Spanish language (English Wikipedia)

"Esbozo Histórico de la Academia Mexicana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Mexico: Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

academiaperuanadelalengua.org

"Academia Peruana de la Lengua". Peru. Archived from the original on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

academiapr.org

"Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española". Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

acl.ac.cr

"Academia Costarricense de la Lengua". Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

admin.ch

bfs.admin.ch

"bfs.admin.ch". 2025.
Statistik, Bundesamt für. "Bevölkerung". www.bfs.admin.ch. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016.

agenciasinc.es

"El español se atasca como lengua científica". Servicio de Información y Noticias Científicas (in Spanish). 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.

allontario.ca

"allontario.ca". 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

als.asn.au

Engelberg, Stefan. "The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean (Dissertation)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

andorrainfo.com

andorrainfo.com

anle.us

"Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española". United States. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

annualreviews.org

Díaz-Campos, Manuel; Escalona Torres, Juan M.; Filimonova, Valentyna (2020). "Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World". Annual Review of Linguistics. 6: 369. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547. ISSN 2333-9683. S2CID 210443649. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

apalengua.org

apalengua.apalengua.org

"Academia Panameña de la Lengua". Panama. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

aparle.org

"Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española". Paraguay. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

ara.cat

static1.ara.cat

static1.ara.cat: 43.2% speak Spanish as a mother tongue, and 14.4% as a second language.

archive.org

Penny (2000:16) Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78045-4.
Zamora Vicente (1967:117 and 222) Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967). Dialectología española. Madrid: Gredos. ISBN 978-8-424-91115-7.
Penny (2000:199): "whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard." Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78045-4.
Penny (2000:14) Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78045-4.

asale.org

"Association of Spanish Language Academies" (in Spanish). Asale. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Presentación de la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Colombia: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Ecuador. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Venezolana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Venezuela. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Guatemala. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española" (in Spanish). Philippines. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Nicaragua. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Hondureña de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Honduras. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
"Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española". Equatorial Guinea. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.

asl.org.sv

"Informacion institucional" (in Spanish). El Salvador: Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.

au.int

"AU languages". African Union. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2024.

auburn.edu

"John B. Dalbor's Voice Files to Accompany Spanish Pronunciation". Auburn.edu. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

babbel.com

Devlin, Thomas Moore (30 January 2019). "What Are The Most-Used Languages On The Internet?". +Babbel Magazine. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC Education — Languages Across Europe — Spanish". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

bbc.com

"Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). 30 January 2021. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.

bcr.gob.sv

censo2024.bcr.gob.sv

"Census estimate for 2024" (PDF).

books.google.com

Heriberto Robles; Camacho Becerra; Juan José Comparán Rizo; Felipe Castillo (1998). Manual de etimologías grecolatinas (3rd ed.). Mexico: Limusa. p. 19. ISBN 968-18-5542-6. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
Comparán Rizo, Juan José. Raices Griegas y latinas (in Spanish). Ediciones Umbral. p. 17. ISBN 978-968-5430-01-2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Crow, John A. (2005). Spain: the root and the flower. University of California Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-520-24496-2. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Random House Inc. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8129-7055-5. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Crawford, John (1992). Language loyalties: a source book on the official English controversy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780226120164. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
Rubino (2008:279) Rubino, Carl (2008). "Zamboangueño Chavacano and the Potentive Mode.". In Michaelis, Susanne (ed.). Roots of Creole Structures: Weighing the Contribution of Substrates and Superstrates. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 279–299. ISBN 978-90-272-5255-5. Archived from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Hualde (2014:39) Hualde, José Ignacio (2014). Los sonidos del español. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-16823-6. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp (1988) Spanish in the Americas, Volume 2, pp. 154–155, Archived 15 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Versteegh, Kees (2003). The Arabic language (Repr. ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-7486-1436-2. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
Lapesa, Raphael (1960). Historia de la lengua española. p. 97.
—OR—
Castro, Américo (1985). The Spaniards: An Introduction to Their History. Translated by Willard F. King; Selma Margaretten. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05469-1. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2016.^{[verification needed]}
Dworkin, Steven N. (2012). A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-19-954114-0. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.,Macpherson, I. R. (1980). Spanish phonology. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-7190-0788-7. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.,Martínez Egido, José Joaquín (2007). Constitución del léxico español. Liceus, Servicios de Gestió. p. 15. ISBN 978-84-9822-653-9. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
Penny (1991:224–236) Penny, Ralph (1991). A History of the Spanish Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39784-7. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Dalby (1998:501) Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11568-7. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Ginsburgh & Weber (2011:90) Ginsburgh, Victor; Weber, Shlomo (2011). How Many Languages Do We Need?: The Economics of Linguistic Diversity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13689-9. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
Batchelor, Ronald Ernest (1992). Using Spanish: a guide to contemporary usage. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 0-521-26987-3. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

