Solar panel (English Wikipedia)

Orcutt, Mike. "Managing Light To Increase Solar Efficiency". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

"Solar (photovoltaic) panel prices vs. cumulative capacity". OurWorldInData.org. 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2025. OWID credits source data to: Nemet (2009); Farmer & Lafond (2016); International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, 2024).

arquivo.pt (Global: 1,668^th place; English: 1,164^th place)

Morgan Baziliana; et al. (17 May 2012). Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power. UN-Energy (Report). United Nations. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2012.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Chitturi, Sri Rama Phanindra; Sharma, Ekanki; Elmenreich, Wilfried (19 September 2018), "Efficiency of photovoltaic systems in mountainous areas", 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), pp. 1–6, arXiv:1810.06692, doi:10.1109/ENERGYCON.2018.8398766, ISBN 978-1-5386-3669-5
Farmer, J. Doyne; Lafond, François (2016). "How predictable is technological progress?". Research Policy. 45 (3): 647–65. arXiv:1502.05274. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001. S2CID 154564641.

asme.org (Global: 6,461^st place; English: 4,142^nd place)

Crawford, Mike (October 2012). "Self-Cleaning Solar Panels Maximize Efficiency". The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Harford, Tim (11 September 2019). "Can solar power shake up the energy market?". Retrieved 24 October 2019.

betterworldsolutions.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cynthia, Latunussa (9 October 2015). "Solar Panels can be recycled – BetterWorldSolutions – The Netherlands". BetterWorldSolutions – The Netherlands. Retrieved 29 April 2018.

bnl.gov (Global: 5,926^th place; English: 7,350^th place)

Krueger, Lisa. "Overview of First Solar's Module Collection and Recycling Program" (PDF). Brookhaven National Laboratory. p. 23. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
Wambach, K. "A Voluntary Take Back Scheme and Industrial Recycling of Photovoltaic Modules" (PDF). Brookhaven National Laboratory. p. 37. Retrieved 17 March 2017.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Dickie, P.M. (1999). Regional Workshop on Solar Power Generation Using Photovoltaic Technology. DIANE publishing. p. 120. ISBN 9780788182648.
Hough, T.P. (2006). Trends in solar energy research. Nova. p. 98. ISBN 9781594548666.

ca.gov (Global: 421^st place; English: 263^rd place)

energy.ca.gov

"California Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) Resource Assessment and Growth Potential by County" (PDF). California Energy Commission. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2022.

circularpv.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Reclaimed PV Panels Market Assessment Industry Report" (PDF).

cleantechnica.com (Global: 7,748^th place; English: 5,149^th place)

Meyers, Glenn (31 December 2014). "Photovoltaic Dreaming 1875--1905: First Attempts At Commercializing PV". cleantechnica.com. Sustainable Enterprises Media Inc. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

commercialsolaraustralia.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"REC Alpha Black Series Factsheet" (PDF).

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,734^th place; English: 1,312^th place)

Janakeeraman, Suryanarayana Vasantha (May 2013). Angle of Incidence And Power Degradation Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules (PDF) (MSt). Arizona State University. Retrieved 1 May 2023.

