Slavery in ancient Rome (English Wikipedia)

Watson, Roman Slave Law, pp. 64–65. Watson, Alan (1987). Roman Slave Law. Internet Archive. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3439-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Hopkins, Keith (1978). Conquerors and Slaves, Issue 1. Volume 1 of Sociological studies in Roman history. CUP Archive. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-521-21945-7. OCLC 298105229.
Watson, Roman Slave Law, pp. 55–56. Watson, Alan (1987). Roman Slave Law. Internet Archive. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3439-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

attalus.org (Global: 5,033^rd place; English: 3,554^th place)

Jerome, Chronological Tables 194.1

bates.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

abacus.bates.edu

Roman Civilization Archived 2009-02-03 at the Wayback Machine

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

Bradley, Keith Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome

bellasartes.gob.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

María Isabel Baldasarre, "Comentario sobre Androcles", Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, inv. 5498, https://www.bellasartes.gob.ar/coleccion/obra/5498/

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bederman, International Law in Antiquity, p. 85. Bederman, David J. (2001-03-05). International Law in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79197-7.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 60. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 81) and specifically on potestas, Orit Malka and Yakir Paz, "Ab hostibus captus et a latronibus captus: The Impact of the Roman Model of Citizenship on Rabbinic Law", Jewish Quarterly Review 109:2 (2019), p. 153, citing Gaius 1.129 and Ulpian 10.4, and pp. 159 and 161 on renewal as a second marriage. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Schermaier, The Position of Roman Slaves, p. 1. Schermaier, Martin (6 March 2023). The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-098719-5.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 58) Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 309. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2003). Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516132-8.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 150. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Schermaier, The Position of Roman Slaves, p. 252. Schermaier, Martin (6 March 2023). The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-098719-5.
Jane F. Gardner, Women in Roman Law and Society (Taylor & Francis, 1986), n.p., citing the jurist Paulus.
Jane Gardner, Women in Roman Law and Society (Taylor & Frances, 2008), n.p.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 83. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Johnston, Roman Law in Context, p. 39. Johnston, David (2022-05-12). Roman Law in Context. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-47630-0.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 11 Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, pp. 180–182 Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 157 Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 85–86 Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 154–155. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Youval Rotman, "Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World", Harvard University Press, 2009 p. 139
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 36 Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World. Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World, p. 55. Joshel, Sandra R. (2010-08-16). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53501-4.
St. Augustine, The Letters of St. Augustine. St. Augustine of Hippo (2015). The Letters of St. Augustine. Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8496-9286-5.
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, p. 25especially n. 26 Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 100. Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Rawson, Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, p. 256. Rawson, Beryl (2003-09-05). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151423-4.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 138 n. 90. Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Mouritsen, The Freedman in the Roman World, p. 100 n. 155. Mouritsen, Henrik (2011-01-27). The Freedman in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49503-5.
Rawson, Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, pp. 251–252. Rawson, Beryl (2003-09-05). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151423-4.
Rawson, Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, p. 255. Rawson, Beryl (2003-09-05). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151423-4.
Rawson, Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, p. 253. Rawson, Beryl (2003-09-05). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151423-4.
Margaret Y. MacDonald, "Children in House Churches in Light of New Research on Families in the Roman World", in The World of Jesus and the Early Church: Identity and Interpretation in the Early Communities of Faith (Hendrickson, 2011), n.p..
Rawson, Children and Childhood in Roman Italy, pp. 101–102. Rawson, Beryl (2003-09-05). Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151423-4.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 61), citing Plutarch, Lucullus 20 and the prevalence of Greek names in the slave lists of Minturnae. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 66–65), calling the Romans "criminally negligent" and callously indifferent because of their appetite for slaves. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Pleket, "Urban Elites and Business in the Greek Part of the Roman Empire", p. 139. Pleket, H. W. (1 January 1983). "Urban Elites and Business in the Greek Part of the Roman Empire". In Garnsey, Peter; Hopkins, Keith; Whittaker, C. R. (eds.). Trade in the Ancient Economy. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04803-4.
Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World, p. 95. Joshel, Sandra R. (2010-08-16). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53501-4.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 71. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 95. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 95), citing Tacitus, Annales 13.31.2. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Schermaier, The Position of Roman Slaves, p. 242 , citing Digest (Ulpian ad Sabinum, book 18) 7.1.15.1–2.. Schermaier, Martin (6 March 2023). The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-098719-5.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, p. 57. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 73. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Mirković, The Later Roman Colonate and Freedom, p. 42. Mirković, Miroslava (1997). The Later Roman Colonate and Freedom. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-872-8.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 82. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 65ff. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2003). Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516132-8.
McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, pp. 293, 316. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2003). Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516132-8.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 76. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Rosenstein, Nathan (2005-12-15). Rome at War: Farms, Families, And Death in the Middle Republic. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-6410-4. Recent studies of Italian demography have further increased doubts about a rapid expansion of the peninsula's servile population in this era. No direct evidence exists for the number of slaves in Italy at any time. Brunt has little trouble showing that Beloch's estimate of 2 million during the reign of Augustus is without foundation. Brunt himself suggests that there were about 3 million slaves out of a total population in Italy of about 7.5 million at this date, but he readily concedes that this is no more than a guess. As Lo Cascio has cogently noted, that guess in effect is a product of Brunt's low estimate of the free population
