Soap (English Wikipedia)

Willcox, Michael (2000). "Soap". In Hilda Butler (ed.). Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps (10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-7514-0479-1. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon.
Holman, John S.; Stone, Phil (2001). Chemistry. Nelson Thornes. p. 174. ISBN 9780748762392.
Willcox, Michael (2000). "Soap". In Hilda Butler (ed.). Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps (10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-7514-0479-1. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon.
Veerbek, H. (2012). "1 Historical Review". In Falbe, Jürgen (ed.). Surfactants in Consumer Products. Springer-Verlag. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9783642715457 – via Google Books.
Derry, Thomas Kingston; Williams, Trevor Illtyd (1960-01-01). A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A. D. 1900. Courier Corporation. p. 265. ISBN 9780486274720. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Aretaeus, The Extant Works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian, ed. and tr. Francis Adams (London) 1856:238 and 496 Archived 2016-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, noted in Michael W. Dols, "Leprosy in medieval Arabic medicine" Journal of the History of Medicine 1979:316 note 9; the Gauls with whom the Cappadocian would have been familiar are those of Anatolian Galatia.
Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "Cleanliness and Civilization". Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160961-9. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07.
Benn, Charles (2002). Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-517665-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (2001), Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences, pages 73–74. Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO.
McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2003–205. ISBN 978-0-415-01306-2. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
Pears, Francis (1859). The Skin, Baths, Bathing, and Soap. The author. pp. 100–. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04.

cleancult.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What's The Difference Between Soap and Detergent". cleancult.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18.

colgate.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Colgate-Palmolive Company History: Creating Bright Smiles for 200 Years". Colgate-Palmolive Company. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2012.

conservation-us.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cool.conservation-us.org

Tumosa, Charles S. (2001-09-01). "A Brief History of Aluminum Stearate as a Component of Paint". cool.conservation-us.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
S., Tumosa, Charles (2001-09-01). "A Brief History of Aluminum Stearate as a Component of Paint". cool.conservation-us.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

demetra.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Garzena, Patrizia, and Tadiello, Marina (2013). The Natural Soapmaking Handbook. Online information and Table of Contents Archived 2015-07-30 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-9874995-0-9/

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Soap". doi:10.1351/goldbook.S05721
Klaus Schumann; Kurt Siekmann (2005). "Soaps". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_247. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Thorsten Bartels; et al. (2005). "Lubricants and Lubrication". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_423. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Fiebach, Klemens; Grimm, Dieter (2000). "Resins, Natural". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_073. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
David J. Anneken, Sabine Both, Ralf Christoph, Georg Fieg, Udo Steinberner, Alfred Westfechtel "Fatty Acids" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_245.pub2.
Noted in Levey, Martin (1958). "Gypsum, salt and soda in ancient Mesopotamian chemical technology". Isis. 49 (3): 336–342 (341). doi:10.1086/348678. JSTOR 226942. S2CID 143632451.
Nef, John U. (1936). "A Comparison of Industrial Growth in France and England from 1540 to 1640: III". The Journal of Political Economy. 44 (5): 643–666 (660ff.). doi:10.1086/254976. JSTOR 1824135. S2CID 222453265.

emory.edu (Global: 4,363^rd place; English: 2,801^st place)

news.emory.edu

"Getting back to chemistry basics: How simple soap saves lives | Emory University | Atlanta GA". news.emory.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-14.

epa.gov (Global: 882^nd place; English: 600^th place)

www3.epa.gov

"Ammonium nonanoate (031802) Fact Sheet" (PDF). epa.gov. 2006-09-21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-08-15.

espacenet.com (Global: 800^th place; English: 676^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US patent 49561, Sheppard, William, "Improved liquid soap", issued 1865-08-22

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

Harper, Douglas. "Soap". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2022-08-15.

exarc.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"An Experimental Exploration of the Earliest Soapmaking". EXARC Journal (EXARC Journal Issue 2024/3). 2024-08-22. ISSN 2212-8956.
Jess Shaw (2 February 2024). "The Meaning of Cleaning". Exarc.net (Podcast). Exarc. Retrieved 16 September 2024.

fordham.edu (Global: 1,648^th place; English: 1,137^th place)

Robinson, James Harvey (1904). Readings in European History: Vol. I. Ginn and co. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25.

go.com (Global: 48^th place; English: 39^th place)

abcnews.go.com

"Antibacterial Soaps Concern Experts". ABC News. 2006-01-06. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.

iupac.org (Global: 538^th place; English: 863^rd place)

goldbook.iupac.org

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Soap". doi:10.1351/goldbook.S05721

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Noted in Levey, Martin (1958). "Gypsum, salt and soda in ancient Mesopotamian chemical technology". Isis. 49 (3): 336–342 (341). doi:10.1086/348678. JSTOR 226942. S2CID 143632451.
Nef, John U. (1936). "A Comparison of Industrial Growth in France and England from 1540 to 1640: III". The Journal of Political Economy. 44 (5): 643–666 (660ff.). doi:10.1086/254976. JSTOR 1824135. S2CID 222453265.

