Spain (English Wikipedia)

Henley, Peter H.; Blokker, Niels M. "The Group of 20: A Short Legal Anatomy" (PDF). Melbourne Journal of International Law. 14: 568. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2018. Spain's peculiar but seemingly secure position within the G20 also appears to have facilitated their greater participation in the G20's work: Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G20.

bank-holidays.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bank holidays in Spain". bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"'First west Europe tooth' found". BBC. 30 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Spanish Civil War fighters look back^{[permanent dead link]}, BBC News, 23 February 2003
"Al-Qaeda 'claims Madrid bombings'". BBC. 14 March 2004. Archived from the original on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Madrid bombers get long sentences". BBC. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Bailey, Dominic (14 March 2004). "Spain votes under a shadow". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 August 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Spain's fast-living king turns 70 Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine BBC News Friday, 4 January 2008 Extracted 18 June 2009
"Immigration statistics". BBC. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

bbc.co.uk

"Spain's Indignados protest here to stay". BBC News. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication". BBC News. 18 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid". BBC. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule". BBC. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament". BBC News. Barcelona, Madrid. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Spain media guide". BBC News. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2026.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

"Spain Opens Doors to 1 Million Migrants to Boost Workforce". Bloomberg News. 29 May 2025.

boe.es (Global: 341^st place; English: 748^th place)

Presidency of the Government (11 October 1997). "Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado núm. 244 (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
"Ley 25/2014, de 27 de noviembre, de Tratados y otros Acuerdos Internacionales". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Government of Spain. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2025. Artículo 8. Denominación del Estado español. La denominación oficial del Estado español en los tratados internacionales será «Reino de España».
Spanish Constitution 1978. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 143. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 147. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 8. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 62. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, preamble. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Ley 26/1992 Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Documento BOE-A-1992-24855, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
Ley 25/1992 Archived 27 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Documento BOE-A-1992-24854, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
Ley 24/1992 Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Documento BOE-A-1992-24853, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Phillips, William D.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (2010). A Concise History of Spain. Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-60721-6.
Classen, Albrecht (31 August 2015). Handbook of Medieval Culture. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-026730-3. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2018 – via Google Books.
Lansing, Carol; English, Edward D. (2012). A Companion to the Medieval World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 323. ISBN 978-1-118-49946-7.
Handbook of European History. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. 1994. ISBN 90-04-09760-0. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Alvar Ezquerra, Jaime (2001). Diccionario de historia de España. Ediciones Akal. p. 209. ISBN 978-84-7090-366-3. Cortes of Cádiz (1812) was the first parliament of Spain with sovereign power
Cruz Artacho, Salvador (2003). "Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración". In Gutiérrez, Rosa Ana; Zurita, Rafael; Camurri, Renato (eds.). Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890–1923). Valencia: Universitat de València. p. 33. ISBN 84-370-5672-1. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
Meaker, Gerald H. (1974). The Revolutionary Left in Spain, 1914–1923. Stanford University Press. p. 159 ff. ISBN 0-8047-0845-2.
Shelley, Fred M. (2015). Governments around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies. ABC-CLIO. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4408-3813-2. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
Casado Velarde, Manuel (2011). "Spain, a plurilingual state: Spanish and other official languages". In Stickel, Gerhard (ed.). National, regional and minority languages in Europe. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. p. 129. ISBN 978-3-631-60365-9. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages. Peter Lang. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-03911-041-4. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
Annie Cloulas (1980). "Origines et évolution du terme "Plateresco"". Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez. Vol. 16. Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. p. 159. ISBN 978-84-600-2213-8.
Marcel Durliat (1966). L'Architecture espagnole. Privat-Didier. p. 203.
Leblon, Bernard (2003). Gypsies and Flamenco: The Emergence of the Art of Flamenco in Andalusia. Translated by Ni Shuinear, Sinead. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-1-902806-05-1.

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). "Granada and Its International Contacts". The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West. Brill. pp. 124–125. doi:10.1163/9789004443594_006. ISBN 978-90-04-44359-4. S2CID 243153050. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Spain - Migration, Immigration, Emigration | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 11 December 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.

caib.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"BOCAe32.QXD" (PDF) (in Catalan). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.

camara.leg.br (Global: 2,323^rd place; English: 5,631^st place)

bd.camara.leg.br

Torres, João Camilo de Oliveira (2017). A democracia coroada (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-85-402-0667-0.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

McCaughey, J. Davis (1993). The Crown at State Level (Speech). Hugo Wolfsohn Memorial Lecture. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

cas-international.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"More than 500,000 signatures for the end of bullfighting as cultural heritage in Spain • CAS International". CAS International (in Dutch). 30 January 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2026.

casareal.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"HM The King's address to the Cortes Generales on the occasion of his accession". Casa de Su Majestad El Rey. 19 June 2014.
"Functions of the Head of State". Royal Household of Spain. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

cervantes.es (Global: 3,571^st place; English: 6,448^th place)

"572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo". www.cervantes.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2021.

cervantesvirtual.com (Global: 1,708^th place; English: 4,203^rd place)

Blázquez, José María (1988). "Los griegos en la Península Ibérica, siglos VII-V a.C. Analogías con la colonización griega en el Mar Negro (Cólquida)". Homenaje a García y Bellido 5. Anejos de Gerión. pp. 9–18 – via Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

channelnewsasia.com (Global: 1,005^th place; English: 573^rd place)

"Spain to launch tool to monitor hate on social media, PM Sanchez says". CNA. Retrieved 12 March 2026.

churchofjesuschrist.org (Global: 1,733^rd place; English: 879^th place)

newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org

"Spain – Newsroom". churchofjesuschrist.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2010.

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

"Spain", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 6 August 2025, archived from the original on 18 January 2026, retrieved 8 August 2025

ciccp.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

ropdigital.ciccp.es

Lara Galera, Antonio L. (2015). "El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito" (PDF). Revista de Obras Públicas (3569): 57. ISSN 0034-8619. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

cis.es (Global: low place; English: 7,401^st place)

Barómetro de enero 2026: Estudio nº 3540 (in Spanish). Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. 2026. Retrieved 21 January 2026., 4.006 respondents. The question was ¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religión, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?.
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos" (in Spanish). p. 160. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religion, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the Autonomous communities of Spain.

climatechangepost.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Biodiversity in Spain". Climatechangepost.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

cm.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

webbshop.cm.se

Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table for figure 49. Source: IEA/OECD . Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

cnn.com

Pleitgen, Fred; Otto, Claudia; Paddison, Laura (2 May 2023). "Disappearing lakes, dead crops and trucked-in water: Drought-stricken Spain is running dry". CNN. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

edition.cnn.com

"Catalonians vote for more autonomy". CNN. 18 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Economic Survey: Spain 2005". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. and "Country Briefings: Spain". The Economist. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2008. and "Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

compareyourcountry.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

www2.compareyourcountry.org

"Compare your country - PISA 2018". www2.compareyourcountry.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.

congreso.es (Global: 2,511^th place; English: 7,244^th place)

congreso.es

"Functions". Congress of Deputies of Spain. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

narros.congreso.es

"Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón". Narros.congreso.es. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.

constituteproject.org (Global: 4,115^th place; English: 3,114^th place)

"Section 86, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 56 (1), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 1 (3), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 61 (1), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 56 (3), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 64, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 65, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (a), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 91, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (b), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 68 (4), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 69 (6), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 116 (5), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 168, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (e), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 123 (2), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 160, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 124 (4), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 152 (1), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (f), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (h), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 63 (3), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 63 (2), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 63 (1), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (i), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (j), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (g), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 115, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 92, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 122 (3), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 159 (1), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 62 (d), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 99, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 66, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 68, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 69, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 97, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Part V. Relations Between the Government and the Cortes Generales, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 98 (1), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 97, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
"Section 100, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 98 (2), Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
"Section 99, Spanish Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

consumer.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

revista.consumer.es

"La Fuerza del Mar". revista.consumer.es. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.

csmonitor.com (Global: 982^nd place; English: 614^th place)

The Monitor's Editorial Board (4 June 2019). "The Spanish king who set, then saved, democracy". Christian Science Monitor. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 August 2024.

cyberistan.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Treaty of Granada, 1492". Islamic Civilisation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

diariodecastillayleon.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ricardo García (2 January 2024). "Castilla y León consolida cinco años de liderazgo en turismo rural". Diario de Castilla y León.