Harper, Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425, pp. 58–60, and footnote 150. Harper, Kyle (2011-05-12). Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50406-5.
Goodwin, Africa in Europe, p. 41. Goodwin, Stefan (2009). Africa in Europe, Volume One: Antiquity into the Age of Global Exploration. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1726-2.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 29), note 29, citing Catullus 10.14–20 Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, p. 42. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Schermaier, The Position of Roman Slaves, pp. vi, 6–7. Schermaier, Martin (6 March 2023). The Position of Roman Slaves: Social Realities and Legal Differences. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-098719-5.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 99–100. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 107), citing Pliny, Epistle 8.24.5) Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 107), citing Pliny, Epistle 5.19.1–4 Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 107 and 114), citing Suetonius, Claudius 25 and the Digest of Justinian 40.8.2. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 114. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 74), citing Suetonius, Augustus 11; CIL 10.388; Cicero, Pro Cluentio 47 Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 96. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 96), citing Varro, De lingua latina 8.21 Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 96) and especially n. 2 Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World, p. 133. Joshel, Sandra R. (2010-08-16). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53501-4.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, p. 56. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, p. 39. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World, pp. 133, 137. Joshel, Sandra R. (2010-08-16). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53501-4.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, p. 8. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, pp. 68–69. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, pp. 8–9. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Joshel, Slavery in the Roman World, pp. 133, 135. Joshel, Sandra R. (2010-08-16). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53501-4.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, citing Columella 1.8.9 (sic). Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Croom, Roman Clothing and Fashion, citing Cato, On agriculture 59. Croom, Alexandra (2010-09-15). Roman Clothing and Fashion. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-1244-7.
Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, p. 20. Gruen, Erich S. (1974). The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02238-6.
Gruen, The Last Generation of the Roman Republic, p. 21. Gruen, Erich S. (1974). The Last Generation of the Roman Republic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02238-6.
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, pp. 31ff. Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, p. 28, note 28. Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, p. 107 , citing Aulus Gellius 5.14, who credits Apion as an eyewitness attending the venatio; Seneca, De beneficiis 2.19.1; Aelian, De natura animalium 7.48.. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, p. 26. Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 75f. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 76–77), citing Plutarch, Cato the Elder 21.3, and Cato, On agriculture 56. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 105), citing Galen, De animi morbis 4 (Kühn 5:17). Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 105), Script. Hist. Aug., Commodus 1.9. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 76), citing Cicero, Pro Sestio 134. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, p. 29. Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, pp. 29–30for the word "humiliating" Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 75. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fuhrmann, Policing the Roman Empire, p. 28), citing Lactantius, Divine Institutions 5.19.14 (= CSEL 19.460). Fuhrmann, Christopher J. (2012-01-12). Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-973784-0.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, pp. 44, 111. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, p. 122. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, p. 111 , citing Plutarch, Cato the Elder 10.5.. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, pp. 111–112, citing CIL 13.7070.. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome, p. 112 , citing Digest 21.1.17.4 (Vivianus), 21.1.17.6 (Caelius), and 21.1.43.4 (Paulus).. Bradley, Keith R. (1994-10-13). Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37887-1.
Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans, p. 498. Barton, Carlin A. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05696-8.
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, pp. 116) (citing here too the Cena Trimalchionis 71.1), 157. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Westermann, The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity, p. 151), citing Lactantius, Institutiones divinae 5.10. Westermann, William Linn (1955). The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Harper, Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425, pp. 294–295. Harper, Kyle (2011-05-12). Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50406-5.
Gaca, "Controlling Female Slave Sexuality and Men's War-Driven Sexual Desire", pp. 42, 50, et passim. Gaca, Kathy (29 June 2021). "Controlling Female Slave Sexuality and Men's War-Driven Sexual Desire". In Kamen, Deborah; Marshall, C. W. (eds.). Slavery and Sexuality in Classical Antiquity. University of Wisconsin Pres. ISBN 978-0-299-33190-0.
Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, p. 103. Cantarella, Eva (2002-01-01). Bisexuality in the Ancient World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09302-5.
Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, pp. 99–101. Clarke, John R. (2001-04-16). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art, 100 B.C. – A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22904-4.
Harper, Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425, pp. 203–204. Harper, Kyle (2011-05-12). Slavery in the Late Roman World, AD 275–425. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50406-5.
Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking, p. 93. Clarke, John R. (2001-04-16). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art, 100 B.C. – A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22904-4.
McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 288ff, especially p. 297 on manumission. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2003). Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516132-8.
McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (2003). Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516132-8.
Stewart, Plautus and Roman Slavery. Stewart, Roberta (2012-04-25). Plautus and Roman Slavery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-27415-6.
Terence, Andria. Terence (2002-09-26). Andria. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85399-640-5.