couleenergy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"BC vs TOPCon vs XBC Solar Panels: Which Technology Is Best for Your Projects?". couleenergy.com/. Retrieved 6 August 2025.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Adams, William Grylls; Day, R. E. (1 January 1877). "IX. The action of light on selenium". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 167: 313–316. doi:10.1098/rstl.1877.0009. ISSN 0261-0523.
Teixeira, Bernardo; Centeno Brito, Miguel; Mateus, Antonio (2024). "Raw materials for the Portuguese decarbonization roadmap: The case of solar photovoltaics and wind energy". Resources Policy. 90 (104839) 104839. Bibcode:2024RePol..9004839T. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104839.
Rajinder Sharma (July 2019). "Effect of obliquity of incident light on the performance of silicon solar cells". Heliyon. 5 (7) e01965. Bibcode:2019Heliy...501965S. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01965. PMC 6611928. PMID 31317080.
Piliougine, M.; Carretero, J.; Mora-López, L.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2011). "Experimental system for current–voltage curve measurement of photovoltaic modules under outdoor conditions". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 19 (5). Progress in Photovoltaics: 591–602. doi:10.1002/pip.1073. S2CID 96904811.
Elqady, Hesham I.; El-Shazly, A. H.; Elkady, M. F. (31 October 2022). "Parametric study for optimizing double-layer microchannel heat sink for solar panel thermal management". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18278. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218278E. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23061-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9622875. PMID 36316376.
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M.; Spagnuolo, G. (2021). "Temperature coefficients of degraded crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules at outdoor conditions". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 29 (5). Progress in Photovoltaics: 558–570. doi:10.1002/pip.3396. S2CID 233976803.
Chitturi, Sri Rama Phanindra; Sharma, Ekanki; Elmenreich, Wilfried (19 September 2018), "Efficiency of photovoltaic systems in mountainous areas", 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), pp. 1–6, arXiv:1810.06692, doi:10.1109/ENERGYCON.2018.8398766, ISBN 978-1-5386-3669-5
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2021). "Analysis of the degradation of single-crystalline silicon modules after 21 years of operation". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 29 (8). Progress in Photovoltaics: 907–919. doi:10.1002/pip.3409. hdl:10630/29057. S2CID 234831264.
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M.; Spagnuolo, G. (2022). "Analysis of the degradation of amorphous silicon-based modules after 11 years of exposure by means of IEC60891:2021 procedure 3". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 30 (10). Progress in Photovoltaics: 1176–1187. doi:10.1002/pip.3567. hdl:10630/24064. S2CID 248487635.
Piliougine, M.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2022). "New model to study the outdoor degradation of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Renewable Energy. 193: 857–869. Bibcode:2022REne..193..857P. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.063. hdl:10630/29061. S2CID 248926054.
Ilse K, Micheli L, Figgis BW, Lange K, Dassler D, Hanifi H, Wolfertstetter F, Naumann V, Hagendorf C, Gottschalg R, Bagdahn J (2019). "Techno-Economic Assessment of Soiling Losses and Mitigation Strategies for Solar Power Generation". Joule. 3 (10): 2303–2321. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.2303I. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.019. hdl:11573/1625631.
Alshehri, Ali; Parrott, Brian; Outa, Ali; Amer, Ayman; Abdellatif, Fadl; Trigui, Hassane; Carrasco, Pablo; Patel, Sahejad; Taie, Ihsan (December 2014). "Dust mitigation in the desert: Cleaning mechanisms for solar panels in arid regions". 2014 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid Conference (SASG). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/SASG.2014.7274289. ISBN 978-1-4799-6158-0. S2CID 23216963.
Heckenthaler, Tabea; Sadhujan, Sumesh; Morgenstern, Yakov; Natarajan, Prakash; Bashouti, Muhammad; Kaufman, Yair (3 December 2019). "Self-Cleaning Mechanism: Why Nanotexture and Hydrophobicity Matter". Langmuir. 35 (48): 15526–15534. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01874. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 31469282. S2CID 201673096.
Latunussa, Cynthia E.L.; Ardente, Fulvio; Blengini, Gian Andrea; Mancini, Lucia (2016). "Life Cycle Assessment of an innovative recycling process for crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 156: 101–11. Bibcode:2016SEMSC.156..101L. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.03.020.
Harnessing Light. National Research Council. 1997. p. 162. doi:10.17226/5954. ISBN 978-0-309-05991-6.
Farmer, J. Doyne; Lafond, François (2016). "How predictable is technological progress?". Research Policy. 45 (3): 647–65. arXiv:1502.05274. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001. S2CID 154564641.
MacDonald, Alexander E.; Clack, Christopher T. M.; Alexander, Anneliese; Dunbar, Adam; Wilczak, James; Xie, Yuanfu (2016). "Future cost-competitive electricity systems and their impact on US CO₂ emissions". Nature Climate Change. 6 (5): 526–531. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..526M. doi:10.1038/nclimate2921.
Miller, Wendy; Liu, Aaron; Amin, Zakaria; Wagner, Andreas (2018). "Power Quality and Rooftop-Photovoltaic Households: An Examination of Measured Data at Point of Customer Connection". Sustainability. 10 (4): 1224. Bibcode:2018Sust...10.1224M. doi:10.3390/su10041224.

dsneg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Solar Cell Technology BSF PERC TOPCON HJT IBC - Knowledge". DS New Energy. Retrieved 11 November 2022.

ecodiy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A Guide To Photovoltaic System Design And Installation". ecodiy.org. 4 September 2001. Retrieved 26 July 2011.

eicero.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

(www.inspire.cz), INSPIRE CZ s.r.o. "What is PID? – eicero". eicero.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.

