Soviet Union (English Wikipedia)

Humphries, Rowan (29 March 2022). "Fact Sheet: The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program". Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. Retrieved 4 May 2026.

atomicarchive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Joe 1 | Soviet Union Nuclear Tests | Nuclear Testing | Photographs | Media Gallery". www.atomicarchive.com. Retrieved 4 May 2026.

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forumfedorg.b-cdn.net

Anderson, George (22 November 2007). "Federalism: An Introduction" (PDF). forumfed.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2026. Retrieved 13 May 2026. The next significant wave came with new federations emerging from the collapse of communism. The communist Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia all had nominally federal constitutions, but were in reality centrally controlled one-party regimes. However, as they democratized, their federal structures took on real political significance. With little experience of democracy and the tremendous stresses of transition, all these federations failed. However, Russia, which itself had been a federation within the old structures of the Soviet Union, did emerge as a post-communist federation. And Bosnia-Herzegovina emerged out of Yugoslavia with a federal structure, though it remains under a strong measure of international tutelage.

baltimoresun.com (Global: 588^th place; English: 292^nd place)

Englund, Will. "In Russia, left isn't quite right Handedness: The official Moscow line is that lefties are OK, but suspicion of those who are different persists from the old Soviet days". baltimoresun.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Child poverty soars in eastern Europe", BBC News, 11 October 2000.
Privatisation 'raised death rate' . BBC, 15 January 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2014.

bbc.co.uk

"The causes of the October Revolution". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2022.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Brunsden, Denys (21 October 2015). How Soviet pollution destroyed the Aral Sea. Witness. BBC News. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
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bellona.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kireeva, Anna (4 January 2021). "One of the Murmansk Region's most polluting facilities shuts down after more than seven decades". Bellona.org. Translated by Digges, Charles. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

