Spanish Civil War (English Wikipedia)

"History of the arrival of the Basque Children to England in 1937". BasqueChildren.org. Basque Children of '37 Association. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2011.

bath.ac.uk

purehost.bath.ac.uk

Marco, Jorge (2020). "Rethinking the Postwar Period in Spain: Violence and Irregular Civil War, 1939–52" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 55 (3): 492. doi:10.1177/0022009419839764. S2CID 195505767. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Wood, Danny (26 April 2007). "The legacy of Guernica". BBC website. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
Caistor, Nick (28 February 2003). "Spanish Civil War fighters look back". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2009.

bbc.co.uk

"Wales and the refugee children of the Basque country". BBC Wales. 3 December 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2016.

bbc.com

"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia". BBC News. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2021.

boe.es

Orden, circular, creando un Comisariado general de Guerra con la misión que se indica [Order, circular, creating a general comisariat of war with the indicated mission] (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. IV. Gaceta de Madrid: diario oficial de la República. 16 October 1936. p. 355. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2012.

books.google.com

Seidman 2011, pp. 16–17. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Seidman 2011, pp. 18–19. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Seidman 2011, p. 17. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Seidman 2011, p. 168. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Payne 2008, p. 13. Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. Connecticut, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300122824.
Coverdale 2002, p. 148. Coverdale, John F. (2002). Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928–1943. New York: Scepter. ISBN 978-1889334745.
Adler, Emanuel; Pouliot, Vincent (2011). International Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–185. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511862373. ISBN 978-1139501583. S2CID 243338228.
Gallagher 1983, p. 86. Gallagher, Tom (1983). Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0876-4.
de Meneses 2001, p. 96. de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro (2001). Franco and the Spanish Civil War. Introductions to history. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23925-7.
Payne 2008, p. 28. Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. Connecticut, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300122824.
Seidman 2011, p. 172. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Bieter & Bieter 2003, p. 91. Bieter, John; Bieter, Mark (2003). An Enduring Legacy: The Story of Basques in Idaho. University of Nevada Press. ISBN 978-0874175684. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
Seidman 2011, p. 205. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Seidman 2011, pp. 30–31. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Bowen 2006, p. 22. Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). Spain During World War II. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0826216588.
Ealham & Richards 2005, pp. 80, 168. Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (2005). The Splintering of Spain. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511497025. ISBN 978-0521821780. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Hubert Jedin; John Dolan (1981). History of the Church. Continuum. p. 607. ISBN 978-0860120926.
Seidman 2011, p. 173. Seidman, Michael (2011). The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299249649.
Payne 1999, p. 151. Payne, Stanley G. (1999). Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299165647.
Payne 2008, p. 336. Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. Connecticut, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300122824.

britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk

some press estimates from the era, see e.g. "one and a half million Spaniards have already been killed in the war", Spain's War Goes On, [in:] Daily Record [Britain] 28 March 1939

