Software patent (English Wikipedia)

Patents Act 1990 (Cth) s 18 Patentable inventions
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International Business Machines Corp v Commissioner of Patents [1991] FCA 811, 105 ALR 388, Federal Court (Australia).
CCOM Pty Ltd v Jie-jing Pty Ltd [1994] FCA 396, (1994) 51 FCR 260, Federal Court (Full Court) (Australia).
Research Affiliates LLC v Commissioner of Patents [2014] FCAFC 150 (10 November 2014), Federal Court (Full Court) (Australia).
Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 177 (11 December 2015), Federal Court (Full Court) (Australia).

autm.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

FY 2004 U.S. Licensing Survey, Association of University Technology Managers, 2012-09-08, archived from the original on 2012-10-15, retrieved 2012-11-07

barandbench.com (Global: low place; English: 6,526^th place)

Aditi, Singh (29 December 2019). "A computer program which makes 'technical contribution' patentable, not hit by Sec 3(k) of Patents Act". Bar and Bench. Retrieved 13 February 2020.

beehive.govt.nz (Global: 7,559^th place; English: 4,127^th place)

"Minister announces way forward for software patents". beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). "New Zealand says no to software patents". Government Tech Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents". Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"New Zealand bans software patents". TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand". Computerworld.co.nz. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

buchhandel.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hoffmann, Marcus (2008). Mehrfachschutz geistigen Eigentums im deutschen Rechtssystem [Multiple protection of intellectual property in the German legal system]. ISBN 978-3-8316-0806-5.

business.qld.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Employment, Small Business and Training (2010-12-03). "Home". www.business.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 2020-04-11. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)

businessreviewonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Microsoft's developer patent pledge 'worse than useless' says SFLC". November 10, 2006.

cipc.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Patents Act, No. 57 of 1978, as amended (PDF), 26 April 1978, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2011, retrieved 25 September 2011
Patents Act, No. 57 of 1978, as amended Section 25(3) (PDF), 26 April 1978, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2011, retrieved 25 September 2011

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

news.cnet.com

Lombardi, Candace (November 27, 2006), "Microsoft lost in translation", News Blog, CNET, retrieved October 29, 2008

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

"RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years" (PDF) (Interview). Interviewed by Burton Grad. Computer History Museum. 2007-06-12. p. 22. Retrieved 2025-05-30.

computerworld.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Minister announces way forward for software patents". beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). "New Zealand says no to software patents". Government Tech Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents". Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"New Zealand bans software patents". TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand". Computerworld.co.nz. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

Martin Goetz, "Unsung innovators: Marty Goetz, holder of first [US] software patent". Computerworld. 1968.
Eric Lai; Sumner Lemon (2007-05-13). "Update: Microsoft wants royalties for open-source software". Computerworld. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

copyright.cornell.edu

Peter B. Hirtle, Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States, 1 January 2007. Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine

cpaglobal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Minister announces way forward for software patents". beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). "New Zealand says no to software patents". Government Tech Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents". Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"New Zealand bans software patents". TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand". Computerworld.co.nz. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Burk, Dan L. (February 2001). "Copyrightable functions and patentable speech". Communications of the ACM. 44 (2). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 69–75. doi:10.1145/359205.359231. S2CID 10784660.
Kiesewetter-Köbinger, Swen (2010). "Programmers' Capital". Computer. 43 (2): 106–108. Bibcode:2010Compr..43b.108K. doi:10.1109/MC.2010.47.