dip-badajoz.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

Medina García, Eusebio (2006). «Orígenes históricos y ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya)» Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Revista de Estudios Extremeños. Tomo LXII (II Mayo-Agosto). ISSN 0210-2854, pp. 713–723.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Fernández-Molina, Irene; Ojeda-García, Raquel (2020). "Western Sahara as a Hybrid of a Parastate and a State-in-Exile: (Extra)territoriality and the Small Print of Sovereignty in a Context of Frozen Conflict". Nationalities Papers. 48: 83–99. doi:10.1017/nps.2019.34. A number of jurists argue that Spain remains the de jure administering power of Western Sahara since the Madrid Accords violated Article 73 of the UN Charter and failed to be endorsed by the UN General Assembly. Such has been the position advocated by the African Union [...] since 2014.
Vila, F. Xavier; Lasagabaster, David; Ramallo, Fernando (2016). "Bilingual Education in the Autonomous Regions of Spain". Bilingual and Multilingual Education. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 1–13. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_28-1. ISBN 978-3-319-02324-3. Retrieved 22 August 2026.
Arechaga, Juan (2009). "Science in Hispania: Spain and Portugal on the main route again". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 53 (8–10): 1119–1122. doi:10.1387/ijdb.093019ja. PMID 19924620.
Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
Feeney, Denis (July 2017). "Carthage and Rome: Introduction". Classical Philology. 112 (3): 301–311. doi:10.1086/692440. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011). "The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188–1789". The Economic History Review. 65 (3): 835–861. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. hdl:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. ISSN 0013-0117. S2CID 154956049.
Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). "Granada and Its International Contacts". The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West. Brill. pp. 124–125. doi:10.1163/9789004443594_006. ISBN 978-90-04-44359-4. S2CID 243153050. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
Serrano Daura, Josep (2019). "Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico". Revista de Dret Històric Català. 18 (18). Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics: 75. doi:10.2436/20.3004.01.119. ISSN 1578-5300.
Rodríguez, Jaime E. (2013). Independence of Spanish America. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511721137. ISBN 978-0-521-62298-1.
Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". History of Education Quarterly. 63 (2): 198–220. doi:10.1017/heq.2023.5. hdl:10251/201668. ISSN 0018-2680. S2CID 258190145.
Woolf, Steven H.; Masters, Ryan K.; Aron, Laudan Y. (24 June 2021). "Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data". BMJ. 373 n1343. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1343. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8220857. PMID 34162598.
T. Estrela; M.A. Pérez-Martin; E. Vargas (2012). "Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 57 (6): 1154–1167. Bibcode:2012HydSJ..57.1154E. doi:10.1080/02626667.2012.702213. hdl:10251/47415.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
Walther L. Bernecker (January 1998). "Monarchy and Democracy: The Political Role of King Juan Carlos in the Spanish Transicion". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1177/003200949803300104. JSTOR 260997.
Borrella-Mas, Miguel Ángel; Rode, Martin (2021). "Love is blind: partisan alignment and political corruption in Spain". SERIEs. 12 (3): 423–451. doi:10.1007/s13209-021-00228-6. ISSN 1869-4187. Retrieved 24 April 2026.
Salmon, K. (2001). "Privatisation of state-owned enterprises in Spain: redefining the political economy". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 14 (3): 136–147. doi:10.1386/ijis.14.3.136. ISSN 1364-971X.
Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 19. doi:10.34667/tind.58864. ISBN 978-92-805-3797-0. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
Añón Higón, Dolores; Díez-Minguela, Alfonso (2021). "Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?". Business Research Quarterly. 27 (2): 1; 5. doi:10.1177/23409444211042382. hdl:10550/88686. S2CID 239695136.
Giachi, Sandro; Fernández-Esquinas, Manuel (2020). "Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry". Research Evaluation. 29 (4): 392–405. doi:10.1093/reseval/rvaa014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
Recalde Fernández, Montserrat (2016). "A contribución da inmigración ao multilingüismo do Estado español" (PDF). In Recalde Fernández, Montserrat; Silva Domínguez, Carme (eds.). Ser inmigrante en tempos de crise: Unha ollada multidisciplinar. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Compostela. p. 175. doi:10.15304/9788416533015. ISBN 978-84-16533-01-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
Amorós Negre, Carla (2016), "The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience", Sociolinguistica, 1 (30): 26–28, doi:10.1515/soci-2016-0003, ISSN 0933-1883, S2CID 132493573, archived from the original on 31 May 2022, retrieved 5 April 2022

easynet.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

easyweb.easynet.co.uk

Conversi, Daniele (2002). "The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question" (PDF). National Identities, Vol 4, No. 3. Carfax Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.

economicsandpeace.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"2024 Global Peace Index" (PDF).

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). "Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2008. See also: "Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer". The Economist. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
"An election bombshell". The Economist. 18 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Rajoy ahoy". The Economist. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Catalonians vote for more autonomy". CNN. 18 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Economic Survey: Spain 2005". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. and "Country Briefings: Spain". The Economist. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2008. and "Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
"Spain shows Europe how to keep up with America's economy". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
"A good bet?". The Economist. Business. Madrid. 30 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
"Big in America?". The Economist. Business. Madrid. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.

educacionyfp.gob.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional". Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.

eldiario.es (Global: 584^th place; English: 1,449^th place)

Borraz, Marta (18 March 2021). "Luz verde definitiva: la ley de eutanasia ya es una realidad en España tras superar su último trámite en el Congreso". ElDiario.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.

elespanol.com (Global: 1,149^th place; English: 1,875^th place)

Yuste, Javier (13 December 2019). "Viaje por la cara B del cine español". El Cultural. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022 – via El Español.

elmundo.es (Global: 258^th place; English: 676^th place)

"El AVE español, el más veloz del mundo y el segundo en puntualidad". El Mundo. Spain. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Crespo, Íñigo (7 November 2013). "La Tauromaquia ya es oficialmente Patrimonio Cultural El Senado aprueba por vez primera en la historia" [Bullfighting is now officially recognised as Cultural Heritage; the Senate has approved the move for the first time in history]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 April 2026.

elpais.com (Global: 89^th place; English: 268^th place)

elpais.com

Alandete, David (27 October 2017). "Análisis. Is Catalonia independent?". El País. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017.
Ríos, Pere; Piñol, Àngels (27 October 2017). "El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2017.
Rincón, Reyes (25 November 2015). "The successes and failures of Spain's fight against domestic abuse". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Méndez, Rafael (9 November 2009). "La eólica supera por primera vez la mitad de la producción eléctrica". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
"14 reactores nucleares movidos por el viento". El País. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
"Madrid supera el millón de latinoamericanos, uno de cada siete habitantes". 20 December 2024.
580.000 personas se van de España Archived 15 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. El País. Edición Impresa. 8 October 2011
Koch, Tommaso (22 October 2025). "El debate sobre la tauromaquia, una batalla cultural y política que divide a la izquierda". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 April 2026.

english.elpais.com

Medina, Miguel Ángel; Tasca, Elisa (12 August 2021). "Weather experts on Spain's heatwave: 'A summer like this will be considered cold in 30 years' time'". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
"San Fermín 2018: Sanfermines in numbers: 10 facts you need to know". El País English. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2025. The San Fermín fiestas continue to be a major crowd-puller, with more than 1.45 million people attending last year's fiestas, which included 425 different activities.

politica.elpais.com

Villena, Miguel Ángel (9 June 2012). "El contubernio que preparó la democracia". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013.

elperiodico.com (Global: 1,316^th place; English: 2,477^th place)

"El apoyo a la independencia de Catalunya baja del 40%, según una encuesta del ICPS". 13 January 2023.
Julve, Rafa (9 March 2016). "Señores, se acabó la mili". El Periódico. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Spain" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Montañes, Juan Martinez" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 757.

enn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spain to Put 1 million Electric Cars on the Road". Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.

eolicenergynews.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time". Eolic Energy News. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

espanoleschool.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Top 10 most famous Spanish painters". Españolé. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2025.

