (June 30, 2017). "The East St. Louis Race Riot Left Dozens Dead, Devastating a Community on the Rise". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. ISSN 0037-7333. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
"The Negro Silent Protest Parade organized by the NAACP Fifth Ave., New York City July 28, 1917" (PDF). National Humanities Center. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Meacham 2004. Meacham, Rebecca (2004). "Lynching: Silent Protest Parade". Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, Vol II. Routledge. pp. 751–752. ISBN 157958389X. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (September 1917). "The Massacre of East St. Louis" (PDF). The Crisis. 14 (5): 219–238. ISSN 0011-1422. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
James 1998. James, Winston (1998). Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America. Verso. pp. 94–96. ISBN 1859841406. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Newman, Alexis (March 26, 2017). "NAACP Silent Protest Parade, New York City (1917)". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Du Bois, W. E. B., ed. (September 1917a). "The Negro Silent Parade" (PDF). The Crisis. 14 (5): 241-244. ISSN 0011-1422. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Milward 2015, p. 70. Milward, Jessica (2015). Finding Charity's Folks. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820348797. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
"The Silent Parade". The New York Age. July 26, 1917. ISSN 2998-1379. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Negroes to Hold a Silent Parade". The Daily Times. July 25, 1917. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"To Have Silent Parade". Palladium-Item. July 25, 1917. ISSN 2993-9534. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"New York Negro to Protest Riots". The Oklahoma City Times. July 25, 1917. ISSN 2333-0201. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
Colbert 2017. Colbert, Soyica Diggs (2017). Black Movements: Performance and Cultural Politics. Rutgers University Press. pp. 145–147. ISBN 9780813588544. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
Walton, Lester A. (August 2, 1917). "Nearly Ten Thousand Take Part In Big Silent Protest Parade Down Fifth Avenue". New York Age. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Negroes in Protest March in Fifth Av.; 8,000 Men, Women, and Children Demand That Discrimination and Oppression End. Tell Woes on Banners Parade in Silence While Thousands of Their Race Look On with Never a Cheer" (PDF). The New York Times. July 29, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
"15,000 Negroes in Anti-Riot Parade". New York Herald. July 29, 1917. ISSN 2474-3224. Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Listening to the Silent Parade of 1917: The Forgotten Civil Rights March". The Bowery Boys: New York City History. July 27, 2017. Archived from the original on July 27, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
McDaniel, Eric; Moore, Elena (March 29, 2022). "Lynching Is Now a Federal Gate Crime After a Century of Blocked Efforts". NPR. Archived from the original on March 30, 2022. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
Gamble, Giselle Rhoden (March 1, 2022). "House Passes Emmett Till Anti-lynching Act with Overwhelmingly Bipartisan Support". CNN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2023.
Adams 2016, p. 86. Adams, Betty Livingston (2016). "Unholy and Unchristian Attitude: Interracial Dialogue in Segregated Spaces, 1920–1937". Black Women's Christian Activism: Seeking Social Justice in a Northern Suburb. NYU Press. p. 86. ISBN 9781479880324. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017 – via Project MUSE.
"Thousands Stage Silent March on Capitol : Civil Rights Gathering Protests Recent Supreme Court Decisions". Los Angeles Times. August 27, 1989. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
"NAACP to Hold Silent March in Washington to Protest New Supreme Court Ruling". Jet. 76 (20): 6. August 21, 1989. ISSN 0021-5996. Archived from the original on July 28, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
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werehistory.org

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worldcat.org

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yale.edu

beinecke.library.yale.edu

Morand, Michael (July 26, 2020). "1917 NAACP Silent Protest Parade, Fifth Avenue, New York City". Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Retrieved April 3, 2025.