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cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 515, citing Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112, citing Plutarch, Caesar 1.4–2.4 and Suetonius, Julius Caesar 74.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Varro, De re rustica 1.17.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Cato, De agricultura 2.7.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Columella, De re rustica 1.6.8.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 111, citing the jurist Gaius interpreting the Lex Aquilia at Digest 9.2.2.2.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", pp. 516, 523. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 516. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", pp. 511, 519, 521, et passim. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", pp. 521, 527. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 524. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 528. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 512. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 517. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 518. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 516, citing Diodorus Siculus 36.4.4. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 518), citing Cicero, Philippics 2.77: "Quis tu?" "A Marco tabellarius." Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Seager, The Rise of Pompey, p. 221. Seager, Robin (1994), Lintott, Andrew; Rawson, Elizabeth; Crook, J. A. (eds.), "The Rise of Pompey", The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9 (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–228, doi:10.1017/chol9781139054379.008, ISBN 978-0-521-25603-2, retrieved 2025-06-04
Seager, The Rise of Pompey, pp. 221–222. Seager, Robin (1994), Lintott, Andrew; Rawson, Elizabeth; Crook, J. A. (eds.), "The Rise of Pompey", The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9 (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–228, doi:10.1017/chol9781139054379.008, ISBN 978-0-521-25603-2, retrieved 2025-06-04
Seager, The Rise of Pompey, p. 222. Seager, Robin (1994), Lintott, Andrew; Rawson, Elizabeth; Crook, J. A. (eds.), "The Rise of Pompey", The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9 (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–228, doi:10.1017/chol9781139054379.008, ISBN 978-0-521-25603-2, retrieved 2025-06-04
Seager, The Rise of Pompey, pp. 222–233. Seager, Robin (1994), Lintott, Andrew; Rawson, Elizabeth; Crook, J. A. (eds.), "The Rise of Pompey", The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 9: The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC, The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 9 (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 208–228, doi:10.1017/chol9781139054379.008, ISBN 978-0-521-25603-2, retrieved 2025-06-04
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 124. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 515, citing Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
Saller, "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household", pp. 182–184, 192(citing on paterfamilias Seneca, Epistula 47.14), 196. Saller, Richard P. (April 1999). "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 182–197. doi:10.1086/449430. ISSN 0009-837X.
Coulston, Courage and Cowardice in the Roman Imperial Army, p. 26. Coulston, Jon (2013). "Courage and Cowardice in the Roman Imperial Army". War in History. 20 (1): 7–31. doi:10.1177/0968344512454518. ISSN 0968-3445. JSTOR 26098641.
Coulston, Courage and Cowardice in the Roman Imperial Army, p. 27. Coulston, Jon (2013). "Courage and Cowardice in the Roman Imperial Army". War in History. 20 (1): 7–31. doi:10.1177/0968344512454518. ISSN 0968-3445. JSTOR 26098641.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 678, res mancipi. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Roselaar, "The Concept of Commercium in the Roman Republic", pp. 382. Roselaar, Saskia T. (2012). "The Concept of Commercium in the Roman Republic". Phoenix. 66 (3/4): 381–413. doi:10.7834/phoenix.66.3-4.0381. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 10.7834/phoenix.66.3-4.0381.
Saller, "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household", pp. 186–187. Saller, Richard P. (April 1999). "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 182–197. doi:10.1086/449430. ISSN 0009-837X.
Saller, "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household", p. 197. Saller, Richard P. (April 1999). "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 182–197. doi:10.1086/449430. ISSN 0009-837X.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 704, servus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Watson, "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology", pp. 58–59, citing Digest 48.1.1.23 (Ulpian).. Watson, Alan (1983). "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology". Phoenix. 37 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/1087314. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087314.
Martin, "Slavery and the Ancient Jewish Family", p. 118, citing the extensive collection of legal texts by Amnon Linder, The Jews in Imperial Roman Legislation (Wayne State UP 1987).. Martin, Dale B. (2020), Cohen, Shaye J.D. (ed.), "Slavery and the Ancient Jewish Family", The Jewish Family in Antiquity, Brown Judaic Studies, pp. 113–130, doi:10.2307/j.ctvzgb9cp.9, ISBN 978-1-946527-69-1, JSTOR j.ctvzgb9cp.9, retrieved 2025-06-04
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 473, filius iustus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 714, spurius. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 527. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
Saller, "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household", pp. 187, 197. Saller, Richard P. (April 1999). "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 182–197. doi:10.1086/449430. ISSN 0009-837X.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 476, manumissio. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 461, emancipatio. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 120. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 243. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 577, manumissio vindicta. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 576, manumissio censu. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 576, manumissio sub condicione and manumissio testamento. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Gardner, Jane F. (1989). "The Adoption of Roman Freedmen". Phoenix. 43 (3): 236–257. doi:10.2307/1088460. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1088460.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564, libertus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564, libertinus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 121. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 118, 122. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122), citing Josephus, The Jewish War 6.420; Hezser, "The Social Status of Slaves", p. 96 (Hezser is skeptical of Josephus's numbers). Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122), citing Chronicon Paschale 1.474 ed. Dindorf. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Thein, "Booty in the Sullan Civil War of 83-82 B.C.", p. 462. Thein, Alexander (2016). "Booty in the Sullan Civil War of 83-82 B.C.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (4): 450–472. doi:10.25162/historia-2016-0023. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019242.
Howley, "Why Read the Jurists?", p. 14 , citing Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 6.4.. Howley, Joseph A. (2013-01-21), du Plessis, Paul J. (ed.), "Why Read the Jurists? Aulus Gellius on Reading Across Disciplines", New Frontiers, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 8–30, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748668175.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-7486-6817-5, retrieved 2025-05-17
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112, citing Plutarch, Caesar 1.4–2.4 and Suetonius, Julius Caesar 74.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128), citing Strabo 14.664. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. 121. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 124), citing mentions in Apuleius, Metamorphoses 7.9; Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 8.7.12; Strabo 11.496; Xenophon of Ephesus 1.13–14; Dio Chrysostom 15.25; Lucian, De mercede conductis 24. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. 115, citing Columella, De re rustica 1.8.19 and Varro, De re rustica 1.17.5, 7 and 2.126.. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 271. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 264–265. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 241–242. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 245. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 192–193. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 253, citing Columella 12.4.3. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 257. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 254–255. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 255–256. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 264–266. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 248. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 246. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 235–237. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 239, 241. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 268. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 268. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 199–202. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 198, 206: "The selling of children had very little to do with child-exposure from the perspective of social history." Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 199. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 183. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
On maternal and neonatal mortality in the Roman world, see:
- Golden, Mark (1988). "Did the Ancients Care When Their Children Died?". Greece & Rome. 35 (2): 152–163. doi:10.1017/S0017383500033064. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642999.
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- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 181. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
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- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", p. 356 , citing Pliny, Natural History 7.56. Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
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getty.edu (Global: 2,274^th place; English: 3,241^st place)