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

published, Donavyn Coffey (2022-06-18). "How does soap kill germs?". Live Science. Retrieved 2025-10-14.

mcc.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

edtech.mcc.edu

"The Process of Making Soap". edtech.mcc.edu. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

milwaukeemag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Prigge, Matthew (2018-01-25). "The Story Behind This Bar of Palmolive Soap". Milwaukee Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2019-06-27.

news.google.com (Global: 59^th place; English: 45^th place)

Boyle, Hal (September 12, 1954). "There's Gold in those Pine Stumps". Sarasota Journal. p. 11.

open.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The history of soapmaking". The history of soapmaking. Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-08-21.

parliament.uk (Global: 367^th place; English: 243^rd place)

api.parliament.uk

"Repeal of the Soap Tax". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 3 April 1838. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2013.

science.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ahveninen, Anna (2020-03-31). "Hand sanitiser or soap: making an informed choice for COVID-19". Curious. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-08-04.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Noted in Levey, Martin (1958). "Gypsum, salt and soda in ancient Mesopotamian chemical technology". Isis. 49 (3): 336–342 (341). doi:10.1086/348678. JSTOR 226942. S2CID 143632451.
Nef, John U. (1936). "A Comparison of Industrial Growth in France and England from 1540 to 1640: III". The Journal of Political Economy. 44 (5): 643–666 (660ff.). doi:10.1086/254976. JSTOR 1824135. S2CID 222453265.

soap-flakes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

www.soap-flakes.com Archived 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. soap-flakes.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-31.

spectator.co.uk (Global: 1,811^th place; English: 1,036^th place)

archive.spectator.co.uk

"The Soap Tax". The Spectator Archive. The Spectator, London. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.

thelatinlibrary.com (Global: 3,028^th place; English: 3,987^th place)

Martial, Epigrammata, VIII, 33, 20. Archived 2013-01-21 at the Wayback Machine

tide.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Our Heritage - Learn About Tide's History | Tide". tide.com. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-10-16.

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

Cassidy, Cody (2020-05-05). "Who Discovered Soap? What to Know About the Origins of the Life-Saving Substance". TIME. Retrieved 2024-09-16.

uchicago.edu (Global: 230^th place; English: 214^th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXVIII.191.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

"When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"What's The Difference Between Soap and Detergent". cleancult.com. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2019-12-18.
Willcox, Michael (2000). "Soap". In Hilda Butler (ed.). Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps (10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-7514-0479-1. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon.
Tumosa, Charles S. (2001-09-01). "A Brief History of Aluminum Stearate as a Component of Paint". cool.conservation-us.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
S., Tumosa, Charles (2001-09-01). "A Brief History of Aluminum Stearate as a Component of Paint". cool.conservation-us.org. Archived from the original on 2017-03-18. Retrieved 2017-03-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Ammonium nonanoate (031802) Fact Sheet" (PDF). epa.gov. 2006-09-21. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
Garzena, Patrizia, and Tadiello, Marina (2013). The Natural Soapmaking Handbook. Online information and Table of Contents Archived 2015-07-30 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-0-9874995-0-9/
"The Process of Making Soap". edtech.mcc.edu. Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
"Antibacterial Soaps Concern Experts". ABC News. 2006-01-06. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
Willcox, Michael (2000). "Soap". In Hilda Butler (ed.). Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps (10th ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-7514-0479-1. Archived from the original on 2016-08-20. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon.
"The history of soapmaking". The history of soapmaking. Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
Harper, Douglas. "Soap". etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-08. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
Martial, Epigrammata, VIII, 33, 20. Archived 2013-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
Foreman, Amanda (October 4, 2019). "The Long Road to Cleanliness". www.wsj.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
Aretaeus, The Extant Works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian, ed. and tr. Francis Adams (London) 1856:238 and 496 Archived 2016-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, noted in Michael W. Dols, "Leprosy in medieval Arabic medicine" Journal of the History of Medicine 1979:316 note 9; the Gauls with whom the Cappadocian would have been familiar are those of Anatolian Galatia.
Abu-Rabiʻa, ʻAref (2001). Bedouin Century: Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century. New York. pp. 47–48. OCLC 47119256. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-08-22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Jones, Geoffrey (2010). "Cleanliness and Civilization". Beauty Imagined: A History of the Global Beauty Industry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160961-9. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07.
Benn, Charles (2002). Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-517665-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (2001), Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences, pages 73–74. Archived 2017-12-09 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO.
www.soap-flakes.com Archived 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. soap-flakes.com. Retrieved on 2015-10-31.
Robinson, James Harvey (1904). Readings in European History: Vol. I. Ginn and co. Archived from the original on 2009-09-25.
"The Soap Tax". The Spectator Archive. The Spectator, London. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
"Repeal of the Soap Tax". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 3 April 1838. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2003–205. ISBN 978-0-415-01306-2. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
Ahveninen, Anna (2020-03-31). "Hand sanitiser or soap: making an informed choice for COVID-19". Curious. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
Pears, Francis (1859). The Skin, Baths, Bathing, and Soap. The author. pp. 100–. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04.
"When Celebrity Endorsers Go Bad". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. British actress Lillie Langtry became the world's first celebrity endorser when her likeness appeared on packages of Pears Soap.
Prigge, Matthew (2018-01-25). "The Story Behind This Bar of Palmolive Soap". Milwaukee Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-01-25. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
"Colgate-Palmolive Company History: Creating Bright Smiles for 200 Years". Colgate-Palmolive Company. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
"Our Heritage - Learn About Tide's History | Tide". tide.com. Archived from the original on 2025-08-06. Retrieved 2025-10-16.
"The History of Liquid Soap". Blue Aspen Originals. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

"An Experimental Exploration of the Earliest Soapmaking". EXARC Journal (EXARC Journal Issue 2024/3). 2024-08-22. ISSN 2212-8956.
Abu-Rabiʻa, ʻAref (2001). Bedouin Century: Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century. New York. pp. 47–48. OCLC 47119256. Archived from the original on 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-08-22.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

worldcat.org

Zohar Amar, Flora of the Bible, Jerusalem 2012, s.v. ברית, p. 216 (note 34) OCLC 783455868.

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

Foreman, Amanda (October 4, 2019). "The Long Road to Cleanliness". www.wsj.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2019.

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

medicine.yale.edu

Jabr, Ferris (2020-03-13). "Why soap works". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2025-10-14.

Soap (English Wikipedia)

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