Sit-in (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sit-in" in English language version.

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  • "America's First Sit-Down Strike: The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit-In". City of Alexandria. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2016.

archive.org

azdailysun.com

baltimoreheritage.org

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explore.baltimoreheritage.org

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  • Royal Ice Cream Sit-in — Durham, NC ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
  • First Southern Sit-in, Greensboro NC ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
  • Sit-ins Spread Across the South ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
  • Nashville Student Movement ~ Civil Rights Movement Archive
  • Hartford, Bruce. "Rock Hill SC, "Jail-No-Bail" Sit-ins (Feb-Mar)". The Civil Rights Movement Archive. Westwind Writers Inc. Retrieved October 21, 2011."(..) At the October 1960 SNCC strategy conference in Atlanta, some activists argue for "Jail-No-Bail" tactics. They take a Gandhian position that paying bail or fines indicates acceptance of an immoral system and validates their own arrests. And by serving their sentences, they dramatize the injustice, intensify the struggle, and gain additional media coverage. There is also a practical component to "Jail-No-Bail." The Movement has little money and most southern Blacks are poor. It is hard to scrape up bail money, and sit-in struggles are faltering — not from lack of volunteers to risk arrest — but from lack of money to bail them out. Moreover, paying fines provides the cops with financial resources that are then used to continue suppressing the freedom struggle. By refusing bail, they render meaningless the no-money-for-bail barrier and by serving time they put financial pressure on local authorities who have to pay the costs of incarcerating them. (..)"

disabilityhistory.org

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friendshipcollege.org

  • Scoggins, Michael, Rawlinson David. "Rock Hill, Jail No Bail & The Friendship Nine". Friendship Jr. College 445 Allen St. Rock Hill, South Carolina. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)"(..) The first man tried was Charles Taylor, the Friendship student from New Jersey. Taylor was tried, found guilty, convicted, and sentenced to $100 fine or 30 days hard labor on the York County Prison Farm. The protesters' attorney, an African-American lawyer from Sumter named Ernest A. Finney, then asked the judge to let Taylor's trial be used as a basis for the other nine and the judge agreed. The other nine were then tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the same punishment. Taylor was concerned about possibly losing his athletic scholarship at Friendship, so with the assistance of the NAACP, he paid his bail and was released. The NAACP offered to pay the bail for the remaining nine protesters but they refused, and on February 2, they began serving out their 30-day sentences on the county prison farm. After beginning their sentence on the county farm, the nine protesters were quickly given the appellation "Friendship Nine" by the press, and the case became famous nationwide. Motorcades of other protesters and supporters converged on the prison, and members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came to Rock Hill and demonstrated; they too were arrested, jailed and refused bail. Over the course of the next year further demonstrations and arrests followed in Rock Hill, as well as in other cities throughout the United States. Protesters across the country adopted the "jail no bail" policy implemented by the Nashville students and the Friendship Nine, and served out their jail sentences rather than helping to subsidize a system that supported segregation and inequality. These acts of heroism by the Friendship Nine and others helped to spur even larger protests like the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963 and the famous march from Selma to Montgomery in March 1965. (..)"

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isreview.org

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  • "Associated Press'Sing-In' Negroes Eat Hearty; Say 'Jail—No Bail'". The Spartanburg Herald. Associated Press. February 21, 1961. Retrieved December 1, 2010. Eight Negro Demonstrators is a disciplinary cell at the York County Prison Camp accepted and ate second helpings Monday of the full meal given every third day to prisoners on bread and water.

newspapers.com

nih.gov

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npr.org

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  • "Plaza Hotel Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 12, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

nytimes.com

nytimes.com

select.nytimes.com

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outhistory.org

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  • "The Friendship Nine / January 31, 1961". Herald Online. February 22, 2004. Retrieved December 1, 2010. They were students at Friendship College and called themselves the Friendship Nine. The members of this group were James Wells, William "Dub" Massey, Robert McCullough, John Gaines, William "Scoop" Williamson, Willie McLeod, Thomas Gaither, Clarence Graham, Charles Taylor and Mack Workman.[dead link]