"Grave Relief of a Silversmith", Getty Museum Collection, object number 96.AA.40, https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/104034. See more on Publius Curtilius Agatho under "Commemoration" below.
"Grave Relief of Silversmith, feat. Kenneth Lapatin" (audio file), Getty Museum Collection, https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/104034.
Funerary Relief of Publius Curtilius Agatho, Silversmith, feat. Kenneth Lapatin (audio file), Getty Museum Collection, https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/104034

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

chs.harvard.edu

'The Bitter Chain of Slavery': Reflections on Slavery in Ancient Rome. Keith Bradley. Curated studies. Hellenic Centre of Harvard University. https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery/ Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
Keith Bradley, "'The Bitter Chain of Slavery': Reflections on Slavery in Ancient Rome", Snowden Lectures, Hellenic Centre of Harvard University (November 2, 2020), https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery
'The Bitter Chain of Slavery': Reflections on Slavery in Ancient Rome. Keith Bradley. Curated studies. Hellenic Centre of Harvard University. https://chs.harvard.edu/curated-article/snowden-lectures-keith-bradley-the-bitter-chain-of-slavery/

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

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Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 576, manumissio censu. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 576, manumissio sub condicione and manumissio testamento. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Gardner, Jane F. (1989). "The Adoption of Roman Freedmen". Phoenix. 43 (3): 236–257. doi:10.2307/1088460. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1088460.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564, libertus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564, libertinus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 121. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 118, 122. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122), citing Josephus, The Jewish War 6.420; Hezser, "The Social Status of Slaves", p. 96 (Hezser is skeptical of Josephus's numbers). Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122), citing Chronicon Paschale 1.474 ed. Dindorf. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Thein, "Booty in the Sullan Civil War of 83-82 B.C.", p. 462. Thein, Alexander (2016). "Booty in the Sullan Civil War of 83-82 B.C.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (4): 450–472. doi:10.25162/historia-2016-0023. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019242.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112, citing Plutarch, Caesar 1.4–2.4 and Suetonius, Julius Caesar 74.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128), citing Strabo 14.664. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. 121. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 124), citing mentions in Apuleius, Metamorphoses 7.9; Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 8.7.12; Strabo 11.496; Xenophon of Ephesus 1.13–14; Dio Chrysostom 15.25; Lucian, De mercede conductis 24. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. 115, citing Columella, De re rustica 1.8.19 and Varro, De re rustica 1.17.5, 7 and 2.126.. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", p. 324 , citing Digest 17.1.26.8.. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. 319, 322. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. 321, 325 et passim. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. , citing Petronius, Satyricon 94.14.. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. 250–251, citing John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans 31, on 16.1, and Agatharchides, On the Erythraean Sea (frg. 23–29) apud Photius, Bibliotheca p. 447.21–p. 449.10a) and the version of Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 3.12.1–14.5. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
On maternal and neonatal mortality in the Roman world, see:
- Golden, Mark (1988). "Did the Ancients Care When Their Children Died?". Greece & Rome. 35 (2): 152–163. doi:10.1017/S0017383500033064. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642999.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 515. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", pp. 519 and 522–524. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", pp. 514–515, 518. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), documented for instance by wax tablets from the Villa of Murecine. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), citing Suetonius, De gramm. 25. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 126, 138 n. 93. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), citing CIL 10.8222. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 170–171. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 170, 176, citing a number of inscriptions on the Italian presence at an earlier date than had conventionally been thought.. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", p. 169 , citing Polybius 30,29, 31.7; Livy 33.30; Strabo 10.5.4, and p. 171, noting "it is evident that Rome had no real understanding of the economic implications of her actions.". Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", p. 170. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 171, 175, 176. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", p. 175. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East", p. 105. Beek, Aaron L. (2016). "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East". TAPA. 146 (1): 99–116. ISSN 2575-7180. JSTOR 26401804.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 169, 175. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 126–127. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 175–176. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 127), citing Varro, De lingua Latina 9.21. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 127. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", pp. 354–355, citing MAMA 6.260, Cicero, Pro Flacco 34–38 on Acmoninan prosperity, Appian, Mithridatic Wars 77.334, Memnon of Heracleia, FGrH 434 F 1 (28.5–6), and Plutarch, Lucullus 17.1, 24.1, 30.3, 35.1.. Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), citing Strabo 11.493, 495–496 Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 126), 138 n. 97 (with numerous citations of primary sources). Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 124), citing Strabo 5.214 and 11.493; Tacitus, Agricola 28.3; and Periplous Maris Erythraei 13, 31, 36. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 125–126. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 129), citing Pliny, Natural History 7.56; Suetonius, Divus Augustus 69; Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.4.28. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", p. 356 , citing Pliny, Natural History 7.56. Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 129. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 132–133. