Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin edition, 1976, pp. 925-926. Marie Augier wrote: "In public records, the presence of currency is so often accompanied by terrible consequences that one might say it came into the world with congenital bloodstains on one of its faces. In politics, the size of a state's debt, whether monarchical or representative, ultimately indicates not only its situation and strength, but also the degree to which its freedom is compromised." - Marie Augier, Du crédit public et de son histoire depuis les temps anciens jusqu'à nos jours par m. Marie Augier (Paris, 1842, p. 265) [14].
Helmut Reichelt, "Zum Verhältnis von logischer und historischer Methode". In: Helmut Reichelt, Zur logischen Struktur des Kapitalbegriffs bei Karl Marx. Frankfurt: EVA, 1970, chapter 3 section 1, pp. 126-136, at p. 130.[4]
ceterisneverparibus.net
Srishti Yadav , "Reviewing Petty Commodity Production: Toward a Unified Marxist Conception". Review of Radical Political Economics, Volume 54, Issue 4, September 2022, pp. 411–419.[8]; Johannes Anttila et al., Self-employment in a changing world, UNI Europa/Demos Helsinki, May 2020.[9]
hetecon.net
Michio Morishima, Marx's economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 28ff.;Ian Wright, "The Emergence of the Law of Value in a Dynamic Simple Commodity Economy". Review of Political Economy, Volume 20, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 367-391; Andrew B. Trigg, "Pasinetti, Marx and Simple Commodity Production", unpublished paper, Dept of Economics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, April 2008.[20]
Andrew B. Trigg, Pasinetti, "Marx and Simple Commodity Production", unpublished paper, Dept of Economics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, April 2008.[27]
Alvin Rabushka, web article "The colonial roots of American taxation, 1607-1700". Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1 August 2002.[11]
jacobin.com
Where value comes from is an important issue for value-form theorists. In the de-industrialized regions where value-form theorists live, very little commodity production occurs, there are few factories left, and therefore, in everyday life, it really seems like value spontaneously appears from digital platforms, markets, warehouses and shops. The actual manufacturing of the commodities occurs far away in other countries, and is invisible, while the commodity-form of the product seems to originate from where the consumer buys the product. The fact that products have to be produced - somewhere - becomes irrelevant, and is forgotten because they are supplied everywhere, and can be bought everywhere. The producers (including transport workers and retail service workers) become an abstraction. Labour historian Marcel van der Linden comments: "Take the jeans that I am wearing. The cotton for the denim is grown by small farmers in Benin, West Africa. The soft cotton for the pockets is grown in Pakistan. The synthetic indigo is made in a chemical factory in Frankfurt, Germany. The rivets and buttons contain zinc dug up by Australian miners. The thread is polyester, manufactured from petroleum products by chemical workers in Japan. All parts are assembled in Tunisia. The final product is sold in Amsterdam." - Marcel van der Linden, "Rumors of the Death of the Working Class Are Highly Exaggerated". Jacobin, November 5, 2022.[5]
marxforschung.de
Wladimir Schkredow, "Die Untersuchungsmethode der Entstehungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise im 'Kapital'". Marxistische Studien Jahrbuch des Institut für Marxistische Studien und Forschungen, Vol. 12, issue 1, 1987, pp. 232–37. Wladimir Schkredow, "Die Untersuchung der Dialektik der Warenform des Arbeitsprodukts in der 1. und 2. Auflage des ersten Bandes des "Kapitals" von Karl Marx." In: Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung, Heft 27, 1989, pp. 187-191.[25]
marxists.org
Christopher J. Arthur, The new dialectic and Marx's Capital. Leiden: Brill, 2004, chapter 2. Christopher J. Arthur, "The Myth of ‘Simple Commodity Production’", Marx Myths & Legends, 2005.[3]
Karl Marx, "Results of the immediate process of production", appendix in: Karl Marx, Capital, Volume I, Penguin 1976; also available in Marx Engels Collected Works (MECW), Vol. 34, 1994.[6]
Karl Marx, Notes on Adolph Wagner's "Lehrbuch der politischen Ökonomie", 1879.[16]
"In his Capital, Marx first analyses the simplest, most ordinary and fundamental, most common and everyday relation of bourgeois (commodity) society, a relation encountered billions of times, viz., the exchange of commodities." Vladimir I. Lenin, "On the Question of Dialectics". Lenin Collected Works, Vol. 38 (4th Edition). Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976, pp. 357-361.[17]
Marx, "Results of the immediate process of production", appendix in Capital, Volume 1. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976, p. 1005.[19]
Nikolai Bukharin, "Marx's Teaching and its Historical Importance", chapter 3, in Nikolai Bukharin et al., Marxism and Modern Thought. London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd., 1935.[21]
Rudolf Hilferding, "Böhm-Bawerk's Criticism of Marx". in: Paul M. Sweezy (ed.), Karl Marx and the close of his system by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk. New York: Augustus M. Kelly, 1949, pp. 120-196 [22]
Maurice Dobb, An introduction to economics. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1932, chapter 6;[23]Maurice Dobb, Studies in the development of capitalism. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1946; Maurice Dobb,Theories of value and distribution: ideology and economic theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973, chapter 2, 3, and 6.
Christopher J. Arthur, The new dialectic and Marx's Capital. Leiden: Brill, 2004, chapter 2; Christopher J. Arthur, "The Myth of ‘Simple Commodity Production’", Marx Myths & Legends, 2005.[26]
monticello.org
The Jefferson Monticello webpage on "African Slavery in Colonial British North America" [13]
Angus Maddison, The world economy: a milennnial perspective. Paris: OECD, 2006, p. 30; Our world in data website, "Global average GDP per capita over the long run". World Bank: Maddison database, 2023;[1] Eric D. Beinhocker, The origin of wealth. Evolution, complexity, and the radical remaking of economics. London: Random House, 2007, p. 10. Standard national accounting systems such as UNSNA provide data for the market and non-market sectors of the national economy, as well as for corporate and non-corporate enterprises.
psu.edu
engr.psu.edu
"Colonial America's Pre-Industrial Age of Wood and Water". Bellefonte: Penn State University, n.d.[12]
Rolf Hecker, "Einfache Warenproduktion" [1997]. Rote Ruhr Uni, 2024.[24] ((written for, but published in altered form in the (German) Historical-Critical Dictionary of Marxism, Volume 3, 1997).
socialhistory.org
archief.socialhistory.org
Jan Lucassen, Outlines of a history of labour. Amsterdam: IISH-Research Paper 51, 2013 [28]
ssrn.com
papers.ssrn.com
Deon Filmer, Estimating the world at work. Background paper to the 1995 World Development Report: Workers in an Integrating World, May 1995.[18]
uni-europa.org
Srishti Yadav , "Reviewing Petty Commodity Production: Toward a Unified Marxist Conception". Review of Radical Political Economics, Volume 54, Issue 4, September 2022, pp. 411–419.[8]; Johannes Anttila et al., Self-employment in a changing world, UNI Europa/Demos Helsinki, May 2020.[9]
worldbank.org
data.worldbank.org
Barbara Harriss-White, "Petty commodity production". The Journal of Peasant Studies, Volume 50, Issue 1, 2023, pp. 295-314. World Bank Group, Percentage self-employed in total employment [based on ILOStat data], 2025.[10]
worldhistory.org
See: Joshua J. Mark, "Colonial American Currency", World History Encyclopedia, 20 April 2021.[15]