eitci.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Smart PV Modules". European Information Technologies Certification Institute. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2025. Smart PV modules contain integrated power electronics, enabling features such as module-level maximum power point tracking, real-time monitoring and fault detection, and enhanced fire safety through rapid shutdown capabilities.

electricalschool.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Open-Circuit Voltage (Battery)". Electrical School. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

energy.gov (Global: 2,081^st place; English: 1,387^th place)

U.S. Department of Energy (3 December 2024). "Solar Energy Supply Chain Review Report" (PDF). energy.gov. Retrieved 30 May 2025. Mounting structures typically consist of low-cost steel components that provide mechanical support and can be configured as fixed-tilt or tracking systems, depending on application.

energyinformative.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Are Solar Panels Affected by Weather?". Energy Informative. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

energymatters.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Christian, M. "The history of the invention of the solar panel summary". Engergymatters.com. Energymatters.com. Retrieved 25 January 2019.

enfsolar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ENF Ltd. (8 January 2013). "Small Chinese Solar Manufacturers Decimated in 2012 | Solar PV Business News | ENF Company Directory". Enfsolar.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.

engineeringchallenges.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Grand Challenges Make Solar Energy Economical". engineeringchallenges.org.

euanmearns.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mearns, Euan (20 October 2015). "UK Solar PV Vital Statistics". Energy Matters. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

expertsure.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Micro Inverters for Residential Solar Arrays". Retrieved 10 May 2017.

fraunhofer.de (Global: 7,696^th place; English: 9,995^th place)

ise.fraunhofer.de

"Photovoltaics Report" (PDF).
"Photovoltaics Report" (PDF). Fraunhofer ISE. 28 July 2014. pp. 18, 19.
"Photovoltaics Report" (PDF). Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

Perry, Keith (28 July 2014). "Most solar panels are facing the wrong direction, say scientists". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

"Fire incidents involving solar panels". GOV.UK. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2021.

greentechmedia.com (Global: low place; English: 9,667^th place)

"Solar Module OEMs Seeking Advantage With Inverter Electronics". Greentech Media. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
"Solar Electronics, Panel Integration and the Bankability Challenge". Greentech Media. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
"Swanson's Law and Making US Solar Scale Like Germany". Greentech Media. 24 November 2014.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2021). "Analysis of the degradation of single-crystalline silicon modules after 21 years of operation". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 29 (8). Progress in Photovoltaics: 907–919. doi:10.1002/pip.3409. hdl:10630/29057. S2CID 234831264.
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M.; Spagnuolo, G. (2022). "Analysis of the degradation of amorphous silicon-based modules after 11 years of exposure by means of IEC60891:2021 procedure 3". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 30 (10). Progress in Photovoltaics: 1176–1187. doi:10.1002/pip.3567. hdl:10630/24064. S2CID 248487635.
Piliougine, M.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2022). "New model to study the outdoor degradation of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Renewable Energy. 193: 857–869. Bibcode:2022REne..193..857P. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.063. hdl:10630/29061. S2CID 248926054.
Ilse K, Micheli L, Figgis BW, Lange K, Dassler D, Hanifi H, Wolfertstetter F, Naumann V, Hagendorf C, Gottschalg R, Bagdahn J (2019). "Techno-Economic Assessment of Soiling Losses and Mitigation Strategies for Solar Power Generation". Joule. 3 (10): 2303–2321. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.2303I. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.019. hdl:11573/1625631.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Teixeira, Bernardo; Centeno Brito, Miguel; Mateus, Antonio (2024). "Raw materials for the Portuguese decarbonization roadmap: The case of solar photovoltaics and wind energy". Resources Policy. 90 (104839) 104839. Bibcode:2024RePol..9004839T. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104839.
Rajinder Sharma (July 2019). "Effect of obliquity of incident light on the performance of silicon solar cells". Heliyon. 5 (7) e01965. Bibcode:2019Heliy...501965S. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01965. PMC 6611928. PMID 31317080.
Elqady, Hesham I.; El-Shazly, A. H.; Elkady, M. F. (31 October 2022). "Parametric study for optimizing double-layer microchannel heat sink for solar panel thermal management". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18278. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218278E. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23061-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9622875. PMID 36316376.
Piliougine, M.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2022). "New model to study the outdoor degradation of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Renewable Energy. 193: 857–869. Bibcode:2022REne..193..857P. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.063. hdl:10630/29061. S2CID 248926054.
Ilse K, Micheli L, Figgis BW, Lange K, Dassler D, Hanifi H, Wolfertstetter F, Naumann V, Hagendorf C, Gottschalg R, Bagdahn J (2019). "Techno-Economic Assessment of Soiling Losses and Mitigation Strategies for Solar Power Generation". Joule. 3 (10): 2303–2321. Bibcode:2019Joule...3.2303I. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.019. hdl:11573/1625631.
Latunussa, Cynthia E.L.; Ardente, Fulvio; Blengini, Gian Andrea; Mancini, Lucia (2016). "Life Cycle Assessment of an innovative recycling process for crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 156: 101–11. Bibcode:2016SEMSC.156..101L. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.03.020.
MacDonald, Alexander E.; Clack, Christopher T. M.; Alexander, Anneliese; Dunbar, Adam; Wilczak, James; Xie, Yuanfu (2016). "Future cost-competitive electricity systems and their impact on US CO₂ emissions". Nature Climate Change. 6 (5): 526–531. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..526M. doi:10.1038/nclimate2921.
Miller, Wendy; Liu, Aaron; Amin, Zakaria; Wagner, Andreas (2018). "Power Quality and Rooftop-Photovoltaic Households: An Examination of Measured Data at Point of Customer Connection". Sustainability. 10 (4): 1224. Bibcode:2018Sust...10.1224M. doi:10.3390/su10041224.