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", pp. 350–357, arguing on the basis of Suetonius, Vespasianus 4.3 and other mentions that this trade was not in mules as is sometimes thought; this view is accepted also by Scheidel, "The Roman Slave Supply", p. 301 Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 124, 138 n. 81), citing CIL 8.4508. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 519citing Cicero, De officiis 21.1.150–151 Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 332–333. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 334, citing ILS 7710. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 331–332. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 514. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", pp. 525–526, 528. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 335 , citing Columella, 1 praef. 5 ("workshop" is officina). Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 335–336, citing Seneca, Moral Epistle 47.6, and Juvenal 5.121. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 334, citing Cicero, Letter to Atticus 14.3.1. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 334, citing ILS 7733a. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Varro, De re rustica 1.17.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Cato, De agricultura 2.7.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Columella, De re rustica 1.6.8.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 111, citing the jurist Gaius interpreting the Lex Aquilia at Digest 9.2.2.2.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 118. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Martin, "Slavery and the Ancient Jewish Family", p. 128, citing for example the parable in Matthew 13:24–30.. Martin, Dale B. (2020), Cohen, Shaye J.D. (ed.), "Slavery and the Ancient Jewish Family", The Jewish Family in Antiquity, Brown Judaic Studies, pp. 113–130, doi:10.2307/j.ctvzgb9cp.9, ISBN 978-1-946527-69-1, JSTOR j.ctvzgb9cp.9, retrieved 2025-06-04
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 119. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 120), citing Columella 1.8.4. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 143–144. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 131–132. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 124–125. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 127–128, 132, 137–138, 146. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 128, 138. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
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Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 120. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 243. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 577, manumissio vindicta. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 576, manumissio censu. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 576, manumissio sub condicione and manumissio testamento. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Gardner, Jane F. (1989). "The Adoption of Roman Freedmen". Phoenix. 43 (3): 236–257. doi:10.2307/1088460. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1088460.
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Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564, libertinus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, p. 564. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
Schmeling, Gareth L; Arbiter, Petronius; Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (2020). Satyricon. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99737-0. OCLC 1141413691.
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Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 121. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 118, 122. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122), citing Josephus, The Jewish War 6.420; Hezser, "The Social Status of Slaves", p. 96 (Hezser is skeptical of Josephus's numbers). Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 122), citing Chronicon Paschale 1.474 ed. Dindorf. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Thein, "Booty in the Sullan Civil War of 83-82 B.C.", p. 462. Thein, Alexander (2016). "Booty in the Sullan Civil War of 83-82 B.C.". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (4): 450–472. doi:10.25162/historia-2016-0023. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019242.
Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 112, citing Plutarch, Caesar 1.4–2.4 and Suetonius, Julius Caesar 74.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128), citing Strabo 14.664. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. 121. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 124), citing mentions in Apuleius, Metamorphoses 7.9; Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 8.7.12; Strabo 11.496; Xenophon of Ephesus 1.13–14; Dio Chrysostom 15.25; Lucian, De mercede conductis 24. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. 115, citing Columella, De re rustica 1.8.19 and Varro, De re rustica 1.17.5, 7 and 2.126.. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 271. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 264–265. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 241–242. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 245. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", p. 324 , citing Digest 17.1.26.8.. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 192–193. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. 319, 322. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. 321, 325 et passim. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. , citing Petronius, Satyricon 94.14.. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 253, citing Columella 12.4.3. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 257. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 254–255. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 255–256. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 264–266. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 248. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 246. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Bradley, "Child Labour in the Roman World", pp. 250–251, citing John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans 31, on 16.1, and Agatharchides, On the Erythraean Sea (frg. 23–29) apud Photius, Bibliotheca p. 447.21–p. 449.10a) and the version of Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 3.12.1–14.5. Bradley, Keith R. (1985). "Child Labour in the Roman World". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 12 (2): 311–330. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41298859.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 235–237. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 239, 241. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 268. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 268. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 199–202. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 198, 206: "The selling of children had very little to do with child-exposure from the perspective of social history." Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 199. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 183. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
On maternal and neonatal mortality in the Roman world, see:
