Sol Invictus (English Wikipedia)

Brill, E.J. (1993). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the ruler cult of the western provinces of the Roman Empire (Second ed.). E.J. Brill. p. 87. ISBN 90-04-07180-6. Retrieved 29 May 2020 – via Google Books.
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Schaff, Philip (1867). From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great, A.D. 311-600. C. Scribner. p. 380. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
Hijmans 2024, p. 1022 n. 54. Hijmans, S. E. (2024). Sol: Image and Meaning of the Sun in Roman Art and Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-52158-2.
Hijmans 2024, pp. 1021–1022. Hijmans, S. E. (2024). Sol: Image and Meaning of the Sun in Roman Art and Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-52158-2.
Hijmans 2024, pp. 1019–1020: "Support for the 25th of December as date of the Solar Games is sought in the enigmatic entry for that day in the Chronography of 354 ("N. Invicti c. m. XXX") and from the emperor Julian, who wrote early in 363 that he had celebrated a 'most magnificent agon' for Sol at the end of December right after the Saturnalia of the preceding year. ... But a closer look at Julian's hymn (Or. 4) shows that this is not the case ... Julian is clearly talking about two different celebrations of Sol. The first is an annual feast ... The second are the quadrennial games, which Julian qualifies as 'newish' ... Julian makes it quite clear that it was the 'old' festival of Sol, which he ascribes to Numa, that he had celebrated immediately after the end of the Saturnalia to coincide with the winter solstice." Hijmans, S. E. (2024). Sol: Image and Meaning of the Sun in Roman Art and Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-52158-2.
Hijmans 2024, p. 1024. Hijmans, S. E. (2024). Sol: Image and Meaning of the Sun in Roman Art and Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-52158-2.
Hijmans 2024, p. 1010. Hijmans, S. E. (2024). Sol: Image and Meaning of the Sun in Roman Art and Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-52158-2.

britannica.com

"Sol | Roman god | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-12-12.

doi.org

Hijmans, Steven E. (2010). "Temples and priests of Sol in the city of Rome". Mouseion. 10 (3): 381–427. doi:10.1353/mou.2010.0073. S2CID 162381004 – via researchgate.net.
Marlowe, E. (2006). "Framing the sun: The Arch of Constantine and the Roman cityscape". Art Bulletin. 88 (2): 223–242. doi:10.1080/00043079.2006.10786288. S2CID 191508817.
Hijmans, S (2003). "Sol Invictus, the winter solstice, and the origins of Christmas". Mouseion Calgary. 47 (3): 377–398. doi:10.1353/mou.2003.0038. ISSN 1496-9343. OCLC 202535001.

edcs.eu

db.edcs.eu

"Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 1778 dates from 387 AD"^[5]
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 31181
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 715 "CIL-VI-715 photograph". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 1739–CIL VI, 1742
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 1779

gutenberg.org

"The Works of the Emperor Julian (Volume 1) with an English Translation by Wilmer Cave Wright" (PDF). Project Gutenberg. Harvard University Press. pp. 326–237.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Hijmans 2009, pp. 509–548. A mosaic floor in the Baths of the Porta Marina at Ostia depicts a radiate victory crown on a table as well as a victorious competitor wearing one.^[52] Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, p. 18. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, Chapter 1 (a reworking of Hijmans (1996)); Matern 2002; Wallraff 2001; and Berrens 2004 all follow Hijmans. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26. Matern, Petra (2002). Helios und Sol: Kulte und Ikonographie des griechischen und römischen Sonnengottes [Helios and Sol: Cults and Iconography of the Greek and Roman Sun God] (in German). Ege Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-8070-53-4. OCLC 53857589. Wallraff, Martin (2001). Christus versus Sol. Sonnenverehrung und Christentum in der Spätantike [Christ versus Sol. Sun Worship and Christianity in Late Antiquity]. Münster: Aschendorff. ISBN 3-402-08115-6. Berrens, Stephan (2004). Sonnenkult und Kaisertum von den Severern bis zu Constantin I. (193–337 n. Chr.) [Sun worship and empire from the Severans to Constantine I (193-337 AD)]. Historia-Einzelschriften (in German). Vol. 185. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08575-5. OCLC 57010712.
Hijmans 2009, pp. 483–508. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, p. 486, footnote 22. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, pp. 504–505. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, Chapter 5. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, pp. 80–84, 509–548. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, pp. 82–83. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, p. 570: "To explain the presence of Sol in a Christian mausoleum, scholars suggested that in this case he was not Sol, but Christ depicted in the guise of Sol as the New Light and the Sun of Justice. In the words of Lawrence: 'This is the Sun God, Sol Invictus, but also Christ the light of the world' ... Sol in mausoleum M has become the image of choice to illustrate the gradual ascendency of Christianity in the third century AD and in particular of its appropriation of Roman imagery for Christian purposes. ... While Perler, Wallraff, and others differ on details of the meaning of this Sol-Christ, all agree on the basic Christian interpretation and the identity of Sol as Christ". Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.
Hijmans 2009, pp. 567–578. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26.