helicalpower.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Solar PV Project Report | Helical Power". www.helicalpower.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2022.

iec.ch (Global: 3,758^th place; English: 3,252^nd place)

webstore.iec.ch

ISO/IEC 17025
IEC 61215
IEC 61701
[https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/59803 IEC 61730-1

ijstm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Patra, Anirudh. International Journal of Science, Technology and Management https://www.ijstm.com/images/short_pdf/1415296203_P25-31.pdf. Retrieved 14 September 2025. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

intertek.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

UL 1703: Standard for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels

irs.gov (Global: 3,125^th place; English: 1,832^nd place)

"Home Energy Tax Credits | Internal Revenue Service". www.irs.gov. Retrieved 4 December 2023.

kit.edu (Global: 6,505^th place; English: 9,776^th place)

publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu

Miller, Wendy; Liu, Aaron; Amin, Zakaria; Wagner, Andreas (2018). "Power Quality and Rooftop-Photovoltaic Households: An Examination of Measured Data at Point of Customer Connection". Sustainability. 10 (4): 1224. Bibcode:2018Sust...10.1224M. doi:10.3390/su10041224.

kschan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chan, Keng Siew (21 November 2019). "What is a TOPCON solar cell? -". Retrieved 11 November 2022.

lubisolar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"LBS Poly 260 275 Data sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2018.

mashable.com (Global: 561^st place; English: 392^nd place)

Ulanoff, Lance (2 October 2015). "Elon Musk and SolarCity unveil 'world's most efficient' solar panel". Mashable. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

mass.gov (Global: 4,670^th place; English: 2,640^th place)

"Ground-Mounted Solar Photovoltaic Systems" (PDF). Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources. December 2012.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

news.mit.edu

"How to clean solar panels without water". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.

nap.edu (Global: 2,128^th place; English: 1,553^rd place)

Harnessing Light. National Research Council. 1997. p. 162. doi:10.17226/5954. ISBN 978-0-309-05991-6.

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

Paul Marks (13 February 2016). "Space solar: The global race to tap the sun's energy from orbit". New Scientist.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rajinder Sharma (July 2019). "Effect of obliquity of incident light on the performance of silicon solar cells". Heliyon. 5 (7) e01965. Bibcode:2019Heliy...501965S. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01965. PMC 6611928. PMID 31317080.
Elqady, Hesham I.; El-Shazly, A. H.; Elkady, M. F. (31 October 2022). "Parametric study for optimizing double-layer microchannel heat sink for solar panel thermal management". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18278. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218278E. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23061-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9622875. PMID 36316376.
Heckenthaler, Tabea; Sadhujan, Sumesh; Morgenstern, Yakov; Natarajan, Prakash; Bashouti, Muhammad; Kaufman, Yair (3 December 2019). "Self-Cleaning Mechanism: Why Nanotexture and Hydrophobicity Matter". Langmuir. 35 (48): 15526–15534. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01874. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 31469282. S2CID 201673096.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rajinder Sharma (July 2019). "Effect of obliquity of incident light on the performance of silicon solar cells". Heliyon. 5 (7) e01965. Bibcode:2019Heliy...501965S. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01965. PMC 6611928. PMID 31317080.
Elqady, Hesham I.; El-Shazly, A. H.; Elkady, M. F. (31 October 2022). "Parametric study for optimizing double-layer microchannel heat sink for solar panel thermal management". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18278. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218278E. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23061-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9622875. PMID 36316376.