- Golden, Mark (1988). "Did the Ancients Care When Their Children Died?". Greece & Rome. 35 (2): 152–163. doi:10.1017/S0017383500033064. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642999.
- Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 267–268. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 181. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 188–191. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
- Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", p. 267. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 172–178. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 182, citing Codex Theodosianus 27.2. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", pp. 187–188. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
- Vuolanto, "Selling a Freeborn Child", p. 179. Vuolanto, Ville (2003). "Selling a Freeborn Child: Rhetoric and Social Realities in the Late Roman World". Ancient Society. 33: 169–207. doi:10.2143/AS.33.0.503599. ISSN 0066-1619. OCLC 9978191698.
- Hopkins, Keith (1978). Conquerors and Slaves, Issue 1. Volume 1 of Sociological studies in Roman history. CUP Archive. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-521-21945-7. OCLC 298105229.
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- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", pp. 519 and 522–524. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", pp. 514–515, 518. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), documented for instance by wax tablets from the Villa of Murecine. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), citing Suetonius, De gramm. 25. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 126, 138 n. 93. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), citing CIL 10.8222. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 170–171. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 170, 176, citing a number of inscriptions on the Italian presence at an earlier date than had conventionally been thought.. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", p. 169 , citing Polybius 30,29, 31.7; Livy 33.30; Strabo 10.5.4, and p. 171, noting "it is evident that Rome had no real understanding of the economic implications of her actions.". Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", p. 170. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 171, 175, 176. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", p. 175. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
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- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 169, 175. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 126–127. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Huzar, "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos", pp. 175–176. Huzar, Eleanor G. (1962). "Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos". The Classical Journal. 57 (4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 169–178. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3293859. OCLC 9974043824.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 127), citing Varro, De lingua Latina 9.21. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 127. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", pp. 354–355, citing MAMA 6.260, Cicero, Pro Flacco 34–38 on Acmoninan prosperity, Appian, Mithridatic Wars 77.334, Memnon of Heracleia, FGrH 434 F 1 (28.5–6), and Plutarch, Lucullus 17.1, 24.1, 30.3, 35.1.. Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 126), citing Strabo 11.493, 495–496 Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 126), 138 n. 97 (with numerous citations of primary sources). Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 124), citing Strabo 5.214 and 11.493; Tacitus, Agricola 28.3; and Periplous Maris Erythraei 13, 31, 36. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 125–126. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 129), citing Pliny, Natural History 7.56; Suetonius, Divus Augustus 69; Macrobius, Saturnalia 2.4.28. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", p. 356 , citing Pliny, Natural History 7.56. Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
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- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 129. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 132–133. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Bosworth, "Vespasian and the Slave Trade", pp. 350–357, arguing on the basis of Suetonius, Vespasianus 4.3 and other mentions that this trade was not in mules as is sometimes thought; this view is accepted also by Scheidel, "The Roman Slave Supply", p. 301 Bosworth, A. B. (2002). "Vespasian and the Slave Trade". The Classical Quarterly. 52 (1): 350–357. doi:10.1093/cq/52.1.350. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556462.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 124, 138 n. 81), citing CIL 8.4508. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Saller, "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household", p. 187 , citing the Digest 50.16.203. Saller, Richard P. (April 1999). "Pater Familias, Mater Familias, and the Gendered Semantics of the Roman Household". Classical Philology. 94 (2): 182–197. doi:10.1086/449430. ISSN 0009-837X.
- Hunt, Peter (2010). "Slavery". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford: OUP. part Slavery in Rome, § 'Occupation'. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-538839-8. OCLC 502156964. Retrieved 2 March 2025 – via TWL.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 519citing Cicero, De officiis 21.1.150–151 Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 332–333. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 334, citing ILS 7710. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 331–332. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 514. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", pp. 525–526, 528. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 335 , citing Columella, 1 praef. 5 ("workshop" is officina). Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 335–336, citing Seneca, Moral Epistle 47.6, and Juvenal 5.121. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 334, citing Cicero, Letter to Atticus 14.3.1. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 334, citing ILS 7733a. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Varro, De re rustica 1.17.1.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Cato, De agricultura 2.7.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 110, citing Columella, De re rustica 1.6.8.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 111, citing the jurist Gaius interpreting the Lex Aquilia at Digest 9.2.2.2.. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 118. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 119. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 120), citing Columella 1.8.4. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 143–144. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 131–132. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 124–125. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 127–128, 132, 137–138, 146. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 128, 138. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 139. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 139–140. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 140, 145–146. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 141, 147. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Temin, "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire", p. 520. Temin, Peter (2004). "The Labor Market of the Early Roman Empire". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 34 (4): 513–538. doi:10.1162/002219504773512525. ISSN 0022-1953. JSTOR 3656762.