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

Sandford, Alasdair (27 October 2017). "Catalonia: what direct rule from Madrid could mean". euronews. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Spain to grant residency and work permits to around 300,000 undocumented migrants per year". Euronews. 4 November 2024.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

ec.europa.eu

"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
"Fertility statistics". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 November 2025.

europarl.europa.eu

"Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya!". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.

eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu

"Spain: Main executive and legislative bodies". European Commission. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

"Population in Europe in 2005" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

europeanfutureenergyforum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spain becomes solar power world leader". Europeanfutureenergyforum.com. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.

fcbarcelona.com (Global: 1,121^st place; English: 1,060^th place)

"Women's Football Honours". FC Barcelona Official Channel. Retrieved 15 November 2025.

fedpival.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of the Valencian Pilota", Federació de Pilota Valenciana (in Catalan), archived from the original on 14 June 2013, retrieved 5 December 2013

ferede.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE". Ferede.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

"Spain's Iberdrola signs investment accord with Gulf group Taqa". Forbes. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010.

fortune.com (Global: 647^th place; English: 421^st place)

Lluch, Jorge. "The real reason Spain's economy is bucking the trend of European decline". Fortune Europe. Retrieved 14 December 2024.

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

Jopson, Barney; Romei, Valentina (27 January 2026). "Spain's unemployment rate falls to lowest level since 2008". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 January 2026.

fundacion-biodiversidad.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

Biodiversidad, Fundación (18 February 2014). "The Foundation". Fundación Biodiversidad. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.

gobiernodecanarias.org (Global: 5,483^rd place; English: 8,710^th place)

www2.gobiernodecanarias.org

"Nuevo Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias". .gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

hacettepe.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr

Caponigri, A. Robert (1967). Contemporary Spanish Philosophy (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Burke, Ulick Ralph (1895). A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, Volume 1. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 12. hdl:2027/hvd.fl29jg.
VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011). "The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188–1789". The Economic History Review. 65 (3): 835–861. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. hdl:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. ISSN 0013-0117. S2CID 154956049.
Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". History of Education Quarterly. 63 (2): 198–220. doi:10.1017/heq.2023.5. hdl:10251/201668. ISSN 0018-2680. S2CID 258190145.
T. Estrela; M.A. Pérez-Martin; E. Vargas (2012). "Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain". Hydrological Sciences Journal. 57 (6): 1154–1167. Bibcode:2012HydSJ..57.1154E. doi:10.1080/02626667.2012.702213. hdl:10251/47415.
Añón Higón, Dolores; Díez-Minguela, Alfonso (2021). "Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?". Business Research Quarterly. 27 (2): 1; 5. doi:10.1177/23409444211042382. hdl:10550/88686. S2CID 239695136.

heraldo.es (Global: 2,885^th place; English: 6,170^th place)

"Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas". El Heraldo. September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

herts.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

uhra.herts.ac.uk

Salmon, K. (2001). "Privatisation of state-owned enterprises in Spain: redefining the political economy". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 14 (3): 136–147. doi:10.1386/ijis.14.3.136. ISSN 1364-971X.

historynet.com (Global: 2,564^th place; English: 1,569^th place)

Bell, David A. (7 March 2007). "Napoleon's Total War". historynet.com.

historyofspain.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

History of Spain (29 January 2019). "THE HISTORY OF SPAIN". historyofspain.es. Retrieved 19 June 2025.

iaph.es (Global: 9,390^th place; English: low place)

repositorio.iaph.es

Alonso Villalobos, Carlos (1984). "Contribución al estudio de las invasiones mauritanas de la Bética en el siglo II" (PDF). Actas del II Congreso Andaluz deEstudios Clásicos. Vol. II. Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

ibox.bg (Global: low place; English: low place)

international.ibox.bg

"Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs". News.bg. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

idae.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Renewable energies in Spain". Institute for the Diversification and Saving of Energy.

idea.int (Global: low place; English: 6,081^st place)

"Spain | The Global State of Democracy". www.idea.int. Retrieved 6 October 2025.

imf.org (Global: 225^th place; English: 601^st place)

data.imf.org

"World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 14 April 2026. Retrieved 18 April 2026.

ine.es (Global: 126^th place; English: 709^th place)

"Continuous Population Statistics (CPS) 1 April 2026. Provisional data". ine.es. 7 May 2026.
"INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 1st July 2026. Provisional data". ine.es. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
"Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS). Fourth Quarter 2025". INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
"Economically Active Population Survey. Fourth Quarter 2024". INE Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
"Tourist Movement on Borders". National Statistics Institute (Spain). 3 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
"Touristic expenditure". National Statistics Institute (Spain). 3 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
"Tourism Satellite Account of Spain. Year 2023". ine.es. National Statistics Institute (Spain).
"Population pyramid for January 1st. 2021, Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)".
"INEbase / Continuous Population Statistics (CPS). 1st January 2026. Provisional data". ine.es. Retrieved 12 February 2026.
"Población residente por fecha, sexo, grupo de edad y país de nacimiento(56937)". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2025.
"Indice coyuntural de fecundidad". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
"Población extranjera por sexo, país de nacionalidad y edad". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
"INEbase / Demography and population /Demographic phenomena /Statistics on Acquisition of Spanish Citizenship of Residents / Latest data". INE. Retrieved 20 November 2025.
"Población residente por fecha, sexo, grupo de edad y país de nacimiento(56937)". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2025.
"Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Estadística del Padrón Continuo". ine.es. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
"Population series from 1998". INE Spanish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
"INEbase / Demografía y población /Cifras de población y Censos demográficos /Encuesta de Características Esenciales de la Población y las Viviendas / Microdatos". INE (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2025.

investinspain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spain is the 2nd largest automaker in Europe and the 8th largest in the world". ICEX-Invest in Spain. 22 July 2024 – via investinspain.org.

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,453^rd place; English: 4,916^th place)

"SPAIN: No Turning Back from Path to Gender Equality". Ipsnews.net. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.

ipu.org (Global: 2,152^nd place; English: 1,963^rd place)

"Women in National Parliaments". Ipu.org. 28 February 2010. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2010.

irishtimes.com (Global: 252^nd place; English: 133^rd place)

"Spanish institutional crisis triggered by legal block of judicial reform". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.

janes.com (Global: 746^th place; English: 524^th place)

"Update: Spain to increase defence spending". janes.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Walther L. Bernecker (January 1998). "Monarchy and Democracy: The Political Role of King Juan Carlos in the Spanish Transicion". Journal of Contemporary History. 33 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1177/003200949803300104. JSTOR 260997.
Orringer, Nelson R. (1998). "Redefining the Spanish Silver Age and '98 Within It". Anales de la literatura Española Contemporánea. 23 (1/2). Society of Spanish & Spanish-American Studies: 317. JSTOR 25642011.

juntadeandalucia.es (Global: 2,580^th place; English: 7,635^th place)

"La división provincial de 1833" (PDF). Regional Government of Andalusia (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 January 2026.

juridicas.com (Global: 7,106^th place; English: low place)

noticias.juridicas.com

La Ley Orgánica 2/2006 Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 September 2009
Ley Orgánica 8/2013 Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 December 2013

justiciadegenero.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Analysis of 8 years of Gender Violence Law in Spain | Gender violence and justice". justiciadegenero.com. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.

lamoncloa.gob.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Preliminary Title" (in Spanish). Lamoncloa.gob.es. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013. 1. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it.
"Geography of Spain". www.lamoncloa.gob.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2025.
"Institutions of Spain". La Moncloa, the Office of the President of the Government. Retrieved 15 April 2024.

larchitecturedaujourdhui.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Andrew Ayers (December 2020), "Ricardo Bofill, A l'échelle de l'histoire", L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, archived from the original on 17 January 2021, retrieved 15 November 2025

lavanguardia.com (Global: 394^th place; English: 1,032^nd place)

"El contubernio de Munich". La Vanguardia. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
"El jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra y 11 tenientes generales aspiran a JEMAD". La Vanguardia. 6 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

learnodo-newtonic.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Anirudh. "10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez | Learnodo Newtonic". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.

linguatics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The History of the Guitar in Spain". Linguatics.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lcweb2.loc.gov

Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain. Chapter 1 – Hispania". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.

maec.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"La cuestión de Gibraltar" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain. January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2010.

