Slavery in colonial Spanish America (English Wikipedia)

Fradera, Josep M.; Schmidt-Nowara, Christopher (2013). "Introduction". Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–12. ISBN 978-0-85745-933-6.

books.google.com

de la Serna, Juan M. (1997). "Abolition, Latin America". In Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7. ABC-CLIO. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0874368855. OCLC 185546935. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
Tierney, Brian (1997). The Idea of Natural Rights: Studies on Natural Rights, Natural Law, and Church Law, 1150-1625. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 270–272. ISBN 0802848540.
Aspinall, Dana E.; Lorenz, Edward C.; Raley, J. Michael (2015). Montesinos' Legacy: Defining and Defending Human Rights for Five Hundred Years. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1498504140.
Clayton, Lawrence A. (2010). Bartolome de las Casas and the Conquest of the Americas. John Wiley & Sons. p. 175. ISBN 978-1444392739.
Castro, Daniel (2007). Another Face of Empire: Bartolomé de Las Casas, Indigenous Rights, and Ecclesiastical Imperialism. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822389590.
Elliott, John Huxtable (2014). Spain, Europe & the Wider World, 1500-1800. Yale University Press. pp. 112–121, 198–217. ISBN 978-0300160017.
Blackburn, Robin (1998). The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. Verso. p. 134. ISBN 1859841953.
Simpson, Lesley Byrd (1929). The Encomienda in New Spain. University of California Press.
Baralt, Guillermo A. (2007). Slave Revolts in Puerto Rico: Conspiracies and Uprisings, 1795-1873. Markus Wiener Publishers.
Sylvester A. Johnson (6 August 2015). African American Religions, 1500–2000: Colonialism, Democracy, and Freedom. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-316-36814-5.

britannica.com

"Laws of the Indies". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2018.

cofc.edu

ldhi.library.cofc.edu

"The Early Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: Emperor Charles V · African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World · Lowcountry Digital History Initiative". College of Charleston. Retrieved 2022-03-21.

doi.org

Suárez Romero, Miguel Ángel (11 August 2017). "La Situación Jurídica del Indio Durante la Conquista Española en América". Revista de la Facultad de Derecho de México. 54 (242): 229. doi:10.22201/fder.24488933e.2004.242.61367.
Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. doi:10.1017/S0022050700042182. S2CID 155030781.
Scarano, Francisco A. (2012). "Spanish Hispaniola and Puerto Rico". In Smith, Mark M; Paquette, Robert L (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227990.013.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-922799-0.
Rupert, Linda M. (September 2009). "Marronage, Manumission and Maritime Trade in the Early Modern Caribbean". Slavery & Abolition. 30 (3): 361–382. doi:10.1080/01440390903098003. S2CID 143505929.
Guzmán, Carmen Luz (2013). "Las cautivas de las Siete Ciudades: El cautiverio de mujeres hispanocriollas durante la Guerra de Arauco, en la perspectiva de cuatro cronistas (s. XVII)" [The captives of the Seven Cities: The captivity of hispanic-creole women during the Arauco's War, from the insight of four chroniclers (17th century)]. Intus-Legere Historia (in Spanish). 7 (1): 77–97. doi:10.15691/07176864.2014.0.94 (inactive 2024-09-12).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
Martínez, María Elena (1 July 2004). "The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico". William and Mary Quarterly. 61 (3): 479–520. doi:10.2307/3491806. JSTOR 3491806.
Berlin, Ira (1996). "From African to Creole: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African- American Society in Mainland North America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 251–288. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401.

elespanol.com

diariodeavisos.elespanol.com

"Los destellos humanistas de Amaro Pargo contra la esclavitud". diariodeavisos.elespanol.com. 17 December 2023.

ensayistas.org

"Teoría, Crítica e Historia: La abolición de la esclavitud y el mundo hispano" (in Spanish). Ensayistas.org. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

firstblacks.org

Aponte, Sarah; Acevedo, Anthony Steven (2016). "A century between resistance and adaptation: commentary on source 021". New York: CUNY Dominican Studies Institute. This constitutes the first documented mention that we know of, in a primary source of that time, of acts of resistance by enslaved Black people in La Española after the uprising of December 1521 across the south-central coastal plains of the colony, an event first reflected in the ordinances on Black people of January, 1522, and much later in the well-known chronicle by Fernández de Oviedo.

flvc.org

palmm.digital.flvc.org

Patrick Riordan (Summer 1996). "Finding Freedom in Florida: Native Peoples, African Americans, and Colonists, 1670-1816". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 75 (1). Florida Historical Society: 25–31.

fortunecity.com

"El 'Bando Negro' o "Código Negro"" [The "Black Edict" or "Black Code"]. Government Gazette of Puerto Rico (in Spanish). fortunecity.com. May 31, 1848. Archived from the original on June 6, 2007.

gilderlehrman.org

Indian Slavery in the Americas- AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2012-03-22, archived from the original on 2021-03-08, retrieved 2019-12-06

independencia.net

Bas García, José R. (March 23, 2009). "La abolición de la esclavitud de 1873 en Puerto Rico" [The abolition of slavery in 1873 in Puerto Rico]. Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean (in Spanish). independencia.net. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011.

ipoaa.com

Martinez, Robert A. "African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality". ipoaa.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2016.