nrel.gov (Global: 8,418^th place; English: 5,714^th place)

"Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart". www.nrel.gov. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
Feldman, David; Dummit, Krysta; Jarett, Zuboy; Margolis, Robert (12 July 2022). "Summer 2022 Solar Industry Update" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Horowitz, Kurt; Woodhouse, Michael (1 October 2015). "Current Status of Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) Technology" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 27 May 2025. Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto smaller cells.
"Champion Photovoltaic Module Efficiency Plot" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (12 April 2024). "Photovoltaic Module Efficiency Records". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 27 May 2025. These efficiencies have been verified by independent and internationally recognized testing laboratories such as NREL, AIST, JRC-ESTI, and Fraunhofer ISE.
Jordan, Dirk C.; Kurtz, Sarah R. (1 November 2012). "Photovoltaic Degradation Rates — An Analytical Review" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 27 May 2025.
Shingleton, J. "One-Axis Trackers – Improved Reliability, Durability, Performance, and Cost Reduction" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,263^rd place; English: 1,687^th place)

"Solar (photovoltaic) panel prices vs. cumulative capacity". OurWorldInData.org. 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2025. OWID credits source data to: Nemet (2009); Farmer & Lafond (2016); International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, 2024).

panasonic.com (Global: 8,392^nd place; English: low place)

"HIT Photovoltaic Module" (PDF). Sanyo / Panasonic. Retrieved 25 November 2016.

patents.google.com (Global: 1,182^nd place; English: 725^th place)

Ohl, Russell (27 May 1941). "Light-sensitive electric device". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
US11824136B2, Yu, Kun; Liu, Changming & Zhang, Xinyu, "Solar cell, manufacturing method thereof, and photovoltaic module", issued 21 November 2023

phys.org (Global: 1,283^rd place; English: 1,130^th place)

American Associates, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (9 December 2019). "Researchers develop new method to remove dust on solar panels". Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

pulsesolar.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"LONGi: Who Are They And Why Do We Use Them". Pulse Solar. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"LONGi: Who Are They And Why Do We Use Them". Pulse Solar. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

pv-magazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Barrows, It’s no secret that prices throughout the solar supply chain have been at rock bottom over the past 18 months Alex; crash, Molly Morgan of CRU Group explore how the market reached the imbalance that caused PV prices to; Innovation, What This Has Meant for; Magazine, How It Might Affect Future Technology Transitions Pv (1 August 2025). "Non-stop solar innovation despite module oversupply". pv magazine International. Retrieved 6 August 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Barrows, It’s no secret that prices throughout the solar supply chain have been at rock bottom over the past 18 months Alex; crash, Molly Morgan of CRU Group explore how the market reached the imbalance that caused PV prices to; Innovation, What This Has Meant for; Magazine, How It Might Affect Future Technology Transitions Pv (1 August 2025). "Non-stop solar innovation despite module oversupply". pv magazine International. Retrieved 7 August 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

pv-manufacturing.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"PERC Solar Cells". PV-Manufacturing.org. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
"Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) Solar Cells". PV-Manufacturing.org. 11 June 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2025.
"All back contact solar cells". PV-Manufacturing.org. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2025.

pv-tech.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Built solar assets are 'chronically underperforming' and modules degrading faster than expected, research finds". PV Tech. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
"Solar module failure rates continue to rise as record number of manufacturers recognised in PVEL Module Reliability Scorecard". PV Tech. 26 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
"Top 10 solar module suppliers in 2018". PV Tech. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
Parra, Vicente; Gómez, Ruperto (September 2018). "Implementing risk mitigation strategies through module factory and production inspections". PV Tech. 16: 25–28.

pvcycle.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"3rd International Conference on PV Module Recycling". PV CYCLE. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

pveducation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bowden, Stuart; Honsberg, Christiana. "Bypass Diodes". Photovoltaic Education. Retrieved 29 June 2021.

renewablewise.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Do Solar Panels Work In The Shade? A Complete Guide To Solar Panel Shading, Its Effect, And Its Solutions". www.renewablewise.com. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2022.