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

scholarship.law.duke.edu

"SOFTWARE PATENT LAW: UNITED STATES AND EUROPE COMPARED". Duke Law. Retrieved 19 October 2021.

endsoftpatents.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"End Software Patents".
"Europe's "unitary patent" could mean unlimited software patents".
"EU unitary patent and Unified Patent Court".

epo.org (Global: low place; English: 7,276^th place)

epo.org

DECISION of 24 February 2006, Case Number: T 0469/03 – 3.5.01, European Patent Office, Boards of Appeal, 24 February 2006, pp. Reasons 5.1 to 5.3
Guidelines for Examination in the EPO, section g-vii, 5.4
FAQ – Korea, European Patent Office, archived from the original on 13 September 2009, retrieved 29 October 2008
"Reasons, point 3.4", Decision T 0059/93 () of 20 April 1994, European Patent Office, Boards of Appeal, 20 April 1994
"Reasons 2.4", Decision T 1173/97 (Computer program product/IBM) of 1.7.1998, European Patent Office, Boards of Appeal, 1 July 1998
Decision T 0424/03 (Clipboard formats I/MICROSOFT) of 23.2.2006, European Patent Office Boards of Appeal, 23 February 2006

new.epo.org

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

GB 1039141, "A computer arranged for the automatic solution of linear programming problems by British Petroleum, Patrick Vincent Slee and Pauline Margaret Joyce Harris"

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

ec.europa.eu

Max-Planck-Institut (20 December 2000), Stellungnahme zum Sondierungspapier der Kommission der Europaischen Gemeinschaften: Die Patentierbarkeit Computer-implementierter Erfindungen [Opinion on the consultation paper by the Commission of the European Communities: The patentability of computer-implemented inventions] (PDF)

europarl.eu.int (Global: low place; English: low place)

Amendment 23 to the proposed Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions (PDF), European Parliament, September 2003, archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2006
Dispositions program decision, Bundesgerichtshof (, BGH, Federal Court of Justice of Germany), 1976-06-22

ffii.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

swpat.ffii.org

"Effects". Patentability and Democracy in Europe. Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007.

financialexpress.com (Global: 1,342^nd place; English: 667^th place)

"Software patents under Ordinance face reversal". Financialexpress.com. 2005-03-29. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070^th place; English: 1,114^th place)

caselaw.findlaw.com

Diamond v. Diehr, 49 U.S. 1112 (SCOTUS 1981) (""... insignificant postsolution activity will not transform an unpatentable principle into a patentable process."").

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

"End Software Patents".
"Europe's "unitary patent" could mean unlimited software patents".
"EU unitary patent and Unified Patent Court".
"Software patents that hurt free software". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

hoovers.com (Global: 8,599^th place; English: 6,782^nd place)

premium.hoovers.com

Acacia Technologies LLC: Company Information, Hoovers^{[dead link]}

ic.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: 6,328^th place)

cipo.ic.gc.ca

Examination Practice Respecting Computer-Implemented Inventions – PN 2013-03, Canadian Intellectual Property Office, March 8, 2013

idg.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

arn.idg.com.au

"Microsoft, Autodesk in patent licensing deal". IDG News Service. 2004-12-17. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

ip-watch.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ermert, Monika (22 April 2013). "German Parliament Sends Message: Stop Granting Software Patents". Intellectual Property Watch. Retrieved April 29, 2013.

ipindia.nic.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Guidelines for Examination of Computer Related Inventions (CRIs)" (PDF). www.ipindia.nic.in.

ipo.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,917^th place)

"Public consultation on level of the inventive step required for obtaining patents" (PDF). UK Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2007-06-05.

itwire.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Minister announces way forward for software patents". beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). "New Zealand says no to software patents". Government Tech Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents". Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"New Zealand bans software patents". TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand". Computerworld.co.nz. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

jpo.go.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Examination Guidelines for Patent and Utility Model in Japan (REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENTABILITY)" (PDF). jpo.go.jp. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
Examination Guidelines for Inventions for Specific Fields (Computer Software-Related Inventions) in Japan (PDF), Japanese Patent Office, April 2005, p. 10 (2.2.1), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23, retrieved 2009-11-21
Examination Guidelines for Inventions for Specific Fields (Computer Software-Related Inventions) in Japan (PDF), Japanese Patent Office, April 2005, pp. 16–17 ("Systematization of human transactions"), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23, retrieved 2009-11-21

justia.com (Global: 673^rd place; English: 333^rd place)

supreme.justia.com

Gottschalk v Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972)
Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981)

legislation.govt.nz (Global: 6,289^th place; English: 3,674^th place)