ku-eichstaett.de

www1.ku-eichstaett.de

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 715 "CIL-VI-715 photograph". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-11-12.

ministrymagazine.org

cdn.ministrymagazine.org

Odom, Robert L. (May 1950). "Pagan Sunday observance" (PDF). Ministry. Query column. Philippine Publishing House. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 6 March 2021.

mythology.net

"Sol - Roman God". Mythology.net. 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2022-12-12.

oclc.org

libmma.contentdm.oclc.org

Weitzmann, Kurt, ed. (1979). Age of spirituality : Late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century. New York, NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art. fully online from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

ostia-antica.org

"Regio IV – Insula X – Terme di Porta Marina (IV, X, 1–2)". Archived from the original on 2008-11-09. Retrieved 2009-11-12.

peeters-leuven.be

poj.peeters-leuven.be

Hijmans, Steven (1996). "The sun that did not rise in the east". Babesch. 71: 115–150.

researchgate.net

Hijmans, Steven E. (2010). "Temples and priests of Sol in the city of Rome". Mouseion. 10 (3): 381–427. doi:10.1353/mou.2010.0073. S2CID 162381004 – via researchgate.net.

saintpetersbasilica.org

"Necropolis (Scavi) Tomb M". saintpetersbasilica.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2015-08-25.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hijmans, Steven E. (2010). "Temples and priests of Sol in the city of Rome". Mouseion. 10 (3): 381–427. doi:10.1353/mou.2010.0073. S2CID 162381004 – via researchgate.net.
Marlowe, E. (2006). "Framing the sun: The Arch of Constantine and the Roman cityscape". Art Bulletin. 88 (2): 223–242. doi:10.1080/00043079.2006.10786288. S2CID 191508817.

tertullian.org

"Online text of inscription, Parts 6 and 12". tertullian.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04.

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

"Sol Invictus and Christmas". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
"Latin text". Historia Augusta. Translated by David Magie (English translation ed.). Loeb. 1, 5 – via LacusCurtius.

web.archive.org

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CIL VI, 715 "CIL-VI-715 photograph". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A study of religious interaction in Roman Syria. Brill. p. 169. ISBN 978-9004115897. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
"Regio IV – Insula X – Terme di Porta Marina (IV, X, 1–2)". Archived from the original on 2008-11-09. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
"Online text of inscription, Parts 6 and 12". tertullian.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-04.
"Necropolis (Scavi) Tomb M". saintpetersbasilica.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2015-08-25.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Matern 2002. Matern, Petra (2002). Helios und Sol: Kulte und Ikonographie des griechischen und römischen Sonnengottes [Helios and Sol: Cults and Iconography of the Greek and Roman Sun God] (in German). Ege Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-8070-53-4. OCLC 53857589.
Berrens 2004. Berrens, Stephan (2004). Sonnenkult und Kaisertum von den Severern bis zu Constantin I. (193–337 n. Chr.) [Sun worship and empire from the Severans to Constantine I (193-337 AD)]. Historia-Einzelschriften (in German). Vol. 185. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08575-5. OCLC 57010712.
Hijmans 2009, Chapter 1 (a reworking of Hijmans (1996)); Matern 2002; Wallraff 2001; and Berrens 2004 all follow Hijmans. Hijmans, Steven Ernst (2009). Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome (Thesis). Groningen: University of Groningen. hdl:11370/af334f2a-d157-4793-95c6-80d2f6323668. ISBN 978-90-367-3931-3. Retrieved 2025-02-26. Matern, Petra (2002). Helios und Sol: Kulte und Ikonographie des griechischen und römischen Sonnengottes [Helios and Sol: Cults and Iconography of the Greek and Roman Sun God] (in German). Ege Yayınları. ISBN 978-975-8070-53-4. OCLC 53857589. Wallraff, Martin (2001). Christus versus Sol. Sonnenverehrung und Christentum in der Spätantike [Christ versus Sol. Sun Worship and Christianity in Late Antiquity]. Münster: Aschendorff. ISBN 3-402-08115-6. Berrens, Stephan (2004). Sonnenkult und Kaisertum von den Severern bis zu Constantin I. (193–337 n. Chr.) [Sun worship and empire from the Severans to Constantine I (193-337 AD)]. Historia-Einzelschriften (in German). Vol. 185. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-515-08575-5. OCLC 57010712.
Hijmans, S (2003). "Sol Invictus, the winter solstice, and the origins of Christmas". Mouseion Calgary. 47 (3): 377–398. doi:10.1353/mou.2003.0038. ISSN 1496-9343. OCLC 202535001.