sciencedaily.com (Global: 993^rd place; English: 920^th place)

da Silva, Wilson (17 May 2016). "Milestone in solar cell efficiency achieved". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 9 September 2018. A new solar cell configuration developed by engineers at the University of New South Wales has pushed sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency to 34.5% -- establishing a new world record for unfocused sunlight and nudging closer to the theoretical limits for such a device.
"Eco-efficient cement could pave the way to a greener future: Rice U. scientists 'flash' toxic heavy metals out of fly ash, make stronger concrete". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

seia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Solar Industry Data". SEIA. Retrieved 13 January 2014.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Piliougine, M.; Carretero, J.; Mora-López, L.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2011). "Experimental system for current–voltage curve measurement of photovoltaic modules under outdoor conditions". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 19 (5). Progress in Photovoltaics: 591–602. doi:10.1002/pip.1073. S2CID 96904811.
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M.; Spagnuolo, G. (2021). "Temperature coefficients of degraded crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules at outdoor conditions". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 29 (5). Progress in Photovoltaics: 558–570. doi:10.1002/pip.3396. S2CID 233976803.
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2021). "Analysis of the degradation of single-crystalline silicon modules after 21 years of operation". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 29 (8). Progress in Photovoltaics: 907–919. doi:10.1002/pip.3409. hdl:10630/29057. S2CID 234831264.
Piliougine, M.; Oukaja, A.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M.; Spagnuolo, G. (2022). "Analysis of the degradation of amorphous silicon-based modules after 11 years of exposure by means of IEC60891:2021 procedure 3". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 30 (10). Progress in Photovoltaics: 1176–1187. doi:10.1002/pip.3567. hdl:10630/24064. S2CID 248487635.
Piliougine, M.; Sánchez-Friera, P.; Petrone, G.; Sánchez-Pacheco, J.F.; Spagnuolo, G.; Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2022). "New model to study the outdoor degradation of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Renewable Energy. 193: 857–869. Bibcode:2022REne..193..857P. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.063. hdl:10630/29061. S2CID 248926054.
Alshehri, Ali; Parrott, Brian; Outa, Ali; Amer, Ayman; Abdellatif, Fadl; Trigui, Hassane; Carrasco, Pablo; Patel, Sahejad; Taie, Ihsan (December 2014). "Dust mitigation in the desert: Cleaning mechanisms for solar panels in arid regions". 2014 Saudi Arabia Smart Grid Conference (SASG). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/SASG.2014.7274289. ISBN 978-1-4799-6158-0. S2CID 23216963.
Heckenthaler, Tabea; Sadhujan, Sumesh; Morgenstern, Yakov; Natarajan, Prakash; Bashouti, Muhammad; Kaufman, Yair (3 December 2019). "Self-Cleaning Mechanism: Why Nanotexture and Hydrophobicity Matter". Langmuir. 35 (48): 15526–15534. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01874. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 31469282. S2CID 201673096.
Farmer, J. Doyne; Lafond, François (2016). "How predictable is technological progress?". Research Policy. 45 (3): 647–65. arXiv:1502.05274. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.11.001. S2CID 154564641.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

Chu, Elizabeth; Tarazano, D. Lawrence (22 April 2019). "A Brief History of Solar Panels". Smithsonian Magazine.

solarcity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"SolarCity Press Release". 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

solarmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TOPCon Solar Cells: The New PV Module Technology in the Solar Industry". Solar Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
"TOPCon Solar Cells: The New PV Module Technology in the Solar Industry". Solar Magazine. Retrieved 21 February 2025.

solarpaneltilt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Optimum Tilt of Solar Panels". MACS Lab. Retrieved 19 October 2014.

solarplaza.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Solarplaza Potential Induced Degradation: Combatting a Phantom Menace". solarplaza.com. Retrieved 4 September 2017.

solarprofessional.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ground-Mount PV Racking Systems". SolarProfessional.com. March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2014.

statista.com (Global: 776^th place; English: 844^th place)

"Solar PV capacity factor globally 2020". Statista. Retrieved 14 July 2021.

sunpower.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

us.sunpower.com

"SunPower e20 Module". 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.

technologyreview.com (Global: 1,943^rd place; English: 1,253^rd place)

Orcutt, Mike. "Managing Light To Increase Solar Efficiency". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

Perry, Keith (28 July 2014). "Most solar panels are facing the wrong direction, say scientists". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