"Patents Act 2013, section 11 'Computer programs'". 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2022-01-25.

managingip.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The India Patents Act, 1970 and Software Patentability" (PDF). www.managingip.com. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2020-03-27.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

"Silverlight Controls License". Microsoft Corporation.
"Community Commitments – Microsoft & Novell Interoperability Collaboration". Microsoft. November 2, 2006.
"Microsoft and LG Sign Patent Agreement Covering Android and Chrome OS Based Devices". Microsoft. 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

miplc.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Laub, Christoph (2005) [Academic Year 2004/2005]. International Software Patent Filing: The Problem of Statutory Subject Matter in view of Legal Standards at the EPO-USPTO and Economic Implications (PDF) (Master's). Munich Intellectual Property Law Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2006.

mises.org (Global: 3,879^th place; English: 3,367^th place)

"An Economic Review of the Patent System (1958)" (PDF). 20 July 2005. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

mondaq.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bro, Sarah (September 6, 2018). "Copyright in Data Compilations is Thin". Mondaq Business Briefing. Retrieved January 25, 2019.

novell.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Patent Policy". Novell. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"Microsoft and Novell Announce Broad Collaboration on Windows and Linux Interoperability and Support" (Press release). Novell. November 2, 2006.

out-law.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gray, John (2004-08-19), Software patents in Europe: debunking the myths, OUT-LAW News

patenthawk.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Patent Economics: Part 4 – Incentives" (blog entry). Patenthawk. 2005-04-17. Retrieved 2012-10-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154^th place; English: 606^th place)

U.S. patent 3,552,738, U.S. patent 3,553,358 and U.S. patent 3,553,384 granted 5 January 1971, and U.S. patent 3,996,564 granted December 7, 1976, can be easily found using the Bessen/Hunt technique. Earlier patents may exist but US patent database does not permit full text searching for earlier patents

rdworldonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Buntz, Brian (3 November 2024). "Quality vs. quantity: US and China chart different paths in global AI patent race in 2024 / Geographical breakdown of AI patents in 2024". R&D World. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024.

redhat.com (Global: 6,005^th place; English: 4,993^rd place)

"Red Hat Patent Policy". Red Hat.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Burk, Dan L. (February 2001). "Copyrightable functions and patentable speech". Communications of the ACM. 44 (2). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 69–75. doi:10.1145/359205.359231. S2CID 10784660.

slashdot.org (Global: 6,993^rd place; English: 6,086^th place)

Miller, Robin ("Roblimo") (August 31, 1999). "Unisys Not Suing (most) Webmasters for Using GIFs". Slashdot.

softwarefreedom.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Microsoft's Open Specification Promise: No Assurance for GPL". Software Freedom Law Center.

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

"symbian-dump". SourceForge. 11 April 2013.

sun.com (Global: 8,507^th place; English: 8,067^th place)

java.sun.com

"Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

sun.com

"Sun Grants Global Open Source Community Access to More than 1,600 Patents" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. January 25, 2005. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008.

swpat.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.swpat.org

"End Software Patents".
"Europe's "unitary patent" could mean unlimited software patents".
"EU unitary patent and Unified Patent Court".

tgdaily.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Minister announces way forward for software patents". beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). "New Zealand says no to software patents". Government Tech Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents". Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"New Zealand bans software patents". TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand". Computerworld.co.nz. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-10-09.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Stallman, Richard (June 20, 2005). "Patent absurdity". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 23, 2010.

unicode.org (Global: 691^st place; English: 581^st place)

Scherer, Markus; Davis, Mark (2006-02-04). "UTN #6: BOCU-1". Retrieved 2014-02-05.

uspto.gov (Global: 2,155^th place; English: 1,380^th place)

"MPEP".
"Examination Guidelines for Computer-Related Inventions". United States Patent Office. 1996-03-26. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
"Patent Counts By Class By Year, CY 1977 - 2015". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2017-03-13.

