Social Darwinism (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Social Darwinism" in English language version.

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  • "Borrowing from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, social Darwinists believed that societies, as do organisms evolve over time. Nature then determined that the strong survive and the weak perish. In Jack London's case, he thought that certain favored races were destined for survival, mainly those that could preserve themselves while supplanting others, as in the case of the White race." The philosophy of Jack London Archived 27 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine

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  • Scott F. Gilbert (2006). "Ernst Haeckel and the Biogenetic Law". Developmental Biology, 8th edition. Sinauer Associates. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008. Eventually, the Biogenetic Law had become scientifically untenable.

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  • Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, Margaret; Jacob, James; Daly, Jonathan W.; Von Laue, Theodore H. (2014). Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society. Vol. II: Since 1600 (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 634–635. ISBN 978-1305091429. LCCN 2014943347. OCLC 898154349. Retrieved 1 February 2016. The most extreme ideological expression of nationalism and imperialism was Social Darwinism. In the popular mind, the concepts of evolution justified the exploitation by the 'superior races' of 'lesser breeds without the law.' This language of race and conflict, of superior and inferior people, had wide currency in the Western nations. Social Darwinists vigorously advocated empires, saying that strong nations—by definition, those that were successful at expanding industry and empire—would survive and others would not. To these elitists, all white peoples were more fit than nonwhites to prevail in the struggle for dominance. Even among Europeans, some nations were deemed more fit than others for the competition. Usually, Social Darwinists thought their own nation the best, an attitude that sparked their competitive enthusiasm. ... In the 19th century, in contrast to the 17th and 18th centuries, Europeans, except for missionaries, rarely adopted the customs or learned the languages of local people. They had little sense that other cultures and other peoples deserved respect. Many Westerners believed that it was their Christian duty to set an example and to educate others. Missionaries were the first to meet and learn about many peoples and the first to develop writing for those without a written language. Christian missionaries were ardently opposed to slavery.

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  • Reich, Robert (20 November 2005). "The Two Darwinisms". The American Prospect. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  • Reich, Robert (20 November 2005). "The Two Darwinisms". The American Prospect. Retrieved 30 September 2021. Scientists who are legitimized by peer review and published research are unanimous in their view that evolution is a fact, not a theory. Social Darwinism, meanwhile, is hogwash. Social scientists have long understood that one's economic status in society is not a function of one's moral worth. It depends largely on the economic status of one's parents, the models of success available while growing up, and educational opportunities along the way.

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  • Rohatynskyj, Marta (5 September 2018). "Social Darwinism". The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology.

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  • Schmidt, Oscar (March 1879). "Science and Socialism". Popular Science Monthly. 14. Translated by Fitzgerald, J.: 577–591. ISSN 0161-7370. Darwinism is the scientific establishment of inequality
  • Wyllie, Irvin G. (1959). "Social Darwinism and the Businessman". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 103 (5): 629–635. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 985421. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  • Perry, Marvin; Chase, Myrna; Jacob, Margaret; Jacob, James; Daly, Jonathan W.; Von Laue, Theodore H. (2014). Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society. Vol. II: Since 1600 (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 634–635. ISBN 978-1305091429. LCCN 2014943347. OCLC 898154349. Retrieved 1 February 2016. The most extreme ideological expression of nationalism and imperialism was Social Darwinism. In the popular mind, the concepts of evolution justified the exploitation by the 'superior races' of 'lesser breeds without the law.' This language of race and conflict, of superior and inferior people, had wide currency in the Western nations. Social Darwinists vigorously advocated empires, saying that strong nations—by definition, those that were successful at expanding industry and empire—would survive and others would not. To these elitists, all white peoples were more fit than nonwhites to prevail in the struggle for dominance. Even among Europeans, some nations were deemed more fit than others for the competition. Usually, Social Darwinists thought their own nation the best, an attitude that sparked their competitive enthusiasm. ... In the 19th century, in contrast to the 17th and 18th centuries, Europeans, except for missionaries, rarely adopted the customs or learned the languages of local people. They had little sense that other cultures and other peoples deserved respect. Many Westerners believed that it was their Christian duty to set an example and to educate others. Missionaries were the first to meet and learn about many peoples and the first to develop writing for those without a written language. Christian missionaries were ardently opposed to slavery.
  • Shaw, Christopher (1987). "Eliminating the Yahoo Eugenics, Social Darwinism and Five Fabians". History of Political Thought. 8 (3): 521–544. ISSN 0143-781X. JSTOR 26213235. PMID 11620187.

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