- Millar, "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire", pp. 141–142. Millar, Fergus (1984). "Condemnation to Hard Labour in the Roman Empire, from the Julio-Claudians to Constantine". Papers of the British School at Rome. 52: 124–147. doi:10.1017/S006824620000876X. ISSN 0068-2462. JSTOR 40310809. OCLC 9972877460.
- Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, pp. 624, 706, peculium and servus publicus. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
- Madden, "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins", p. , citing Frontinus, De aquaeductu 116–117.. Madden, John (1996). "Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins". Classics Ireland. 3: 109–128. doi:10.2307/25528294. ISSN 0791-9417. JSTOR 25528294.
- Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. Berger, Adolf (1953). "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 43 (2): 624, 706. doi:10.2307/1005773. ISSN 0065-9746. JSTOR 1005773. OCLC 522130.
- Watson, "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology", pp. 56–57. Watson, Alan (1983). "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology". Phoenix. 37 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/1087314. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087314.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit", pp. 4. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 343–344. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 344. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", pp. 344–345. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Forbes, "The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity", p. 347. Forbes, Clarence A. (1955). "Supplementary Paper: The Education and Training of Slaves in Antiquity". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 86. Johns Hopkins University Press: 321–360. doi:10.2307/283628. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 283628. OCLC 5548698284.
- Treggiari, "The Freedmen of Cicero", p. 200. Treggiari, Susan (1969). "The Freedmen of Cicero". Greece & Rome. 16 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1017/S0017383500017034. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642848.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", pp. 516, 523. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 516. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", pp. 511, 519, 521, et passim. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", pp. 521, 527. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 524. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 528. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 512. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 517. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Treggiari, "The Freedmen of Cicero", p. 196. Treggiari, Susan (1969). "The Freedmen of Cicero". Greece & Rome. 16 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1017/S0017383500017034. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642848.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 518. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 516, citing Diodorus Siculus 36.4.4. Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Cheesman, "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome", p. 518), citing Cicero, Philippics 2.77: "Quis tu?" "A Marco tabellarius." Cheesman, Clive (1 December 2009). "Names in -por and Slave Naming in Republican Rome" (PDF). The Classical Quarterly. 59 (2): 511–531. doi:10.1017/S0009838809990152. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 20616703. OCLC 9970879337 – via TWL.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", p. 435. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 237. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 237, citing Livy 22.33.2. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 238. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 238, citing Livy 33.36.1–3.. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 238, citing Livy 39.29.8–10.. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Verbrugghe, "Sicily 210-70 B. C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus", pp. 535–559. Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (1972). "Sicily 210-70 B. C.: Livy, Cicero and Diodorus". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 103: 535–559. doi:10.2307/2935992. ISSN 0065-9711. JSTOR 2935992.
- Verbrugghe, "The Elogium from Polla and the First Slave War", pp. 25–35. Verbrugghe, Gerald P. (January 1973). "The Elogium from Polla and the First Slave War". Classical Philology. 68 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1086/365919. ISSN 0009-837X.
- Pritchard, "Land Tenure in Sicily in the First Century B.C.", pp. 545–556on latifundia pushing out small farmers in favor of ranching operations employing slaves. Pritchard, R. T. (1969). "Land Tenure in Sicily in the First Century B.C." Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 18 (5): 545–556. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4435103.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", p. 443. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", pp. 441–442. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", pp. 436–437, 439–440. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", p. 447. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", p. 441. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East", p. 100. Beek, Aaron L. (2016). "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East". TAPA. 146 (1): 99–116. ISSN 2575-7180. JSTOR 26401804.
- Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East", p. 100 "citing Diodorus 36.3.2." Beek, Aaron L. (2016). "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East". TAPA. 146 (1): 99–116. ISSN 2575-7180. JSTOR 26401804.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", p. 442. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East", pp. 104–106. Beek, Aaron L. (2016). "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East". TAPA. 146 (1): 99–116. ISSN 2575-7180. JSTOR 26401804.
- Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East", pp. 31–32. Beek, Aaron L. (2016). "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East". TAPA. 146 (1): 99–116. ISSN 2575-7180. JSTOR 26401804.
- Beek, "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East", pp. 32–34. Beek, Aaron L. (2016). "The Pirate Connection: Roman Politics, Servile Wars, and the East". TAPA. 146 (1): 99–116. ISSN 2575-7180. JSTOR 26401804.
- Bradley, "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily", pp. 449–550. Bradley, Keith R. (1983). "Slave Kingdoms and Slave Rebellions In Ancient Sicily". Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques. 10 (3). Berghahn Books: 435–451. ISSN 0315-7997. JSTOR 41292832.
- Bradley, "Animalizing the Slave", p. 124. Bradley, Keith (November 2000). "Animalizing the Slave: the Truth of Fiction". The Journal of Roman Studies. 90: 110–125. doi:10.2307/300203. ISSN 1753-528X. JSTOR 300203.