warwick.ac.uk (Global: 4,192^nd place; English: 2,461^st place)

www2.warwick.ac.uk

Beresford, K (2000). Patenting Software under the European Patent Convention. London: Sweet & Maxwell. p. 4.
Kretschmer, Martin (4 July 2003). "Software as Text and Machine: The Legal Capture of Digital Innovation". Journal of Information Law & Technology. Centre for Intellectual Property Policy and Management, Bournemouth University.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Newsbytes, Thailand Mulls Software Patent Rules, at (last visited Jul. 25, 2000).

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Examination Guidelines for Patent and Utility Model in Japan (REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENTABILITY)" (PDF). jpo.go.jp. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
Examination Guidelines for Inventions for Specific Fields (Computer Software-Related Inventions) in Japan (PDF), Japanese Patent Office, April 2005, p. 10 (2.2.1), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23, retrieved 2009-11-21
Examination Guidelines for Inventions for Specific Fields (Computer Software-Related Inventions) in Japan (PDF), Japanese Patent Office, April 2005, pp. 16–17 ("Systematization of human transactions"), archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-03-23, retrieved 2009-11-21
"Minister announces way forward for software patents". beehive.govt.nz. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2010-09-20. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Varghese, Sam (16 July 2010). "New Zealand says no to software patents". Government Tech Policy. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
"South Pacific cousins part ways over patents". Cpaglobal.com. 2010-07-28. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"New Zealand bans software patents". TG Daily. 2010-07-15. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"NZICT says patents 'integral' to software protection | Computerworld New Zealand". Computerworld.co.nz. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-15. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
Patents Act, No. 57 of 1978, as amended (PDF), 26 April 1978, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2011, retrieved 25 September 2011
Patents Act, No. 57 of 1978, as amended Section 25(3) (PDF), 26 April 1978, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2011, retrieved 25 September 2011
FAQ – Korea, European Patent Office, archived from the original on 13 September 2009, retrieved 29 October 2008
Buntz, Brian (3 November 2024). "Quality vs. quantity: US and China chart different paths in global AI patent race in 2024 / Geographical breakdown of AI patents in 2024". R&D World. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024.
Peter B. Hirtle, Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States, 1 January 2007. Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Amendment 23 to the proposed Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions (PDF), European Parliament, September 2003, archived from the original (PDF) on February 10, 2006
Dispositions program decision, Bundesgerichtshof (, BGH, Federal Court of Justice of Germany), 1976-06-22
Laub, Christoph (2005) [Academic Year 2004/2005]. International Software Patent Filing: The Problem of Statutory Subject Matter in view of Legal Standards at the EPO-USPTO and Economic Implications (PDF) (Master's). Munich Intellectual Property Law Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2006.
"Public consultation on level of the inventive step required for obtaining patents" (PDF). UK Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-04. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
"The India Patents Act, 1970 and Software Patentability" (PDF). www.managingip.com. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2020-03-27.
"Effects". Patentability and Democracy in Europe. Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007.
"Patent Policy". Novell. Archived from the original on 2013-07-30. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
"Sun Grants Global Open Source Community Access to More than 1,600 Patents" (Press release). Sun Microsystems. January 25, 2005. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008.
"Microsoft, Autodesk in patent licensing deal". IDG News Service. 2004-12-17. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
FY 2004 U.S. Licensing Survey, Association of University Technology Managers, 2012-09-08, archived from the original on 2012-10-15, retrieved 2012-11-07

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

"Law No. 13 of 2016 on Patents, Indonesia, WIPO Lex". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2025-05-15.
"Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 Year 2001" (PDF). WIPO.
"Regulations under the Patent Cooperation Treaty". wipo.int. Retrieved 2025-05-15.
Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (January 20, 2010). "Proposal from Brazil in respect of exceptions and limitations to patent rights" (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved 4 February 2010.

worldipreview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sugimura, Kenji; Chen, Rebecca (1 October 2012), An important market: software patenting in Japan, World Intellectual Property Review

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

"The Gravity of the U.S. Patent Swindle". Wall Street Journal. 25 March 2006. p. A9.

zdnet.com (Global: 1,235^th place; English: 855^th place)

Rob O’Neill (August 28, 2013). "New Zealand bans software patents". ZDNet. Retrieved September 6, 2013.