Mathur, Deepika; Gregory, Robin (15 June 2025). "A solar panel recycling scheme would help reduce waste, but please repair and reuse first". The Conversation.
Paulos, Bentham; Barbose, Galen; Gorman, Will (28 September 2022). "Could solar and batteries power your home when the electricity grid goes out?". The Conversation. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

tigoenergy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Leading Solar Module OEMs To Display Next-generation Tigo Energy Technology During PV Expo Japan". Tigo Energy. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.

trinasolar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TSM PC/PM14 Datasheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

ucsd.edu (Global: 1,933^rd place; English: 1,342^nd place)

ucsdnews.ucsd.edu

Patringenaru, Ioana (August 2013). "Cleaning Solar Panels Often Not Worth the Cost, Engineers at UC San Diego Find". UC San Diego News Center. Retrieved 31 May 2015.

ul.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Alternative Energy Equipment and Systems Marking Guide" (PDF). UL (Underwriters Laboratories). 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2025.

un-energy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morgan Baziliana; et al. (17 May 2012). Re-considering the economics of photovoltaic power. UN-Energy (Report). United Nations. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2012.

undecidedmf.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Have we been doing Solar wrong all along? - Undecided with Matt Ferrell". 6 February 2024.

unendlich-viel-energie.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"First Breakthrough in Solar Photovoltaic Module Recycling, Experts Say". European Photovoltaic Industry Association. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2011.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Ariana, Eunjung Cha. "Solar Energy Firms Leave Waste Behind in China". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September 2025.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"California Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) Resource Assessment and Growth Potential by County" (PDF). California Energy Commission. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
"Leading Solar Module OEMs To Display Next-generation Tigo Energy Technology During PV Expo Japan". Tigo Energy. 28 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
"SunPower e20 Module". 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
"TSM PC/PM14 Datasheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
"LBS Poly 260 275 Data sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
(www.inspire.cz), INSPIRE CZ s.r.o. "What is PID? – eicero". eicero.com. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
"Ground-Mount PV Racking Systems". SolarProfessional.com. March 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
"First Breakthrough in Solar Photovoltaic Module Recycling, Experts Say". European Photovoltaic Industry Association. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
"3rd International Conference on PV Module Recycling". PV CYCLE. Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
"LONGi: Who Are They And Why Do We Use Them". Pulse Solar. 5 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"Solar PV Project Report | Helical Power". www.helicalpower.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
"LONGi: Who Are They And Why Do We Use Them". Pulse Solar. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
"SolarCity Press Release". 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

wired.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 152^nd place)

Yang, Zeyi. "Africa Is Buying a Record Number of Chinese Solar Panels". Wired.
Stone, Maddie (22 August 2020). "Solar Panels Are Starting to Die, Leaving Behind Toxic Trash". Wired. Retrieved 2 September 2020.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Adams, William Grylls; Day, R. E. (1 January 1877). "IX. The action of light on selenium". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 167: 313–316. doi:10.1098/rstl.1877.0009. ISSN 0261-0523.
Elqady, Hesham I.; El-Shazly, A. H.; Elkady, M. F. (31 October 2022). "Parametric study for optimizing double-layer microchannel heat sink for solar panel thermal management". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18278. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218278E. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23061-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9622875. PMID 36316376.
Dunlop, James P. (2012). Photovoltaic systems. National Joint Apprenticeship and Training Committee for the Electrical Industry (3rd ed.). Orland Park, IL: American Technical Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-935941-05-7. OCLC 828685287.
Heckenthaler, Tabea; Sadhujan, Sumesh; Morgenstern, Yakov; Natarajan, Prakash; Bashouti, Muhammad; Kaufman, Yair (3 December 2019). "Self-Cleaning Mechanism: Why Nanotexture and Hydrophobicity Matter". Langmuir. 35 (48): 15526–15534. doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01874. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 31469282. S2CID 201673096.
Holger, Dieter (5 May 2022). "The Solar Boom Will Create Millions of Tons of Junk Panels". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

Holger, Dieter (5 May 2022). "The Solar Boom Will Create Millions of Tons of Junk Panels". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 14 October 2022.

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

e360.yale.edu

"Why Putting Solar Canopies on Parking Lots Is a Smart Green Move". Yale E360. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
"As Millions of Solar Panels Age Out, Recyclers Hope to Cash In". Yale E360. Retrieved 7 May 2023.

yimg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

xa.yimg.com

Mousazadeh, Hossain; et al. "A review of principle and sun-tracking methods for maximizing" (PDF). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009) 1800–1818. Elsevier. Retrieved 30 December 2012.