burbuja.info

Lee, Stephen J. (2000), European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, ISBN 978-0415230452, p. 248; "a reasonable estimate, and a rather conservative one", Howard Griffin, John, Simon, Yves René (1974), Jacques Maritain: Homage in Words and Pictures, ISBN 978-0873430463, p. 11; military casualties only, Ash, Russell (2003), The Top 10 of Everything 2004, ISBN 978-0789496591, p. 68; lowest considered estimate, Brennan (1978), p. 20. The phrase of "one million dead" became a cliche since the 1960s, and many older Spaniards might repeat that "yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos", compare burbuja service, available here. This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel Un millón de muertos by José María Gironella, even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those "muerto espiritualmente", referred after Diez Nicolas, Juan (1985), La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española, [in:] Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica III/1, p. 42. Scholars claim also that the figure of "one million deaths" was continuously repeated by Francoist authorities "to drive home the point of having saved the country form ruin", Encarnación, Omar G. (2008), Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship, ISBN 978-0745639925, p. 24, and became one of the "mitos principales del franquismo", referred as "myth no. 9" in Reig Tapia, Alberto (2017), La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes, ISBN 978-8432318658
Lee, Stephen J. (2000), European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, ISBN 978-0415230452, p. 248; "a reasonable estimate, and a rather conservative one", Howard Griffin, John, Simon, Yves René (1974), Jacques Maritain: Homage in Words and Pictures, ISBN 978-0873430463, p. 11; military casualties only, Ash, Russell (2003), The Top 10 of Everything 2004, ISBN 978-0789496591, p. 68; lowest considered estimate, Brennan (1978), p. 20. The phrase of "one million dead" became a cliche since the 1960s, and many older Spaniards might repeat that "yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos", compare burbuja service, available here. This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel Un millón de muertos by José María Gironella, even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those "muerto espiritualmente", referred after Diez Nicolas, Juan (1985), La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española, [in:] Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica III/1, p. 42. Scholars claim also that the figure of "one million deaths" was continuously repeated by Francoist authorities "to drive home the point of having saved the country form ruin", Encarnación, Omar G. (2008), Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship, ISBN 978-0745639925, p. 24, and became one of the "mitos principales del franquismo", referred as "myth no. 9" in Reig Tapia, Alberto (2017), La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes, ISBN 978-8432318658

doi.org

Hansen, Edward C. (2 January 1984). "The Anarchists of Casas Viejas (Book Review)". Ethnohistory. 31 (3): 235–236. doi:10.2307/482644. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 482644.
Casanova, Julián (2005). "Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism". International Labor and Working-Class History. 67 (67): 79–99. doi:10.1017/S0147547905000098. JSTOR 27672986.
Álvarez Tardío, Manuel (29 September 2017). "El «desordenado empuje del Frente Popular». Movilización y violencia política tras las elecciones de 1936". Revista de Estudios Políticos (177): 147–179. doi:10.18042/cepc/rep.177.05.
Adler, Emanuel; Pouliot, Vincent (2011). International Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–185. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511862373. ISBN 978-1139501583. S2CID 243338228.
Rodrigo, Javier (2019). "A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)". War in History. 26 (1): 86–104. doi:10.1177/0968344517696526. JSTOR 26986937. S2CID 159711547.
Xosé M. Núñez Seixas and Oleg Beyda (27 March 2023). "'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944". Contemporary European History. 33 (3): 1078–1093. doi:10.1017/S0960777323000085. hdl:10347/30957. S2CID 257783342.
Graham 2005, p. 92. Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001. ISBN 978-0192803771.
Marco, Jorge (2020). "Rethinking the Postwar Period in Spain: Violence and Irregular Civil War, 1939–52" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 55 (3): 492. doi:10.1177/0022009419839764. S2CID 195505767. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012, pp. 144–165. Martín-Aceña, Pablo; Martínez Ruiz, Elena; Pons, María A. (2012). "War and Economics: Spanish Civil War Finances Revisited". European Review of Economic History. 16 (2): 144–165. doi:10.1093/ereh/her011. JSTOR 41708654.
in nominal terms, in terms of purchasing power the growth was smaller; nominal figures were 396m ptas in the 2nd half of 1936 and 847m ptas in the 2nd half of 1938, Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012, pp. 144–165 Martín-Aceña, Pablo; Martínez Ruiz, Elena; Pons, María A. (2012). "War and Economics: Spanish Civil War Finances Revisited". European Review of Economic History. 16 (2): 144–165. doi:10.1093/ereh/her011. JSTOR 41708654.
Ruiz, Julius (2007). "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936". Journal of Contemporary History. 42 (1): 97. doi:10.1177/0022009407071625. S2CID 159559553.
Fernández-Álvarez, José-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martínez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016). "Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology". Forensic Science International. 267: e10 – e17. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.040. PMID 27318840. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
Graham 2005, p. 30. Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001. ISBN 978-0192803771.
Graham 2005, pp. 23–24. Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001. ISBN 978-0192803771.
Graham 2005, pp. 30–31. Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001. ISBN 978-0192803771.
Balcells 2010, pp. 291–313. Balcells, Laia (7 June 2010). "Rivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars1: Rivalry and Revenge". International Studies Quarterly. 54 (2): 291–313. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00588.x.
Ruiz 2005, pp. 171–191. Ruiz, Julius (May 2005). "A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 14 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1017/S0960777305002304. hdl:20.500.11820/4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844. JSTOR 20081255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
Graham 2005, p. 32. Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001. ISBN 978-0192803771.
Ealham & Richards 2005, pp. 80, 168. Ealham, Chris; Richards, Michael (2005). The Splintering of Spain. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511497025. ISBN 978-0521821780. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Graham 2005, p. 27. Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001. ISBN 978-0192803771.
Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth (2016). "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 93 (6): 965–988. doi:10.1080/14753820.2015.1082811. S2CID 218588108.

