Silurian (English Wikipedia)

Lapworth, Charles (1879). "On the tripartite classification of the Lower Palaeozoic rocks". Geological Magazine. 2nd series. 6 (1): 1–15. Bibcode:1879GeoM....6....1L. doi:10.1017/s0016756800156560. S2CID 129165105. From pp. 13–14: "North Wales itself – at all events the whole of the great Bala district where Sedgwick first worked out the physical succession among the rocks of the intermediate or so-called Upper Cambrian or Lower Silurian system; and in all probability much of the Shelve and the Caradoc area, whence Murchison first published its distinctive fossils – lay within the territory of the Ordovices; … Here, then, have we the hint for the appropriate title for the central system of the Lower Palaeozoics. It should be called the Ordovician System, after this old British tribe."
Rittner, Don (2009). Encyclopedia of Biology. Infobase Publishing. p. 338. ISBN 9781438109992.
DiMichele, William A; Hook, Robert W (1992). "The Silurian". In Behrensmeyer, Anna K. (ed.). Terrestrial Ecosystems Through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals. University of Chicago Press. pp. 207–10. ISBN 978-0-226-04155-1.

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See:
- Murchison, Roderick Impey (1835). "On the Silurian system of rocks". Philosophical Magazine. 3rd series. 7 (37): 46–52. doi:10.1080/14786443508648654.
- The Gotlandian system was proposed in 1893 by the French geologist Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent (1839–1908): Lapparent, A. de (1893). Traité de Géologie (in French). Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Paris, France: F. Savy. p. 748. From p. 748: "D'accord avec ces divisions, on distingue communément dans le silurien trois étages: l'étage inférieur ou cambrien (1); l'étage moyen ou ordovicien (2); l'étage supérieur ou gothlandien (3)." (In agreement with these divisions, one generally distinguishes, within the Silurian, three stages: the lower stage or Cambrian [1]; the middle stage or Ordovician [2]; the upper stage or Gotlandian [3].)
- Barrande, Joachim (1852). Systême silurien du centre de la Bohême (in French). Paris, France and Prague, (Czech Republic): (Self-published). pp. ix–x.
- Forbes, Edward (1854). "Anniversary Address of the President". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 10: xxii–lxxxi. See p. xxxiv.

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Niklas, Karl J. (1976). "Chemical Examinations of Some Non-Vascular Paleozoic Plants". Brittonia. 28 (1): 113–137. Bibcode:1976Britt..28..113N. doi:10.2307/2805564. JSTOR 2805564. S2CID 21794174.

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Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022). "The oldest gnathostome teeth". Nature. 609 (7929): 964–968. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..964A. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36171375. S2CID 252569771.
Zhu, You-an; Li, Qiang; Lu, Jing; Chen, Yang; Wang, Jianhua; Gai, Zhikun; Zhao, Wenjin; Wei, Guangbiao; Yu, Yilun; Ahlberg, Per E.; Zhu, Min (2022). "The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China". Nature. 609 (7929): 954–958. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..954Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05136-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36171378. S2CID 252569910.

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Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes". Science. 322 (5898): 64–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...322...64H. doi:10.1126/science.1161648. PMID 18832639. S2CID 206514545.
Lutzoni, François; Nowak, Michael D.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Reeb, Valérie; Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Krug, Michael; Arnold, A. Elizabeth; Lewis, Louise A.; Swofford, David L.; Hibbett, David; Hilu, Khidir; James, Timothy Y.; Quandt, Dietmar; Magallón, Susana (21 December 2018). "Contemporaneous radiations of fungi and plants linked to symbiosis". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5451. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5451L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07849-9. PMC 6303338. PMID 30575731. S2CID 56645104.
Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. (2015). "The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates". Nature. 520 (7548): 490–497. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..490B. doi:10.1038/nature14438. PMC 4648279. PMID 25903631.
Rasmussen, Christian M. Ø.; Kröger, Björn; Nielsen, Morten L.; Colmenar, Jorge (9 April 2019). "Cascading trend of Early Paleozoic marine radiations paused by Late Ordovician extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (15): 7207–7213. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7207R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1821123116. PMC 6462056. PMID 30910963.
Jeram, Andrew J.; Selden, Paul A.; Edwards, Dianne (1990). "Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England". Science. 250 (4981): 658–61. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..658J. doi:10.1126/science.250.4981.658. PMID 17810866.
Suarez, Stephanie E.; Brookfield, Michael E.; Catlos, Elizabeth J.; Stöckli, Daniel F. (2017-06-28). "A U-Pb zircon age constraint on the oldest-recorded air-breathing land animal". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0179262. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1279262S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179262. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5489152. PMID 28658320.
Zapalski, Mikołaj K.; Vinn, Olev; Toom, Ursula; Ernst, Andrej; Wilson, Mark A. (16 September 2022). "Bryozoan–cnidarian mutualism triggered a new strategy for greater resource exploitation as early as the Late Silurian". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 15556. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1215556Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19955-2. PMC 9481587. PMID 36114227.
Zapalski, Mikołaj K. (22 January 2014). "Evidence of photosymbiosis in Palaeozoic tabulate corals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1775): 20132663. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2663. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3866410. PMID 24307674.
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022). "The oldest gnathostome teeth". Nature. 609 (7929): 964–968. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..964A. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36171375. S2CID 252569771.
Zhu, You-an; Li, Qiang; Lu, Jing; Chen, Yang; Wang, Jianhua; Gai, Zhikun; Zhao, Wenjin; Wei, Guangbiao; Yu, Yilun; Ahlberg, Per E.; Zhu, Min (2022). "The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China". Nature. 609 (7929): 954–958. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..954Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05136-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 36171378. S2CID 252569910.

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Paul Selden & Helen Read (2008). "The oldest land animals: Silurian millipedes from Scotland" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group. 23: 36–37.

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Holland, C. (June 1985). "Series and Stages of the Silurian System" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 101–103. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

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Silurian (English Wikipedia)

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