Solar panel (English Wikipedia)

advnture.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

americanexperiment.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

aps.org (Global: 1,503rd place; English: 1,378th place)

archive-it.org (Global: 910th place; English: 593rd place)

wayback.archive-it.org

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

arquivo.pt (Global: 1,668th place; English: 1,164th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69th place; English: 59th place)

asme.org (Global: 6,461st place; English: 4,142nd place)

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

betterworldsolutions.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

bnl.gov (Global: 5,926th place; English: 7,350th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

ca.gov (Global: 421st place; English: 263rd place)

energy.ca.gov

circularpv.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

cleantechnica.com (Global: 7,748th place; English: 5,149th place)

commercialsolaraustralia.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,734th place; English: 1,312th place)

couleenergy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dsneg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ecodiy.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

eicero.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

eitci.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

electricalschool.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

energy.gov (Global: 2,081st place; English: 1,387th place)

energyinformative.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

energymatters.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

enfsolar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

engineeringchallenges.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

euanmearns.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

expertsure.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

fraunhofer.de (Global: 7,696th place; English: 9,995th place)

ise.fraunhofer.de

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32nd place; English: 21st place)

gov.uk (Global: 432nd place; English: 278th place)

greentechmedia.com (Global: low place; English: 9,667th place)

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

helicalpower.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

iec.ch (Global: 3,758th place; English: 3,252nd place)

webstore.iec.ch

ijstm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

intertek.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

irs.gov (Global: 3,125th place; English: 1,832nd place)

kit.edu (Global: 6,505th place; English: 9,776th place)

publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu

kschan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

lubisolar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mashable.com (Global: 561st place; English: 392nd place)

mass.gov (Global: 4,670th place; English: 2,640th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415th place; English: 327th place)

news.mit.edu

nap.edu (Global: 2,128th place; English: 1,553rd place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774th place; English: 716th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nrel.gov (Global: 8,418th place; English: 5,714th place)

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,263rd place; English: 1,687th place)

panasonic.com (Global: 8,392nd place; English: low place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,182nd place; English: 725th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,283rd place; English: 1,130th place)

pulsesolar.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

pv-magazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

pv-manufacturing.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

pv-tech.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

pvcycle.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

pveducation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

renewablewise.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 993rd place; English: 920th place)

seia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503rd place; English: 364th place)

solarcity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

aps.org (Global: 1,503^rd place; English: 1,378^th place)

archive-it.org (Global: 910^th place; English: 593^rd place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

arquivo.pt (Global: 1,668^th place; English: 1,164^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

asme.org (Global: 6,461^st place; English: 4,142^nd place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

bnl.gov (Global: 5,926^th place; English: 7,350^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

ca.gov (Global: 421^st place; English: 263^rd place)

cleantechnica.com (Global: 7,748^th place; English: 5,149^th place)

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,734^th place; English: 1,312^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

energy.gov (Global: 2,081^st place; English: 1,387^th place)

fraunhofer.de (Global: 7,696^th place; English: 9,995^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

gov.uk (Global: 432^nd place; English: 278^th place)

greentechmedia.com (Global: low place; English: 9,667^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

iec.ch (Global: 3,758^th place; English: 3,252^nd place)

irs.gov (Global: 3,125^th place; English: 1,832^nd place)

kit.edu (Global: 6,505^th place; English: 9,776^th place)

mashable.com (Global: 561^st place; English: 392^nd place)

mass.gov (Global: 4,670^th place; English: 2,640^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

nap.edu (Global: 2,128^th place; English: 1,553^rd place)

newscientist.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 716^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nrel.gov (Global: 8,418^th place; English: 5,714^th place)

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,263^rd place; English: 1,687^th place)

panasonic.com (Global: 8,392^nd place; English: low place)

patents.google.com (Global: 1,182^nd place; English: 725^th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,283^rd place; English: 1,130^th place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 993^rd place; English: 920^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 503^rd place; English: 364^th place)

statista.com (Global: 776^th place; English: 844^th place)

technologyreview.com (Global: 1,943^rd place; English: 1,253^rd place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

theconversation.com (Global: 928^th place; English: 651^st place)

ucsd.edu (Global: 1,933^rd place; English: 1,342^nd place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wired.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 152^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)