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; English: 646^th place)

Voorhies, James (October 2003). "Francisco de Goya (1746–1828) and the Spanish Enlightenment". www.metmuseum.org. HEILBRUNN TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY ESSAYS. Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 17 April 2021.

movimientoeuropeo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Contubernio de Múnich: 50 años". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014.

mptmd.gob.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Política local". mptmd.gob.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 January 2026.

newadvent.org (Global: 530^th place; English: 466^th place)

Alonso Cano – Catholic Encyclopedia article

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia". New Scientist. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

newtral.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"La mitad de los catalanes se siente tan español como catalán, un 8,4% más desde las elecciones de 2012". May 2024.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Arechaga, Juan (2009). "Science in Hispania: Spain and Portugal on the main route again". The International Journal of Developmental Biology. 53 (8–10): 1119–1122. doi:10.1387/ijdb.093019ja. PMID 19924620.
Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
Woolf, Steven H.; Masters, Ryan K.; Aron, Laudan Y. (24 June 2021). "Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data". BMJ. 373 n1343. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1343. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8220857. PMID 34162598.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Woolf, Steven H.; Masters, Ryan K.; Aron, Laudan Y. (24 June 2021). "Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data". BMJ. 373 n1343. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1343. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8220857. PMID 34162598.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

"Spain Is World's Leader in Solar Energy". NPR.org. NPR. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). "Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2008. See also: "Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer". The Economist. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Minder, Raphael (June 2018). "Spain's Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, Is Ousted in No-Confidence Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.

oecd.org (Global: 1,345^th place; English: 1,190^th place)

oecd.org

"Catalonians vote for more autonomy". CNN. 18 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Economic Survey: Spain 2005". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. and "Country Briefings: Spain". The Economist. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2008. and "Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
"OECD report for 2006" (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
OECD (20 June 2024). Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators, Figure 4.1 Median income varies by a factor eight across OECD countries. OECD.
"The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA): Spain" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.

stats.oecd.org

"Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

Giachi, Sandro; Fernández-Esquinas, Manuel (2020). "Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry". Research Evaluation. 29 (4): 392–405. doi:10.1093/reseval/rvaa014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,491^st place; English: 1,740^th place)

Roser, Max (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 7 August 2018, retrieved 8 May 2019

palenciaenlared.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CyL se mantiene como líder en turismo rural en 2024, pero Palencia pierde un 10 % de viajeros". Palencia en la Red. 31 January 2025. Retrieved 20 June 2025.

parametric-architecture.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Santiago Calatrava: 6 Notable Projects". Parametric Architecture. 25 February 2025. Retrieved 15 November 2025.

pewglobal.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global Acceptance of Homosexuality". Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.

phys.org (Global: 1,595^th place; English: 1,363^rd place)

Villalobos, Alvaro (6 May 2018). "Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector". Phys.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

planderetornovoluntario.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

Plan de Retorno Voluntario Archived 18 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Gobierno de España

railpro.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spain powers ahead with high-speed rail". railpro.co.uk. January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.

redalyc.org (Global: 2,409^th place; English: 3,440^th place)

Antonova, N.V.; Myagkov, G.P; Nikolaeva, O.A (2019). "Genesis problem of philosophical thought in spanish historiography" (PDF). Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana. 24 (5). Universidad del Zulia: 66–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

renovablesmadeinspain.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Wind power in Spain breaks new instantaneous power record". renovablesmadeinspain.es. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

Ortiz, Fiona (22 April 2013). "Spain's population falls as immigrants flee crisis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.

schweizerbart.de (Global: 6,346^th place; English: 8,812^th place)

"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

scimagoir.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Scimago Institution Rankings". Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2018.

"Health care in Spain: Beneficiairies". seg-social.es. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011). "The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188–1789". The Economic History Review. 65 (3): 835–861. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. hdl:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. ISSN 0013-0117. S2CID 154956049.
Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). "Granada and Its International Contacts". The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West. Brill. pp. 124–125. doi:10.1163/9789004443594_006. ISBN 978-90-04-44359-4. S2CID 243153050. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". History of Education Quarterly. 63 (2): 198–220. doi:10.1017/heq.2023.5. hdl:10251/201668. ISSN 0018-2680. S2CID 258190145.
Añón Higón, Dolores; Díez-Minguela, Alfonso (2021). "Do universities matter for the location of foreign R&D?". Business Research Quarterly. 27 (2): 1; 5. doi:10.1177/23409444211042382. hdl:10550/88686. S2CID 239695136.
Amorós Negre, Carla (2016), "The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience", Sociolinguistica, 1 (30): 26–28, doi:10.1515/soci-2016-0003, ISSN 0933-1883, S2CID 132493573, archived from the original on 31 May 2022, retrieved 5 April 2022

senado.es (Global: 6,562^nd place; English: low place)

"Composition of the Senate". Senate of Spain. Retrieved 11 April 2024.

spoonfed.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals". Spoonfed.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Vila, F. Xavier; Lasagabaster, David; Ramallo, Fernando (2016). "Bilingual Education in the Autonomous Regions of Spain". Bilingual and Multilingual Education. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 1–13. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02324-3_28-1. ISBN 978-3-319-02324-3. Retrieved 22 August 2026.
Borrella-Mas, Miguel Ángel; Rode, Martin (2021). "Love is blind: partisan alignment and political corruption in Spain". SERIEs. 12 (3): 423–451. doi:10.1007/s13209-021-00228-6. ISSN 1869-4187. Retrieved 24 April 2026.

student-notes.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Realism in 19th Century Spanish Literature". Student Notes. 7 June 2025. Retrieved 7 June 2025.

studysmarter.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

StudySmarter (7 June 2025). "Social Realism in Spain". StudySmarter. Retrieved 7 June 2025.

teinteresa.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

De la LGE a la LOMCE: Así son las siete leyes educativas españolas de la democracia Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. teinteresa.es

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

"Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 December 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

theatlantic.com (Global: 322^nd place; English: 198^th place)

Roberto A. Ferdman, Spain's Black Market Economy Is Worth 20% of Its GDP: One million Spanish people have jobs in the underground economy Archived 11 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Atlantic (16 July 2013)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

"King Orders army to crush coup". The Guardian. 23 February 1981. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Spain legalises gay marriage". The Guardian. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Tremlett, Giles (5 September 2010). "Basque separatists Eta announce ceasefire". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2012). "Mariano Rajoy announces €65bn in austerity measures for Spain". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Bayer, Lili (16 November 2023). "Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez wins new term as Spanish PM following election gamble – as it happened". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
Tremlett, Giles (9 May 2005). "Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
Kassam, Ashifa (18 February 2025). "How Spain's radically different approach to migration helped its economy soar". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 June 2025.
Lyttleton, Ben; Bellos, Alex (9 June 2021). "Football School extract: how Spain won three tournaments in a row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2025.

thelocal.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

AFP (6 May 2018). "Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector". The Local (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.

theportugalnews.com (Global: low place; English: 9,766^th place)

"Spain disputes Portugal islands" Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Portugal News. Retrieved 9 September 2013.

timesonline.co.uk (Global: 437^th place; English: 317^th place)

Richardson, Paul (19 August 2007). "Spain's perfect paella". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.

todofp.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

"La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo – TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.

travelguide.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Travel guide. "Airports in Spain The most important airports in Spain at a glance". travelguide.net.^{[permanent dead link]}

traveling.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Travelling. "Airports in Spain". travelling.com. Retrieved 20 June 2025.

triplepundit.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Algae Based Biofuels in Plain English: Why it Matters, How it Works. (algae algaebiofuels carbonsequestration valcent vertigro algaebasedbiofuels ethanol)". Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit. Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2008.

trobat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Estatut" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.

uc3m.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

e-archivo.uc3m.es

Fernández Liesa, Carlos R. (2004). "La cuestión de Olivenza, a la luz del Derecho internacional público" (PDF). Encuentros: Revista luso-española de investigadores en Ciencias humanas y sociales. Separatas (4). Ayuntamiento de Olivenza: 234–235. ISSN 1138-6622. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2014.

uca.edu (Global: 5,496^th place; English: 4,091^st place)

libro.uca.edu

Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 1 Ancient Hispania". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Thomas F. Glick. "Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations". The Library of Iberian Resources Online (LIBRO). Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
"The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.

uca.edu.ar (Global: low place; English: low place)

erevistas.uca.edu.ar

Dapueto Reyes, María de los Ángeles (2015). "Literatura hispanorromance primigenia: la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60". Letras. 2 (72). Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires: 90. ISSN 0326-3363. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.