Arkhipov, Ilya (16 April 2019). "Russian Support for Stalin Surges to Record High, Poll Says". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005). Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X.
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Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-14-103797-4. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Конститутион оф тхе Руссиян Федератион: витх комментариес анд интерпретатион. Brunswick Publishing Corp. 1994. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-55618-142-9. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Ōgushi, Atsushi (2008). The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0-415-43439-3. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
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Deb, Kalipada (1996). Soviet Union to Commonwealth: Transformation and Challenges. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-85880-95-2. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Benson, Shirley (2001). Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. Penn State University Press. pp. XIV. ISBN 978-0-271-02170-6. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
The Communist World. Ardent Media. 2001. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-271-02170-6. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Joseph Marie Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1993). Russian Law: The End of the Soviet System and the Role of Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-7923-2358-7. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Transaction Publishers. pp. 313–315. ISBN 978-0-202-24165-4. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
P. Hoffmann, Erik; Laird, Robin Frederick (1984). The Soviet Polity in the Modern Era. Transaction Publishers. pp. 315–319. ISBN 978-0-202-24165-4. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Sakwa, Richard (1998). Soviet Politics in Perspective. Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-415-07153-6. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Kucherov, Samuel (1970). The Organs of Soviet Administration of Justice: Their History and Operation. Brill Archive Publishers. p. 31. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Phillips, Steve (2000). Lenin and the Russian Revolution. Heinemann. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-435-32719-4. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Service, Robert (2009). History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-first Century. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-14-103797-4. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Polmar, Norman (1991). The Naval Institute Guide to the Soviet. United States Naval Institute. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-87021-241-3. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
McCauley, Martin (2007). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union. Pearson Education. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-582-78465-9. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Vincent Daniels, Robert (1993). A Documentary History of Communism in Russia: From Lenin to Gorbachev. University Press of New England (UPNE). p. 388. ISBN 978-0-87451-616-6. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Mccauley, Martin (13 September 2013). Stalin and Stalinism: Revised 3rd Edition. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-317-86369-4.
Wright, Patrick (28 October 2009). Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War. OUP Oxford. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-19-162284-7.
Boobbyer, Philip (2000). The Stalin Era. Psychology Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-415-18298-0.
Fisher, Harold Henry (1955). The Communist Revolution: An Outline of Strategy and Tactics. Stanford University Press. p. 13.
Reinalda, Bob (2009). Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day. Routledge. p. 369. ISBN 978-1-134-02405-6. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
Shaw, Louise Grace (2003). The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939. Psychology Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7146-5398-3. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Adams, Simon (2005). Russian Republics. Black Rabbit Books. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-58340-606-9. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7923-2358-7. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Gregory, Paul R. (2004). The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–220. ISBN 978-0-521-53367-6. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Mawdsley, Evan (1998). The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953. Manchester University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7190-4600-1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Wheatcroft, S. G.; Davies, R. W.; Cooper, J. M. (1986). Soviet Industrialization Reconsidered: Some Preliminary Conclusions about Economic Development between 1926 and 1941. Vol. 39. Economic History Review. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-0-7190-4600-1. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
IMF & OECD (1991). A Study of the Soviet Economy. Vol. 1. International Monetary Fund and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-14-103797-4.
Gvosdev, Nikolas (2008). The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-0698-5. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Wilson 1983, pp. 105–108. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Wilson 1983, p. 295. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Wilson 1983, p. 297. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Wilson 1983, pp. 297–299. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Wilson 1983, p. 299. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Hardt, John Pearce (2003). Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index. M.E. Sharpe. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-7656-1208-3. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998). Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7146-4784-5. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
Wilson 1983, p. 205. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Wilson 1983, p. 201. Wilson, David (1983). The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-2704-4.
Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985, pp. 166–167. Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985). Soviet and East European Transport Problems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0557-8.
Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985, p. 168. Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985). Soviet and East European Transport Problems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0557-8.
Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985, p. 165. Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985). Soviet and East European Transport Problems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0557-8.
Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985, p. 167. Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985). Soviet and East European Transport Problems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0557-8.
Ambler, Shaw & Symons 1985, p. 169. Ambler, John; Shaw, Denis J.B.; Symons, Leslie (1985). Soviet and East European Transport Problems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7099-0557-8.
IMF & OECD (1991). A Study of the Soviet Economy. Vol. 3. International Monetary Fund and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 56. ISBN 978-92-64-13468-3.
Mark Harrison (1996). Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-521-89424-1. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Winter, Jay; Sivan, Emmanuel (2000). War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-521-79436-7. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Law, David A. (1975). Russian Civilization. Ardent Media. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-8422-0529-0. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Mikhail Shifman, ed. (2005). You Failed Your Math Test, Comrade Einstein: Adventures and Misadventures of Young Mathematicians Or Test Your Skills in Almost Recreational Mathematics. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-270-116-9.
Shlapentokh, Vladimir (1990). Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power: The Post-Stalin Era. I.B. Tauris. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-85043-284-5. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Pejovich, Svetozar (1990). The Economics of Property Rights: Towards a Theory of Comparative Systems. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-7923-0878-2. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Lane 1992, p. 353 Lane, David Stuart (1992). Soviet Society under Perestroika. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07600-5.
Lane 1992, p. 352 Lane, David Stuart (1992). Soviet Society under Perestroika. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07600-5.
Lane 1992, pp. 352–353 Lane, David Stuart (1992). Soviet Society under Perestroika. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07600-5.
Silvio Ferrari; W. Cole Durham; Elizabeth A. Sewell (2003). Law and religion in post-communist Europe. Peeters Pub & Booksellers. p. 261. ISBN 978-90-429-1262-5. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Simon 1974, pp. 64–65 Simon, Gerard (1974). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02612-4.
Simon 1974, p. 209 Simon, Gerard (1974). Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02612-4.
Janz 1998, pp. 38–39. Janz, Denis (1998). World Christianity and Marxism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511944-2.
Yaacov, Ro'i (2016). "The Jewish Religion in the Soviet Union after World War II". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. pp. 263–289. doi:10.4324/9781315036205. ISBN 978-1-135-20510-2.
Nahaylo, Bohdan & Victor Swoboda (1990). Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-02-922401-4.
Mark D. Steinberg; Catherine Wanner (2008). Religion, morality, and community in post-Soviet societies. Indiana University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-253-22038-7. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
Janz 1998, p. 42 Janz, Denis (1998). World Christianity and Marxism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511944-2.
McKay, George; Williams, Christopher (2009). Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe. Peter Lang. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-3-03911-921-9. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping. University of Texas Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-292-73957-4.
Scheidel, Walter (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 51 & 222–223. ISBN 978-0-691-16502-8.
North, David (2010). In Defense of Leon Trotsky. Mehring Books. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-1-893638-05-1.
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britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Dewdney, John C.; Conquest, Robert; Pipes, Richard E.; McCauley, Martin. "Soviet Union". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
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Benson, Tyler. "The Role of Sports in the Soviet Union | Guided History". BU Blogs. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2021.

bucknell.edu (Global: 671^st place; English: 1,144^th place)

departments.bucknell.edu

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cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Sheila Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union 1921–1934 Archived 18 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press (2002), ISBN 978-0-521-89423-4

cdi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

York, Geoffrey (9 March 2001). "Johnson's Russia List #5141 - Why father of glasnost is despised in Russia". The Globe and Mail (Canada). Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 – via CDI. In his new book, Maelstrom of Memory, Mr. Yakovlev lists some of the nightmares uncovered by his commission. More than 41 million Soviets were imprisoned from 1923 to 1953. More than 884,000 children were in internal exile by 1954. More than 85,000 Orthodox priests were shot in 1937 alone.

cejiss.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Budrytė, Dovilė (14 December 2023). "'A Decolonising Moment of Sorts': The Baltic States' Vicarious Identification with Ukraine and Related Domestic and Foreign Policy Developments". Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. 17 (4): 82–105. doi:10.51870/YPIJ8030.

