Osborn, Emily (2003). "'Circle of Iron': African Colonial Employees and the Interpretation of Colonial Rule in French West Africa". Journal of African History. 44: 36–37. doi:10.1017/S0021853702008307. S2CID162152869. ProQuest229610259.
Osborn, Emily (2003). "'Circle of Iron': African Colonial Employees and the Interpretation of Colonial Rule in French West Africa". Journal of African History. 44: 36–37. doi:10.1017/S0021853702008307. S2CID162152869. ProQuest229610259.
Osborn, Emily (2003). "'Circle of Iron': African Colonial Employees and the Interpretation of Colonial Rule in French West Africa". Journal of African History. 44: 36–37. doi:10.1017/S0021853702008307. S2CID162152869. ProQuest229610259.
Ghanem, Omar (21 August 2007). "Slavery in Mauritania Emancipating the Free". Onislam.net. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)