uca.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

revistas.uca.es

González Subías, José Luis (2007). "La extensión del Romanticismo en España". Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII (15). Editorial UCA: 226; 228–229. ISSN 2173-0687. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

ucalgary.ca (Global: 3,492^nd place; English: 2,416^th place)

"Imperial Spain". University of Calgary. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

journals.uchicago.edu

Feeney, Denis (July 2017). "Carthage and Rome: Introduction". Classical Philology. 112 (3): 301–311. doi:10.1086/692440. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

ucm.es (Global: 2,162^nd place; English: 3,328^th place)

revistas.ucm.es

Scheen, Rolf (1996). "Viking raids on the spanish peninsula". Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar (8): 67–73. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

daccess-dds-ny.un.org

"Resolution 2070: Question of Gibraltar" (PDF). United Nations. 16 December 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
"Resolution 2231: Question of Gibraltar" (PDF). United Nations. 20 December 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2010.

un.org

Spain's letter to the UN (PDF) (in Spanish), UN, September 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017

undocs.org (Global: 2,993^rd place; English: 2,312^th place)

United Nations Security Council Letter dated 29 January 2002 from the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, the Legal Counsel, addressed to the President of the Security Council S/2002/161 12 February 2002. Retrieved 1 September 2026.

undp.org (Global: 638^th place; English: 1,294^th place)

hdr.undp.org

"Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
"Human Development Report 2007/2008" (PDF). Hdr.undp.org. January 2008. p. 330. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

uned.es (Global: 7,199^th place; English: 9,790^th place)

e-spacio.uned.es

Abad, Francisco (2007). "La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata: cultura y filología" (PDF). Epos. Revista de Filología (23): 244–245. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

whc.unesco.org

"Spain". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

unesco.org

"Spain – Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

unirioja.es (Global: 990^th place; English: 2,293^rd place)

dialnet.unirioja.es

Bernaldo de Quirós Guidolti, Federico; Cabrera Valdés, Victoria (1994). "Cronología del arte paleolítico" (PDF). Complutum. 5: 265–276. ISSN 1131-6993. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
Valério, Miguel (2008). "Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts: the orthography and phonology of the Southwestern alphabet" (PDF). Revista portuguesa de arqueologia. 11 (2): 117. ISSN 0874-2782.
Aubet, María Eugenia (2006). "El sistema colonial fenicio y sus pautas de organización" (PDF). Mainake (28): 36–37, 44–45. ISSN 0212-078X.
Martínez Shaw, Carlos (2016). "El Despotismo Ilustrado en España: entre la continuidad y el cambio" (PDF). El Siglo de las Luces: III Centenario del Nacimiento de José de Hermosilla (1715–1776). Sociedad Extremeña de Historia. p. 14. ISBN 978-84-608-8037-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
Montes Fernández, Francisco José (2011). "Recordando la historia del cine español" (PDF). Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense. XLIV. ISSN 1133-3677. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

upload.wikimedia.org (Global: 1,245^th place; English: 1,259^th place)

Spanish: España, [esˈpaɲa] ^ⓘ

usc.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

gramatica.usc.es

Recalde Fernández, Montserrat (2016). "A contribución da inmigración ao multilingüismo do Estado español" (PDF). In Recalde Fernández, Montserrat; Silva Domínguez, Carme (eds.). Ser inmigrante en tempos de crise: Unha ollada multidisciplinar. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Compostela. p. 175. doi:10.15304/9788416533015. ISBN 978-84-16533-01-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.

usnews.com (Global: 720^th place; English: 417^th place)

"Countries With the Most Cultural Influence". U.S. News. 1 January 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.

usp.br (Global: 1,596^th place; English: 3,629^th place)

Faoro, Raymundo (2001). Os Donos do Poder (PDF) (in Portuguese). Globo. pp. 343–344. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016.

villagevoice.com (Global: 1,275^th place; English: 702^nd place)

DiGregorio, Sarah (1 December 2009). "Spain Gain at Mercat Negre". The Village Voice. New York. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2010.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