economist.com

"Men of La Mancha". The Economist. 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

ed.ac.uk

pure.ed.ac.uk

Ruiz 2005, pp. 171–191. Ruiz, Julius (May 2005). "A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 14 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1017/S0960777305002304. hdl:20.500.11820/4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844. JSTOR 20081255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

elpais.com

"the war cost about 750,000 Spanish lives", A Dictionary of World History (2006), ISBN 978-0192807007, p. 602; also "la poblacion de Espana en 1939 contaba 750,000 personas menos que las esperables si no hubiera habido guerra", ¿Cuántas víctimas se cobró la Guerra Civil? ¿Dónde hubo más?, [in:] El Pais 27.02.2019 [accessed 7 December 2019]

esquerda.net

Arranja, Álvaro (30 January 2021). "Jaime Cortesão e os antifascistas portugueses na Espanha republicana e na guerra civil". Esquerda (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 28 December 2021.

generalisimofranco.com

initial estimate of Ramón Salas Larrazábal, El mito del millón de muertos, includes victims of malnutrition, cold etc, includes birth deficit assumed to be caused by the war

google.com.hk

translate.google.com.hk

Larrazáhal, R. Salas. "Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

gutenberg-e.org

Daniel Kowalsky. "The Evacuation of Spanish Children to the Soviet Union". Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2011.

handle.net

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Xosé M. Núñez Seixas and Oleg Beyda (27 March 2023). "'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944". Contemporary European History. 33 (3): 1078–1093. doi:10.1017/S0960777323000085. hdl:10347/30957. S2CID 257783342.
Ruiz 2005, pp. 171–191. Ruiz, Julius (May 2005). "A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 14 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1017/S0960777305002304. hdl:20.500.11820/4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844. JSTOR 20081255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.

histoire-immigration.fr

Film documentary Archived 28 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine on the website of the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration (in French)

historytoday.com

"Refugees and the Spanish Civil War". History Today. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
Preston 1983, pp. 4–10. Preston, Paul (November 1983). "From Rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power". History Today. 33 (11). Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2021.

iberlibro.com

Antonio Montero Moreno (1998). Historia de la persecución religiosa de España 1936–1939. Biblioteca de autores cristianos. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2019.

iht.com

"Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities". The New York Times. 16 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.