- Watson, "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology", p. 56 "citing De ira 3.40.1–3." Watson, Alan (1983). "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology". Phoenix. 37 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/1087314. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087314.
- Watson, "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology", pp. , citing the Greek historian Dionysius Roman Antiquities 20.13 as "weak" evidence of censorial powers and likely not well informed.. Watson, Alan (1983). "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology". Phoenix. 37 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/1087314. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087314.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 238; Livy 32.26.18.. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 101. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 104, citing Martial, 2.29.9–10 and Libanius 25.3.. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 106. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", pp. 105–107. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 100. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", pp. 95, 98. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", pp. 96–97, 99. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 95. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 104. Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", p. 461. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", pp. 447–448, 459. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", p. 448. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", pp. 457–458. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", p. 460. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", p. 459. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit" citing ILS 9455. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", pp. 455–456. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Trimble, "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery", pp. 460–461. Trimble, Jennifer (2016). "The Zoninus Collar and the Archaeology of Roman Slavery". American Journal of Archaeology. 120 (3): 447–472. doi:10.3764/aja.120.3.0447. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 10.3764/aja.120.3.0447.
- Kamen, "A Corpus of Inscriptions", p. 101: Fugi, tene me | cum revocu|veris me d(omino) m(eo) | Zonino accipis | solidum (CIL 15.7194).) Kamen, Deborah (2010). "A Corpus of Inscriptions: Representing Slave Marks in Antiquity". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 55 (95): 95–110. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 41419689. OCLC 9970145185 – via TWL.
- Parker, "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch", p. 239. Parker, Holt (1989). "Crucially Funny or Tranio on the Couch: The Servus Callidus and Jokes about Torture". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 119: 233–246. doi:10.2307/284273. ISSN 0360-5949. JSTOR 284273. OCLC 5548685767.
- Cook, "Envisioning Crucifixion", pp. 268, 274. Cook, John Granger (2008). "Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito". Novum Testamentum. 50 (3): 262–285. doi:10.1163/156853608X262918. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 25442603.
- Cook, "Envisioning Crucifixion", pp. 265–266. Cook, John Granger (2008). "Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito". Novum Testamentum. 50 (3): 262–285. doi:10.1163/156853608X262918. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 25442603.
- Cook, "Envisioning Crucifixion", pp. 266–267. Cook, John Granger (2008). "Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito". Novum Testamentum. 50 (3): 262–285. doi:10.1163/156853608X262918. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 25442603.
- Cook, "Envisioning Crucifixion", pp. 266, 270. Cook, John Granger (2008). "Envisioning Crucifixion: Light from Several Inscriptions and the Palatine Graffito". Novum Testamentum. 50 (3): 262–285. doi:10.1163/156853608X262918. ISSN 0048-1009. JSTOR 25442603.
- Dolansky, "Reconsidering the Matronalia and Women's Rites", pp. 197, 201–204 (and especially n. 40), citing Solinus 1.35, Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12.7, Ioannes Lydus, De mensibus 3.22, 4.22.. Dolansky, Fanny (2011). "Reconsidering the Matronalia and Women's Rites". The Classical World. 104 (2): 191–209. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 25799995.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128), citing Strabo 12.12.535, 537, 557–559, 567. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit", p. 46), n. 35 citing Mary Beard and John Henderson, "'With This Body I Thee Wed': Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity", Gender and History 9 (1997) 480–503. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 128), citing Strabo 12.558 on the chief priest of Ma at Comana. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Treggiari, "The Freedmen of Cicero", pp. 195, citing Cicero's Paradoxa Stoicorum (46 BC), 5.33 ff.. Treggiari, Susan (1969). "The Freedmen of Cicero". Greece & Rome. 16 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1017/S0017383500017034. ISSN 0017-3835. JSTOR 642848.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit", p. 45), and citing Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Public Honour and Private Shame: The Urban Texture of Pompeii" in Urban Society in Roman Italy (1995), 39–62. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Watson, "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology", p. 56. Watson, Alan (1983). "Roman Slave Law and Romanist Ideology". Phoenix. 37 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/1087314. ISSN 0031-8299. JSTOR 1087314.
- Laes, "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity", pp. 253, 255. Laes, Christian (2008-12-31). "Child Slaves at Work in Roman Antiquity". Ancient Society. 38: 235–283. doi:10.2143/AS.38.0.2033278. ISSN 0066-1619.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", pp. 120, 135 (n. 36). Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit", p. 41. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit". Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit", pp. 60–61. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
- Harris, "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade", p. 138, n. 90citing Martial 9.59.1–6. Harris, William V. (1980). "Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 117–140. doi:10.2307/4238700. ISSN 0065-6801. JSTOR 4238700.
- Flemming, "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit", p. 53. Flemming, Rebecca (1999). "Quae Corpore Quaestum Facit: The Sexual Economy of Female Prostitution in the Roman Empire". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 38–61. doi:10.2307/300733. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300733.
worldcat.org
- Steinberg, Weaving in Stones, p. 97. Steinberg, Aliza; Manor, Debi (2020). Weaving in stones: garments and their accessories in the mosaic art of Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity. Archaeopress archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78969-321-8. OCLC 1120098888.

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