"Gallup International Religiosity Index" (PDF). The Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2016.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Presidency of the Government (11 October 1997). "Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado núm. 244 (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015.
"AAN 256/2014 - ECLI:ES:AN:2014:256A" (PDF). 21 November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2026. Retrieved 2 July 2025. This Plenary agrees ... that Spain is still de jure, although not de facto, the Administering Power of the territory, and as such, until the end of the decolonization, has the obligations contained in articles 73 and 74 of the Charter of the United Nations ...
"Preliminary Title" (in Spanish). Lamoncloa.gob.es. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013. 1. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. All Spaniards have the duty to know it and the right to use it.
"Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
"Human Development Report 2025" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2025. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
ABC (28 August 2014). ""I-span-ya", el misterioso origen de la palabra España" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 November 2016.
"'First west Europe tooth' found". BBC. 30 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Bernaldo de Quirós Guidolti, Federico; Cabrera Valdés, Victoria (1994). "Cronología del arte paleolítico" (PDF). Complutum. 5: 265–276. ISSN 1131-6993. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 1 Ancient Hispania". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain. Chapter 1 – Hispania". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Alonso Villalobos, Carlos (1984). "Contribución al estudio de las invasiones mauritanas de la Bética en el siglo II" (PDF). Actas del II Congreso Andaluz deEstudios Clásicos. Vol. II. Sociedad Española de Estudios Clásicos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Castile and Aragon". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Thomas F. Glick. "Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages. Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations". The Library of Iberian Resources Online (LIBRO). Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 2 Al-Andalus". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Scheen, Rolf (1996). "Viking raids on the spanish peninsula". Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar (8): 67–73. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
Classen, Albrecht (31 August 2015). Handbook of Medieval Culture. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-026730-3. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2018 – via Google Books.
Salicrú i Lluch, Roser (2020). "Granada and Its International Contacts". The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada between East and West. Brill. pp. 124–125. doi:10.1163/9789004443594_006. ISBN 978-90-04-44359-4. S2CID 243153050. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia". New Scientist. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
"The Treaty of Granada, 1492". Islamic Civilisation. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – The Golden Age". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
"Imperial Spain". University of Calgary. Archived from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Handbook of European History. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España. 1994. ISBN 90-04-09760-0. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 13 The Spanish Empire". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
"The Seventeenth-Century Decline". The Library of Iberian resources online. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Payne, Stanley G. (1973). "A History of Spain and Portugal; Ch. 14 Spanish Society and Economics in the Imperial Age". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Spain in Decline". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Rinehart, Robert; Seeley, Jo Ann Browning (1998). "A Country Study: Spain – Bourbon Spain". Library of Congress Country Series. Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
Martínez Shaw, Carlos (2016). "El Despotismo Ilustrado en España: entre la continuidad y el cambio" (PDF). El Siglo de las Luces: III Centenario del Nacimiento de José de Hermosilla (1715–1776). Sociedad Extremeña de Historia. p. 14. ISBN 978-84-608-8037-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
Cruz Artacho, Salvador (2003). "Caciquismo y mundo rural durante la Restauración". In Gutiérrez, Rosa Ana; Zurita, Rafael; Camurri, Renato (eds.). Elecciones y cultura política en España e Italia (1890–1923). Valencia: Universitat de València. p. 33. ISBN 84-370-5672-1. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
"Relatives of Spaniards who fled Franco granted citizenship". The Daily Telegraph. London. 28 December 2008. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Villena, Miguel Ángel (9 June 2012). "El contubernio que preparó la democracia". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013.
"Contubernio de Múnich: 50 años". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014.
"El contubernio de Munich". La Vanguardia. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
"Speech by Mrs Nicole FONTAINE, President of the European Parliament on the occasion of the presentation of the Sakharov Prize 2000 to Basta ya!". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
"King Orders army to crush coup". The Guardian. 23 February 1981. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Pfanner, Eric (11 July 2002). "Economy reaps benefits of entry to the 'club': Spain's euro bonanza". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2008. See also: "Spain's economy / Plain sailing no longer". The Economist. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
"Al-Qaeda 'claims Madrid bombings'". BBC. 14 March 2004. Archived from the original on 24 June 2006. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Madrid bombers get long sentences". BBC. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Bailey, Dominic (14 March 2004). "Spain votes under a shadow". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 August 2004. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
"An election bombshell". The Economist. 18 March 2004. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Ortiz, Fiona (22 April 2013). "Spain's population falls as immigrants flee crisis". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
"Spain legalises gay marriage". The Guardian. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Tremlett, Giles (5 September 2010). "Basque separatists Eta announce ceasefire". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Spain's Indignados protest here to stay". BBC News. 15 May 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Rajoy ahoy". The Economist. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Tremlett, Giles (11 July 2012). "Mariano Rajoy announces €65bn in austerity measures for Spain". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
"Spain king: Juan Carlos signs his abdication". BBC News. 18 June 2014. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
Alandete, David (27 October 2017). "Análisis. Is Catalonia independent?". El País. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017.
Ríos, Pere; Piñol, Àngels (27 October 2017). "El Parlament de Cataluña aprueba la resolución para declarar la independencia". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2017.
"Catalan crisis: Regional MPs debate Spain takeover bid". BBC. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule". BBC. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
"Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament". BBC News. Barcelona, Madrid. 27 October 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Sandford, Alasdair (27 October 2017). "Catalonia: what direct rule from Madrid could mean". euronews. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
Minder, Raphael (June 2018). "Spain's Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, Is Ousted in No-Confidence Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
"Spanish institutional crisis triggered by legal block of judicial reform". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
Borraz, Marta (18 March 2021). "Luz verde definitiva: la ley de eutanasia ya es una realidad en España tras superar su último trámite en el Congreso". ElDiario.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
Bayer, Lili (16 November 2023). "Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez wins new term as Spanish PM following election gamble – as it happened". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
Medina García, Eusebio (2006). «Orígenes históricos y ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya)» Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Revista de Estudios Extremeños. Tomo LXII (II Mayo-Agosto). ISSN 0210-2854, pp. 713–723.
"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
"Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951–2020" (PDF). Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
"Biodiversity in Spain". Climatechangepost.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
Biodiversidad, Fundación (18 February 2014). "The Foundation". Fundación Biodiversidad. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
Spain's fast-living king turns 70 Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine BBC News Friday, 4 January 2008 Extracted 18 June 2009
Spanish Constitution 1978. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Shelley, Fred M. (2015). Governments around the World: From Democracies to Theocracies. ABC-CLIO. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4408-3813-2. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
Faoro, Raymundo (2001). Os Donos do Poder (PDF) (in Portuguese). Globo. pp. 343–344. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 143. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 147. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
"Catalonians vote for more autonomy". CNN. 18 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Economic Survey: Spain 2005". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. and "Country Briefings: Spain". The Economist. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2008. and "Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
"Estatut" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
"Nuevo Estatuto de Autonomía de Canarias". .gobiernodecanarias.org. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
"BOCAe32.QXD" (PDF) (in Catalan). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
"Estatuto de Autonomía de Aragón". Narros.congreso.es. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
"Spain: Main executive and legislative bodies". European Commission. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
Articles 140 and 141. Spanish Constitution of 1978
Henley, Peter H.; Blokker, Niels M. "The Group of 20: A Short Legal Anatomy" (PDF). Melbourne Journal of International Law. 14: 568. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2018. Spain's peculiar but seemingly secure position within the G20 also appears to have facilitated their greater participation in the G20's work: Spain is the only outreach participant to have made policy commitments comparable to those of G20 members proper at summits since Seoul. Spain therefore appears to have become a de facto member of the G20.
"Resolution 2070: Question of Gibraltar" (PDF). United Nations. 16 December 1965. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
"Resolution 2231: Question of Gibraltar" (PDF). United Nations. 20 December 1966. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
"La cuestión de Gibraltar" (in Spanish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain. January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
Spain's letter to the UN (PDF) (in Spanish), UN, September 2013, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017
"Spain disputes Portugal islands" Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Portugal News. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
Fernández Liesa, Carlos R. (2004). "La cuestión de Olivenza, a la luz del Derecho internacional público" (PDF). Encuentros: Revista luso-española de investigadores en Ciencias humanas y sociales. Separatas (4). Ayuntamiento de Olivenza: 234–235. ISSN 1138-6622. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2014.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 8. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spanish Constitution 1978, Article 62. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
"El jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra y 11 tenientes generales aspiran a JEMAD". La Vanguardia. 6 November 2016. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
"Update: Spain to increase defence spending". janes.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Julve, Rafa (9 March 2016). "Señores, se acabó la mili". El Periódico. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Spanish Constitution 1978, preamble. "The Spanish Constitution" (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
Spain 2015/2016 Archived 8 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
"Analysis of 8 years of Gender Violence Law in Spain | Gender violence and justice". justiciadegenero.com. 4 March 2015. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
Rincón, Reyes (25 November 2015). "The successes and failures of Spain's fight against domestic abuse". EL PAÍS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
"Global Acceptance of Homosexuality". Pew Research Center. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014.
"SPAIN: No Turning Back from Path to Gender Equality". Ipsnews.net. 15 March 2007. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
"Women in National Parliaments". Ipu.org. 28 February 2010. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
"Human Development Report 2007/2008" (PDF). Hdr.undp.org. January 2008. p. 330. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
Roberto A. Ferdman, Spain's Black Market Economy Is Worth 20% of Its GDP: One million Spanish people have jobs in the underground economy Archived 11 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Atlantic (16 July 2013)
"OECD report for 2006" (PDF). OECD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
"A good bet?". The Economist. Business. Madrid. 30 April 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
"Spain's Iberdrola signs investment accord with Gulf group Taqa". Forbes. 25 May 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010.
"Big in America?". The Economist. Business. Madrid. 8 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
"Spain Is World's Leader in Solar Energy". NPR.org. NPR. 15 July 2010. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
"Spain becomes solar power world leader". Europeanfutureenergyforum.com. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
Villalobos, Alvaro (6 May 2018). "Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector". Phys.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
AFP (6 May 2018). "Spain's Bilbao fights to lead European wind power sector". The Local (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
"Spain becomes the first European wind energy producer after overcoming Germany for the first time". Eolic Energy News. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
"Asociación Empresarial Eólica – Spanish Wind Energy Association – Energía Eólica". Aeeolica. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
Méndez, Rafael (9 November 2009). "La eólica supera por primera vez la mitad de la producción eléctrica". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
"Wind power in Spain breaks new instantaneous power record". renovablesmadeinspain.es. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
"14 reactores nucleares movidos por el viento". El País. 9 November 2010. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
"La Fuerza del Mar". revista.consumer.es. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, (in Swedish: Energiläget i siffror), Table for figure 49. Source: IEA/OECD . Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
"Scimago Institution Rankings". Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Giachi, Sandro; Fernández-Esquinas, Manuel (2020). "Mapping heterogeneity in a research system: The emergence of a 'hybrid' organizational field between science and industry". Research Evaluation. 29 (4): 392–405. doi:10.1093/reseval/rvaa014. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
"Red de Alta Velocidad". ADIF. Archived from the original on 20 February 2025. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
"Algae Based Biofuels in Plain English: Why it Matters, How it Works. (algae algaebiofuels carbonsequestration valcent vertigro algaebasedbiofuels ethanol)". Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit. Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
"Spain to Put 1 million Electric Cars on the Road". Triplepundit.com. 30 July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
Lara Galera, Antonio L. (2015). "El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito" (PDF). Revista de Obras Públicas (3569): 57. ISSN 0034-8619. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
"El AVE español, el más veloz del mundo y el segundo en puntualidad". El Mundo. Spain. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
"Spain powers ahead with high-speed rail". railpro.co.uk. January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
Roser, Max (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 7 August 2018, retrieved 8 May 2019
"Spain", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 6 August 2025, archived from the original on 18 January 2026, retrieved 8 August 2025
"Población extranjera por sexo, país de nacionalidad y edad". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Archived from the original on 25 March 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
"Immigration statistics". BBC. 11 December 2006. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Spain to increase immigration budget Archived 30 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 10 October 2007
"Population in Europe in 2005" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
Tremlett, Giles (9 May 2005). "Spain grants amnesty to 700,000 migrants". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
"Population series from 1998". INE Spanish Statistical Institute. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
"Europeans Favour Spain for Expat Jobs". News.bg. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
580.000 personas se van de España Archived 15 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. El País. Edición Impresa. 8 October 2011
Plan de Retorno Voluntario Archived 18 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Gobierno de España
Spain's Jobs Crisis Leaves Immigrants Out of Work Archived 10 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 24 January 2009
Conversi, Daniele (2002). "The Smooth Transition: Spain's 1978 Constitution and the Nationalities Question" (PDF). National Identities, Vol 4, No. 3. Carfax Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
Casado Velarde, Manuel (2011). "Spain, a plurilingual state: Spanish and other official languages". In Stickel, Gerhard (ed.). National, regional and minority languages in Europe. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. p. 129. ISBN 978-3-631-60365-9. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
Recalde Fernández, Montserrat (2016). "A contribución da inmigración ao multilingüismo do Estado español" (PDF). In Recalde Fernández, Montserrat; Silva Domínguez, Carme (eds.). Ser inmigrante en tempos de crise: Unha ollada multidisciplinar. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico da Universidade de Compostela. p. 175. doi:10.15304/9788416533015. ISBN 978-84-16533-01-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
"572 millones de personas hablan español, cinco millones más que hace un año, y aumentarán a 754 millones a mediados de siglo". www.cervantes.es (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2021.
La Ley Orgánica 2/2006 Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 September 2009
Ley Orgánica 8/2013 Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 9 December 2013
De la LGE a la LOMCE: Así son las siete leyes educativas españolas de la democracia Archived 12 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. teinteresa.es
"Educación Primaria │Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO)│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"Bachillerato│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional". Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"La Formación Profesional actual en el sistema educativo – TodoFP│Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
"Compare your country - PISA 2018". www2.compareyourcountry.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
"The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA): Spain" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
"Health care in Spain: Beneficiairies". seg-social.es. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Ley 26/1992 Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Documento BOE-A-1992-24855, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
Ley 25/1992 Archived 27 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Documento BOE-A-1992-24854, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
Ley 24/1992 Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Documento BOE-A-1992-24853, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos" (in Spanish). p. 160. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019. The question was "¿Cómo se define Ud. en materia religiosa: católico/a practicante, católico/a no practicante, creyente de otra religion, agnóstico/a, indiferente o no creyente, o ateo/a?", the weight used was "PESOCCAA" which reflects the population sizes of the Autonomous communities of Spain.
"WVS Database". World Values Survey. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
"Gallup International Religiosity Index" (PDF). The Washington Post. WIN-Gallup International. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2016.
"Federación de Entidades Religiosas Evangélicas de España – FEREDE". Ferede.org. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
"Spain – Newsroom". churchofjesuschrist.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
"Los musulmanes en España superan por primera vez los 2 millones de personas". El Heraldo. September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
"Spain". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
"Spain – Intangible Cultural Heritage". UNESCO Culture Sector. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Antonova, N.V.; Myagkov, G.P; Nikolaeva, O.A (2019). "Genesis problem of philosophical thought in spanish historiography" (PDF). Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana. 24 (5). Universidad del Zulia: 66–67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Caponigri, A. Robert (1967). Contemporary Spanish Philosophy (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Dapueto Reyes, María de los Ángeles (2015). "Literatura hispanorromance primigenia: la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60". Letras. 2 (72). Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires: 90. ISSN 0326-3363. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
Amorós Negre, Carla (2016), "The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience", Sociolinguistica, 1 (30): 26–28, doi:10.1515/soci-2016-0003, ISSN 0933-1883, S2CID 132493573, archived from the original on 31 May 2022, retrieved 5 April 2022
González Subías, José Luis (2007). "La extensión del Romanticismo en España". Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII (15). Editorial UCA: 226; 228–229. ISSN 2173-0687. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
Abad, Francisco (2007). "La 'Edad de Plata' (1868-1936) y las generaciones de la Edad de Plata: cultura y filología" (PDF). Epos. Revista de Filología (23): 244–245. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
Coluzzi, Paolo (2007). Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard with Reference to Spanish Minority Languages. Peter Lang. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-03911-041-4. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
Anirudh. "10 Most Famous Paintings by Diego Velazquez | Learnodo Newtonic". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Andrew Ayers (December 2020), "Ricardo Bofill, A l'échelle de l'histoire", L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui, archived from the original on 17 January 2021, retrieved 15 November 2025
Montes Fernández, Francisco José (2011). "Recordando la historia del cine español" (PDF). Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense. XLIV. ISSN 1133-3677. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Yuste, Javier (13 December 2019). "Viaje por la cara B del cine español". El Cultural. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022 – via El Español.
"El Festival de San Sebastián y el de Málaga, entre las diez iniciativas culturales más importantes de España en 2021". Audiovisual451. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
"Music Festivals, UK Festivals and London Festivals". Spoonfed.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
"The History of the Guitar in Spain". Linguatics.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Richardson, Paul (19 August 2007). "Spain's perfect paella". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
DiGregorio, Sarah (1 December 2009). "Spain Gain at Mercat Negre". The Village Voice. New York. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
"History of the Valencian Pilota", Federació de Pilota Valenciana (in Catalan), archived from the original on 14 June 2013, retrieved 5 December 2013
"Bank holidays in Spain". bank-holidays.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