jstor.org

Hansen, Edward C. (2 January 1984). "The Anarchists of Casas Viejas (Book Review)". Ethnohistory. 31 (3): 235–236. doi:10.2307/482644. ISSN 0014-1801. JSTOR 482644.
Casanova, Julián (2005). "Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism". International Labor and Working-Class History. 67 (67): 79–99. doi:10.1017/S0147547905000098. JSTOR 27672986.
Peers & Hogan 1936, pp. 529–544. Peers, E. Allison; Hogan, James (December 1936). "The Basques and the Spanish Civil War". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 25 (100). Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 540–542. ISSN 0039-3495. JSTOR 30097608.
Rodrigo, Javier (2019). "A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)". War in History. 26 (1): 86–104. doi:10.1177/0968344517696526. JSTOR 26986937. S2CID 159711547.
Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012, pp. 144–165. Martín-Aceña, Pablo; Martínez Ruiz, Elena; Pons, María A. (2012). "War and Economics: Spanish Civil War Finances Revisited". European Review of Economic History. 16 (2): 144–165. doi:10.1093/ereh/her011. JSTOR 41708654.
in nominal terms, in terms of purchasing power the growth was smaller; nominal figures were 396m ptas in the 2nd half of 1936 and 847m ptas in the 2nd half of 1938, Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012, pp. 144–165 Martín-Aceña, Pablo; Martínez Ruiz, Elena; Pons, María A. (2012). "War and Economics: Spanish Civil War Finances Revisited". European Review of Economic History. 16 (2): 144–165. doi:10.1093/ereh/her011. JSTOR 41708654.
Ruiz 2005, pp. 171–191. Ruiz, Julius (May 2005). "A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 14 (2): 171–191. doi:10.1017/S0960777305002304. hdl:20.500.11820/4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844. JSTOR 20081255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
Cueva, Julio de la, "Religious Persecution", Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 198, pp. 355–369. JSTOR 261121

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Fernández-Álvarez, José-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martínez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016). "Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology". Forensic Science International. 267: e10 – e17. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.040. PMID 27318840. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2019.

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larousse.fr

145,000 KIA, 134,000 executed, 630,000 due to sickness, cold etc., Guerre civile d'Espagne, [in:] Encyclopedie Larousse online, available here
Guerre civile d'Espagne, [in:] Encyclopedie Larousse online, available here Archived 17 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine

libcom.org

Michael Seidman. "Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war". libcom.org.

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"Katia Landau: Stalinism in Spain (Part 2) – RH". www.marxists.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2020.

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Fernández-Álvarez, José-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martínez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016). "Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology". Forensic Science International. 267: e10 – e17. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.040. PMID 27318840. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2019.

oneonta.edu

SUNY Oneota Archived 24 August 2024 at the Wayback Machine, Picasso's Guernica.

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qub.ac.uk

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rclis.org

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Boza Puerta, Mariano; Sánchez Herrador, Miguel Ángel (2007). "El martirio de los libros: una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil". Boletín de la Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

reuters.com

"Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past Archived 17 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine," Reuters 14 January 2009.

rug.nl

in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was 23% of the British one, 37% of the French one and 48% of the Italian one, see e.g. Maddison Angus, Historical Statistics of the World Economy, available here Archived 13 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine

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Adler, Emanuel; Pouliot, Vincent (2011). International Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–185. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511862373. ISBN 978-1139501583. S2CID 243338228.
Rodrigo, Javier (2019). "A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)". War in History. 26 (1): 86–104. doi:10.1177/0968344517696526. JSTOR 26986937. S2CID 159711547.
Xosé M. Núñez Seixas and Oleg Beyda (27 March 2023). "'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944". Contemporary European History. 33 (3): 1078–1093. doi:10.1017/S0960777323000085. hdl:10347/30957. S2CID 257783342.
Marco, Jorge (2020). "Rethinking the Postwar Period in Spain: Violence and Irregular Civil War, 1939–52" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 55 (3): 492. doi:10.1177/0022009419839764. S2CID 195505767. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
Ruiz, Julius (2007). "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936". Journal of Contemporary History. 42 (1): 97. doi:10.1177/0022009407071625. S2CID 159559553.
Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth (2016). "The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War". Bulletin of Spanish Studies. 93 (6): 965–988. doi:10.1080/14753820.2015.1082811. S2CID 218588108.

soton.ac.uk

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Rodrigo, Javier (2019). "A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)". War in History. 26 (1): 86–104. doi:10.1177/0968344517696526. JSTOR 26986937. S2CID 159711547.

uca.edu

libro.uca.edu

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x.com

"at least" and "between 1936 and 1945", includes 300,000 "combatants", Salvadó, Francisco Romero (2013), Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, ISBN 978-0810880092, p. 21, Julian Casanova on Twitter, 09.01.2022