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  • Yong, Tan Tai (2005). "Garrison Province at Work". In Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya (eds.). The Garrison State: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849-1947. Sage Series in Modern Indian History-VIII. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 134. Retrieved July 9, 2022. local recruiters adopted a method of "sitting dharna" in which they would show up at a village and insist they be fed and housed until recruits were produced

scetv.org

  • "Jail, No Bail". Carolina Stories. South Carolina ETV. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011."(..) In previous sit-ins across the South, protestors were arrested, processed by the police, fined and then released, creating a dubious revenue stream from which many municipalities easily profited. But when the Friendship students went before the judge, they chose to serve their time behind bars. For the first time, not only did the city not collect its $100 per person, it actually had to pay to house and feed the men. (..) Word of their action spread like wildfire, receiving national media attention, including the New York Times. The "Jail, No Bail" strategy became the new tactic that helped galvanize the civil rights protest movement. (..)"

semanticscholar.org

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stanford.edu

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theguardian.com

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mag.uchicago.edu

  • Perlstein, Rick (January 2015). "A political education". The University of Chicago Magazine. Retrieved September 10, 2015.

lib.uchicago.edu

uic.edu

villagevoice.com

web.archive.org

  • "America's First Sit-Down Strike: The 1939 Alexandria Library Sit-In". City of Alexandria. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
  • Scoggins, Michael, Rawlinson David. "Rock Hill, Jail No Bail & The Friendship Nine". Friendship Jr. College 445 Allen St. Rock Hill, South Carolina. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)"(..) The first man tried was Charles Taylor, the Friendship student from New Jersey. Taylor was tried, found guilty, convicted, and sentenced to $100 fine or 30 days hard labor on the York County Prison Farm. The protesters' attorney, an African-American lawyer from Sumter named Ernest A. Finney, then asked the judge to let Taylor's trial be used as a basis for the other nine and the judge agreed. The other nine were then tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the same punishment. Taylor was concerned about possibly losing his athletic scholarship at Friendship, so with the assistance of the NAACP, he paid his bail and was released. The NAACP offered to pay the bail for the remaining nine protesters but they refused, and on February 2, they began serving out their 30-day sentences on the county prison farm. After beginning their sentence on the county farm, the nine protesters were quickly given the appellation "Friendship Nine" by the press, and the case became famous nationwide. Motorcades of other protesters and supporters converged on the prison, and members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) came to Rock Hill and demonstrated; they too were arrested, jailed and refused bail. Over the course of the next year further demonstrations and arrests followed in Rock Hill, as well as in other cities throughout the United States. Protesters across the country adopted the "jail no bail" policy implemented by the Nashville students and the Friendship Nine, and served out their jail sentences rather than helping to subsidize a system that supported segregation and inequality. These acts of heroism by the Friendship Nine and others helped to spur even larger protests like the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 1963 and the famous march from Selma to Montgomery in March 1965. (..)"
  • "Jail, No Bail". Carolina Stories. South Carolina ETV. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011."(..) In previous sit-ins across the South, protestors were arrested, processed by the police, fined and then released, creating a dubious revenue stream from which many municipalities easily profited. But when the Friendship students went before the judge, they chose to serve their time behind bars. For the first time, not only did the city not collect its $100 per person, it actually had to pay to house and feed the men. (..) Word of their action spread like wildfire, receiving national media attention, including the New York Times. The "Jail, No Bail" strategy became the new tactic that helped galvanize the civil rights protest movement. (..)"
  • "Disability History Timeline". Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. Temple University. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  • "Disability History Timeline". Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. Temple University. 2002. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013.
  • "Short History of the 504 Sit in". dredf.org. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016.
  • "Disability History Timeline". Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. Temple University. 2002. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013.
  • "Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities". Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
  • "EDGE - Curriculum - Biology". disabilityhistory.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  • "CWLU Chronology: A timeline for Second Wave Feminism". Uic.edu. April 4, 1968. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  • "Plaza Hotel Interior" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 12, 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 24, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
  • Gathje, Curtis (2000). At the Plaza: an illustrated history of the world's most famous hotel. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-4668-6700-0. OCLC 874906584. Archived from the original on March 31, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  • Curtis Gathje (January 16, 2005). "What Would Eloise Say?". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  • Watson, Steve (June 17, 2008). "Before Stonewall". Village Voice. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  • Barkan, Ross (February 7, 2024). "How the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Drove a Wedge Into the Democratic Party". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2024.

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