who.int (Global: 213^th place; English: 314^th place)

data.who.int

"Spain (data)". World Health Organization. WHO. Retrieved 15 November 2025.

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025". WIPO. Retrieved 16 October 2025.
Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025). Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 19. doi:10.34667/tind.58864. ISBN 978-92-805-3797-0. Retrieved 17 October 2025.

workpermit.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Spain to increase immigration budget Archived 30 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 10 October 2007

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

durham-repository.worktribe.com

Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.

world-airport-codes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

World Airport Codes. "World Top 30 Airports". world-airport-codes. Retrieved 20 June 2025.

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org

"World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

www1.worldbank.org

"Catalonians vote for more autonomy". CNN. 18 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. See also: "Economic Survey: Spain 2005". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008. and "Country Briefings: Spain". The Economist. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2008. and "Swiss Experience With Decentralized Government" (PDF). The World Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2008.

data.worldbank.org

"World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 8 August 2025.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". Science. 336 (6087): 1409–1413. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1409P. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22700921. S2CID 7807664.
Bernaldo de Quirós Guidolti, Federico; Cabrera Valdés, Victoria (1994). "Cronología del arte paleolítico" (PDF). Complutum. 5: 265–276. ISSN 1131-6993. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
Valério, Miguel (2008). "Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts: the orthography and phonology of the Southwestern alphabet" (PDF). Revista portuguesa de arqueologia. 11 (2): 117. ISSN 0874-2782.
Aubet, María Eugenia (2006). "El sistema colonial fenicio y sus pautas de organización" (PDF). Mainake (28): 36–37, 44–45. ISSN 0212-078X.
VAN ZANDEN, JAN LUITEN; BURINGH, ELTJO; BOSKER, MAARTEN (29 July 2011). "The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188–1789". The Economic History Review. 65 (3): 835–861. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. hdl:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00612.x. ISSN 0013-0117. S2CID 154956049.
Serrano Daura, Josep (2019). "Una aproximación a la Corona de Aragón de Fernando el Católico". Revista de Dret Històric Català. 18 (18). Societat Catalana d'Estudis Jurídics: 75. doi:10.2436/20.3004.01.119. ISSN 1578-5300.
Óscar, Martín García (May 2023). "Soft Power, Modernization, and Security: US Educational Foreign Policy Toward Authoritarian Spain in the Cold War". History of Education Quarterly. 63 (2): 198–220. doi:10.1017/heq.2023.5. hdl:10251/201668. ISSN 0018-2680. S2CID 258190145.
Woolf, Steven H.; Masters, Ryan K.; Aron, Laudan Y. (24 June 2021). "Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data". BMJ. 373 n1343. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1343. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 8220857. PMID 34162598.
Bayer, Lili (16 November 2023). "Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez wins new term as Spanish PM following election gamble – as it happened". the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
Medina García, Eusebio (2006). «Orígenes históricos y ambigüedad de la frontera hispano-lusa (La Raya)» Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Revista de Estudios Extremeños. Tomo LXII (II Mayo-Agosto). ISSN 0210-2854, pp. 713–723.
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.5978G. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
Borrella-Mas, Miguel Ángel; Rode, Martin (2021). "Love is blind: partisan alignment and political corruption in Spain". SERIEs. 12 (3): 423–451. doi:10.1007/s13209-021-00228-6. ISSN 1869-4187. Retrieved 24 April 2026.
Fernández Liesa, Carlos R. (2004). "La cuestión de Olivenza, a la luz del Derecho internacional público" (PDF). Encuentros: Revista luso-española de investigadores en Ciencias humanas y sociales. Separatas (4). Ayuntamiento de Olivenza: 234–235. ISSN 1138-6622. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2014.
"Spain shows Europe how to keep up with America's economy". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
Salmon, K. (2001). "Privatisation of state-owned enterprises in Spain: redefining the political economy". International Journal of Iberian Studies. 14 (3): 136–147. doi:10.1386/ijis.14.3.136. ISSN 1364-971X.
Lara Galera, Antonio L. (2015). "El AVE Madrid-Barcelona, una obra de mérito" (PDF). Revista de Obras Públicas (3569): 57. ISSN 0034-8619. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Kassam, Ashifa (18 February 2025). "How Spain's radically different approach to migration helped its economy soar". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 June 2025.
Dapueto Reyes, María de los Ángeles (2015). "Literatura hispanorromance primigenia: la glosa conoajutorio del Codex Aemilianensis 60". Letras. 2 (72). Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Santa María de los Buenos Aires: 90. ISSN 0326-3363. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
Amorós Negre, Carla (2016), "The spread of Castilian/Spanish in Spain and the Americas: A relatively successful language standardisation experience", Sociolinguistica, 1 (30): 26–28, doi:10.1515/soci-2016-0003, ISSN 0933-1883, S2CID 132493573, archived from the original on 31 May 2022, retrieved 5 April 2022
González Subías, José Luis (2007). "La extensión del Romanticismo en España". Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo: Revista del Grupo de Estudios del siglo XVIII (15). Editorial UCA: 226; 228–229. ISSN 2173-0687. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
Montes Fernández, Francisco José (2011). "Recordando la historia del cine español" (PDF). Anuario Jurídico y Económico Escurialense. XLIV. ISSN 1133-3677. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Lyttleton, Ben; Bellos, Alex (9 June 2021). "Football School extract: how Spain won three tournaments in a row". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 July 2025.