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cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

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interpret.csis.org

Buckley, Martin Dimitrov, Elizabeth Perry, Neil Thomas, Chris (8 May 2023). "Chinese Assessments of the Soviet Union's Collapse". Interpret: China. Retrieved 13 February 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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demoscope.ru (Global: 435^th place; English: 1,435^th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Shahgedanova, Maria; Burt, Timothy P (September 1994). "New data on air pollution in the former Soviet Union". Global Environmental Change. 4 (3): 201–227. Bibcode:1994GEC.....4..201S. doi:10.1016/0959-3780(94)90003-5.
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Hønneland, Geir; Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin (December 2002). "Implementing Russia's International Environmental Commitments: Federal Prerogative or Regional Concern?". Europe-Asia Studies. 54 (8): 1223–1240. doi:10.1080/0966813022000025862. JSTOR 826384.
Krupnik, Igor (2016). "Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. pp. 67–86. doi:10.4324/9781315036205. ISBN 978-1-135-20510-2. p. 70: The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
Thomas, Daniel C. (2005). "Human Rights Ideas, the Demise of Communism, and the End of the Cold War". Journal of Cold War Studies. 7 (2): 110–141. doi:10.1162/1520397053630600. S2CID 57570614.
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Wendel, Cato Christian; Fifield, L. Keith; Oughton, Deborah H.; Lind, Ole Christian; Skipperud, Lindis; Bartnicki, Jerzy; Tims, Stephen G.; Høibråten, Steinar; Salbu, Brit (September 2013). "Long-range tropospheric transport of uranium and plutonium weapons fallout from Semipalatinsk nuclear test site to Norway". Environment International. 59: 92–102. Bibcode:2013EnInt..59...92W. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.017. PMID 23792418.
Greaves, Ian; Hunt, Paul (2010). "Ch. 5 Chemical Agents". Responding to Terrorism. A Medical Handbook. Elsevier. pp. 233–344. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-045043-8.00005-2. ISBN 978-0-08-045043-8. The Novichok class of agents were reportedly developed in an attempt to circumvent the Chemical Weapons Treaty (chemical weapons are banned on the basis of chemical structure and therefore a new chemical agent is not subject to past treaties). They have reportedly been engineered to be undetectable by standard detection equipment and to defeat standard chemical protective gear...Novichok agents may consist of two separate 'non-toxic' components that, when mixed, become the active nerve agent...The binary concept—mixing or storing two less toxic chemicals and creating the nerve agent within the weapon—was safer during storage.
Leitenberg, Milton; Zilinskas, Raymond A.; Kuhn, Jens H. (2012). "Conclusion". The Soviet Biological Weapons Program: A History. Harvard University Press. pp. 698–712. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2jbscf.30. ISBN 978-0-674-04770-9. JSTOR j.ctt2jbscf.30.
Smithson, Amy E. (12 November 2025). "Factors in illicit bioweapons programs: case studies of the Soviet Union/Russia and Iraq". Frontiers in Political Science. 7 1654084. doi:10.3389/fpos.2025.1654084.
Rimmington, Anthony (2021). The Soviet Union's Agricultural Biowarfare Programme. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-73843-3. ISBN 978-3-030-73842-6.^{[page needed]}
Meselson, Matthew; Guillemin, Jeanne; Hugh-Jones, Martin; Langmuir, Alexander; Popova, Ilona; Shelokov, Alexis; Yampolskaya, Olga (18 November 1994). "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979". Science. 266 (5188): 1202–1208. Bibcode:1994Sci...266.1202M. doi:10.1126/science.7973702. PMID 7973702.
Bergson, Abram (April 1997). "How Big Was the Soviet GDP?". Comparative Economic Studies. 39 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1057/ces.1997.1.
Harrison, Mark (January 1993). "Soviet economic growth since 1928: The alternative statistics of G. I. Khanin". Europe-Asia Studies. 45 (1): 141–167. doi:10.1080/09668139308412080.
Rosefielde, Steven (1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s". Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (6): 956–987. doi:10.1080/09668139608412393. JSTOR 152635. The new evidence shows that administrative command planning and Stalin's forced industrialization strategies failed in the 1930s and beyond. The economic miracle chronicled in official hagiographies and until recently faithfully recounted in Western textbooks has no basis in fact. It is the statistical artefact not of index number relativity (the Gerschenkron effect) but of misapplying to the calculation of growth cost prices that do not accurately measure competitive value. The standard of living declined during the 1930s in response to Stalin's despotism, and after a brief improvement following his death, lapsed into stagnation. Glasnost and post-communist revelations interpreted as a whole thus provide no basis for Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov's relatively favorable characterization of the methods, economic achievements and human costs of Stalinism. The evidence demonstrates that the suppression of markets and the oppression of vast segments of the population were economically counterproductive and humanly calamitous, just as anyone conversant with classical economic theory should have expected.
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thebulletin.org (Global: 6,637^th place; English: 5,064^th place)

thediplomat.com (Global: 1,377^th place; English: 912^th place)

theglobeandmail.com (Global: 336^th place; English: 179^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

themoscowtimes.com (Global: 1,347^th place; English: 966^th place)

transparency.org (Global: 4,270^th place; English: 4,412^th place)

truthout.org (Global: low place; English: 8,642^nd place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)