jstor.org

Martínez, María Elena (1 July 2004). "The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico". William and Mary Quarterly. 61 (3): 479–520. doi:10.2307/3491806. JSTOR 3491806.
Berlin, Ira (1996). "From African to Creole: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African- American Society in Mainland North America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 251–288. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401.

kislakfoundation.org

Guitar, Lynne, No More Negotiation: Slavery and the Destabilization of Colonial Hispaniola's Encomienda System, by Lynne Guitar, retrieved 2019-12-06

liverpoolmuseums.org.uk

"Why were Africans enslaved?". International Slavery Museum. Retrieved 2018-10-05.

memoriachilena.gob.cl

Barros Arana, Diego (2000) [1884]. Historia General de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. IV (2 ed.). Santiago, Chile: Editorial Universitaria. p. 341. ISBN 956-11-1535-2.

oregonstate.edu

"Bartoleme de las Casas". Oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on December 26, 2002. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

proquest.com

search.proquest.com

Asante, Molefi Kete (2001). "The Ideology of Racial Hierarchy and the Construction of the European Slave Trade". Black Renaissance. 3 (3): 133–146. ProQuest 215522164.

proyectosalonhogar.com

"Esclavitud Puerto Rico". Proyectosalonhogar.com. Retrieved July 23, 2015.

scribd.com

Asante, Molefi Kete (2001). "The Ideology of Racial Hierarchy and the Construction of the European Slave Trade". Black Renaissance. 3 (3): 133–146. ProQuest 215522164.
Berlin, Ira (1996). "From African to Creole: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African- American Society in Mainland North America". The William and Mary Quarterly. 53 (2): 251–288. doi:10.2307/2947401. JSTOR 2947401.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Yeager, Timothy J. (December 1995). "Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown's Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (4): 842–859. doi:10.1017/S0022050700042182. S2CID 155030781.
Rupert, Linda M. (September 2009). "Marronage, Manumission and Maritime Trade in the Early Modern Caribbean". Slavery & Abolition. 30 (3): 361–382. doi:10.1080/01440390903098003. S2CID 143505929.

slaverysite.com

"Slavery and Atlantic slave trade facts and figures".

slavevoyages.org

"Map: Countries and broad regions of the Atlantic world where slave voyages were organised". www.slavevoyages.org.

staugustine.com

Parker, Susan (2019-08-24). "'1619 Project' ignores fact that slaves were present in Florida decades before". St. Augustine Record. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
Gardner, Sheldon (2019-05-20). "St. Augustine's Fort Mose added to UNESCO Slave Route Project". St. Augustine record. Retrieved 2019-12-06.

tampabay.com

Francis, J. Michael , Gary Mormino and Rachel Sanderson (2019-08-29). "Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2019-12-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

thepatrioticvanguard.com

Hankerson, Derek (2008-01-02). "The journey of Africans to St. Augustine, Florida and the establishment of the underground railway". Patriotic Vanguard. Retrieved 2019-12-06.

turismocientifico.cl

Urbina Burgos, Rodolfo (2007). "El pueblo chono: de vagabundo y pagano a cristiano y sedentario mestizado". Orbis incognitvs: avisos y legados del Nuevo Mundo (PDF) (in Spanish). Huelva: Universidad de Huelva. pp. 325–346. ISBN 9788496826243.

unirioja.es

dialnet.unirioja.es

Borrego, Pedro Damián Cano (2019). "La libertad de los esclavos fugitivos y la milicia negra en la Florida española en el siglo XVIII". Revista de la Inquisición: ( intolerancia y derechos humanos ) (23): 223–234. ISSN 1131-5571 – via dialnet.unirioja.es.

washingtonpost.com

Torres-Spelliscy, Ciara (2019-08-23). "Perspective - Everyone is talking about 1619. But that's not actually when slavery in America started". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-12-06.

wdl.org

Kitchin, Thomas (1778). The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe. London: R. Baldwin. p. 12.

web.archive.org

"Bartoleme de las Casas". Oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on December 26, 2002. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Paquette, Robert L. & Mark M. Smith. "Slavery in the Americas". www.academia.edu. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Indian Slavery in the Americas- AP US History Study Guide from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, 2012-03-22, archived from the original on 2021-03-08, retrieved 2019-12-06
Martinez, Robert A. "African Aspects of the Puerto Rican Personality". ipoaa.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2016.
"El 'Bando Negro' o "Código Negro"" [The "Black Edict" or "Black Code"]. Government Gazette of Puerto Rico (in Spanish). fortunecity.com. May 31, 1848. Archived from the original on June 6, 2007.
Bas García, José R. (March 23, 2009). "La abolición de la esclavitud de 1873 en Puerto Rico" [The abolition of slavery in 1873 in Puerto Rico]. Center for Advanced Studies of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean (in Spanish). independencia.net. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

de la Serna, Juan M. (1997). "Abolition, Latin America". In Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1; Volume 7. ABC-CLIO. pp. 7–8. ISBN 0874368855. OCLC 185546935. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
Borrego, Pedro Damián Cano (2019). "La libertad de los esclavos fugitivos y la milicia negra en la Florida española en el siglo XVIII". Revista de la Inquisición: ( intolerancia y derechos humanos ) (23): 223–234. ISSN 1131-5571 – via dialnet.unirioja.es.