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Paine, M.D. (1990). "Life history tactics of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatiini) and their relationship with body size, reproductive behaviour, latitude and rarity". Journal of Fish Biology. 37 (3): 473–488. Bibcode:1990JFBio..37..473P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05877.x.
Porterfield, Jean C. (1998). "Spawning behavior of snubnose darters (Percidae) in natural and laboratory environments". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 53 (4): 413–419. Bibcode:1998EnvBF..53..413P. doi:10.1023/A:1007490603043.