worldvaluessurvey.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"WVS Database". World Values Survey. Institute for Comparative Survey Research. March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Spain's Jobs Crisis Leaves Immigrants Out of Work Archived 10 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 24 January 2009

wsrw.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"AAN 256/2014 - ECLI:ES:AN:2014:256A" (PDF). 21 November 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2026. Retrieved 2 July 2025. This Plenary agrees ... that Spain is still de jure, although not de facto, the Administering Power of the territory, and as such, until the end of the decolonization, has the obligations contained in articles 73 and 74 of the Charter of the United Nations ...

Spain (English Wikipedia)

abc.es (Global: 304th place; English: 893rd place)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

adifaltavelocidad.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

aeeolica.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

aemet.es (Global: 2,472nd place; English: 4,101st place)

amnesty.org (Global: 1,084th place; English: 851st place)

antena3.com (Global: 3,546th place; English: 6,931st place)

apnews.com (Global: 101st place; English: 62nd place)

ara.cat (Global: 2,139th place; English: 6,192nd place)

en.ara.cat

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arteespana.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

artsandculture.google.com (Global: 3,498th place; English: 2,942nd place)

audiovisual451.com (Global: 6,183rd place; English: 5,176th place)

austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,563rd place; English: 725th place)

bank-holidays.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

bbc.co.uk

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 118th place; English: 85th place)

boe.es (Global: 341st place; English: 748th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

brill.com (Global: 814th place; English: 460th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

caib.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

camara.leg.br (Global: 2,323rd place; English: 5,631st place)

bd.camara.leg.br

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

cas-international.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

casareal.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

cervantes.es (Global: 3,571st place; English: 6,448th place)

cervantesvirtual.com (Global: 1,708th place; English: 4,203rd place)

channelnewsasia.com (Global: 1,005th place; English: 573rd place)

churchofjesuschrist.org (Global: 1,733rd place; English: 879th place)

newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org

cia.gov (Global: 133rd place; English: 275th place)

ciccp.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

ropdigital.ciccp.es

cis.es (Global: low place; English: 7,401st place)

climatechangepost.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cm.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

webbshop.cm.se

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

compareyourcountry.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

www2.compareyourcountry.org

congreso.es (Global: 2,511th place; English: 7,244th place)

congreso.es

narros.congreso.es

constituteproject.org (Global: 4,115th place; English: 3,114th place)

consumer.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

revista.consumer.es

csmonitor.com (Global: 982nd place; English: 614th place)

cyberistan.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

diariodecastillayleon.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

dip-badajoz.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

easynet.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

easyweb.easynet.co.uk

economicsandpeace.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

economist.com (Global: 331st place; English: 272nd place)

educacionyfp.gob.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

eldiario.es (Global: 584th place; English: 1,449th place)

elespanol.com (Global: 1,149th place; English: 1,875th place)

elmundo.es (Global: 258th place; English: 676th place)

elpais.com (Global: 89th place; English: 268th place)

elpais.com

english.elpais.com

politica.elpais.com

elperiodico.com (Global: 1,316th place; English: 2,477th place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

enn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

eolicenergynews.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

espanoleschool.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

euronews.com (Global: 587th place; English: 729th place)

abc.es (Global: 304^th place; English: 893^rd place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aemet.es (Global: 2,472^nd place; English: 4,101^st place)

amnesty.org (Global: 1,084^th place; English: 851^st place)

antena3.com (Global: 3,546^th place; English: 6,931^st place)

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

ara.cat (Global: 2,139^th place; English: 6,192^nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

artsandculture.google.com (Global: 3,498^th place; English: 2,942^nd place)

audiovisual451.com (Global: 6,183^rd place; English: 5,176^th place)

austlii.edu.au (Global: 1,563^rd place; English: 725^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

boe.es (Global: 341^st place; English: 748^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

camara.leg.br (Global: 2,323^rd place; English: 5,631^st place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

cervantes.es (Global: 3,571^st place; English: 6,448^th place)

cervantesvirtual.com (Global: 1,708^th place; English: 4,203^rd place)

channelnewsasia.com (Global: 1,005^th place; English: 573^rd place)

churchofjesuschrist.org (Global: 1,733^rd place; English: 879^th place)

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

cis.es (Global: low place; English: 7,401^st place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

congreso.es (Global: 2,511^th place; English: 7,244^th place)

constituteproject.org (Global: 4,115^th place; English: 3,114^th place)

csmonitor.com (Global: 982^nd place; English: 614^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

eldiario.es (Global: 584^th place; English: 1,449^th place)

elespanol.com (Global: 1,149^th place; English: 1,875^th place)

elmundo.es (Global: 258^th place; English: 676^th place)

elpais.com (Global: 89^th place; English: 268^th place)

elperiodico.com (Global: 1,316^th place; English: 2,477^th place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

fcbarcelona.com (Global: 1,121^st place; English: 1,060^th place)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

fortune.com (Global: 647^th place; English: 421^st place)

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

gobiernodecanarias.org (Global: 5,483^rd place; English: 8,710^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

heraldo.es (Global: 2,885^th place; English: 6,170^th place)

historynet.com (Global: 2,564^th place; English: 1,569^th place)

iaph.es (Global: 9,390^th place; English: low place)

idea.int (Global: low place; English: 6,081^st place)

imf.org (Global: 225^th place; English: 601^st place)

ine.es (Global: 126^th place; English: 709^th place)

ipsnews.net (Global: 6,453^rd place; English: 4,916^th place)

ipu.org (Global: 2,152^nd place; English: 1,963^rd place)

irishtimes.com (Global: 252^nd place; English: 133^rd place)

janes.com (Global: 746^th place; English: 524^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

juntadeandalucia.es (Global: 2,580^th place; English: 7,635^th place)

juridicas.com (Global: 7,106^th place; English: low place)

lavanguardia.com (Global: 394^th place; English: 1,032^nd place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; English: 646^th place)

newadvent.org (Global: 530^th place; English: 466^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oecd.org (Global: 1,345^th place; English: 1,190^th place)

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,491^st place; English: 1,740^th place)