Software patent (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

adlilaw.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

apple.com (Global: 70th place; English: 55th place)

opensource.apple.com

aristeksystems.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,563rd place; English: 725th place)

autm.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

barandbench.com (Global: low place; English: 6,526th place)

beehive.govt.nz (Global: 7,559th place; English: 4,127th place)

buchhandel.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

business.qld.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

businessreviewonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cipc.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnet.com (Global: 447th place; English: 345th place)

news.cnet.com

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

computerworld.co.nz (Global: low place; English: low place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446th place; English: 2,279th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308th place; English: 253rd place)

copyright.cornell.edu

cpaglobal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851st place; English: 1,041st place)

scholarship.law.duke.edu

endsoftpatents.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

epo.org (Global: low place; English: 7,276th place)

epo.org

new.epo.org

espacenet.com (Global: 950th place; English: 813th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

europa.eu (Global: 62nd place; English: 100th place)

ec.europa.eu

europarl.eu.int (Global: low place; English: low place)

ffii.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

swpat.ffii.org

financialexpress.com (Global: 1,342nd place; English: 667th place)

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070th place; English: 1,114th place)

caselaw.findlaw.com

gnu.org (Global: 1,901st place; English: 1,743rd place)

hoovers.com (Global: 8,599th place; English: 6,782nd place)

premium.hoovers.com

ic.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: 6,328th place)

cipo.ic.gc.ca

idg.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

arn.idg.com.au

ip-watch.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ipindia.nic.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

ipo.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,917th place)

itwire.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jpo.go.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

justia.com (Global: 673rd place; English: 333rd place)

supreme.justia.com

legislation.govt.nz (Global: 6,289th place; English: 3,674th place)

managingip.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

miplc.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

mises.org (Global: 3,879th place; English: 3,367th place)

mondaq.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

novell.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

out-law.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

patenthawk.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154th place; English: 606th place)

rdworldonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

redhat.com (Global: 6,005th place; English: 4,993rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

slashdot.org (Global: 6,993rd place; English: 6,086th place)

softwarefreedom.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842nd place; English: 1,520th place)

sun.com (Global: 8,507th place; English: 8,067th place)

java.sun.com

sun.com

swpat.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.swpat.org

tgdaily.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

apple.com (Global: 70^th place; English: 55^th place)

austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,563^rd place; English: 725^th place)

barandbench.com (Global: low place; English: 6,526^th place)

beehive.govt.nz (Global: 7,559^th place; English: 4,127^th place)

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

epo.org (Global: low place; English: 7,276^th place)

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

financialexpress.com (Global: 1,342^nd place; English: 667^th place)

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070^th place; English: 1,114^th place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

hoovers.com (Global: 8,599^th place; English: 6,782^nd place)

ic.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: 6,328^th place)

ipo.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,917^th place)

justia.com (Global: 673^rd place; English: 333^rd place)

legislation.govt.nz (Global: 6,289^th place; English: 3,674^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

mises.org (Global: 3,879^th place; English: 3,367^th place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154^th place; English: 606^th place)

redhat.com (Global: 6,005^th place; English: 4,993^rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

slashdot.org (Global: 6,993^rd place; English: 6,086^th place)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

sun.com (Global: 8,507^th place; English: 8,067^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

unicode.org (Global: 691^st place; English: 581^st place)

uspto.gov (Global: 2,155^th place; English: 1,380^th place)

warwick.ac.uk (Global: 4,192^nd place; English: 2,461^st place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

zdnet.com (Global: 1,235^th place; English: 855^th place)