byu.edu

linguistics.byu.edu

Eddington (2000:96) Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language" (PDF). Language. 76 (1): 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394. JSTOR 417394. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.

capmas.gov.eg

[2]: Census estimate (1/1/2025)

carayanpress.com

revista.carayanpress.com

Andrés Barrenechea, Clarissa (June 2013). La enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera en Filipinas. Estudio de caso de la Universidad Ateneo de Manila [The Teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language in the Philippines: Case Study of the Ateneo de Manila University] (PDF) (Master) (in Spanish). Autonomous University of Zacatecas. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.

cbs.aw

"General characteristics of Aruba 2023". CBS. 1 January 2024.

cbs.gov.il

cbs.gov.il Census estimate for 28 Feb 2025.

cbs.nl

"Bevolkingsteller: Hoeveel mensen wonen nu in Nederland?" [Population counter: How many people live in the Netherlands now?]. Cbs.nl. 24 March 2025. Retrieved 24 March 2025.

census.gov

data.census.gov

"American Community Survey Explore Census Data". Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
Spanish speakers older than 5 years old ("Language Spoken at Home". United States Census Bureau. 2023.)
"Census Bureau (01/July/2023)". Census.gov.
"Census Bureau (01/July/2023)". Census.gov.
"Census Bureau (01/July/2023)". Census.gov.
"Census Bureau (01/July/2023)". Census.gov.
(Census Bureau 2023 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine)

census.gov

"Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". U.S. Census Bureau. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
"(1 July, 2023)". Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021.
"2024 US. census Bureau".
"U.S. and World Population Clock". U.S. Census Bureau. 18 March 2025.
"Language Projections: 2010 to 2020". The United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.

www2.census.gov

"2020 census result" (PDF).

cepc.es

"La lengua de Cervantes" (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Presidencia de España. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.

cervantes.es

cvc.cervantes.es

"Anuario instituto Cervantes 2023". Centro Virtual Cervantes (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023. Estimate. Corrected as Equatorial Guinea is mistakenly included (no native speakers there)
"Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
"El Español en los Campamentos de Refugiados Saharauis (Tinduf, Algeria)" (PDF). Cvc.cervantes.es. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
"cvc.cervantes (Spanish in Australia and New Zealand)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
Fernández Vítores, David (2024). El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2024 (PDF) (Report). Instituto Cervantes. 498.5 million people have a native command of Spanish. 77.9 million people have limited Spanish proficiency. 24.2 million people are learning the Spanish language. 600.6 million people are potential users of Spanish worldwide, 7.5% (pages 26 and 69).
There are more than 433,000 emigrants from predominantly Spanish-speaking countries in France, of which 93.6% speak native Spanish (Inst. Cerv. Anuario 2024): 310,072 Spaniards (INE, 2025) + 31,151 Colombians + 16,473 Chileans + 14,807 Argentines + 13,390 Mexicans + 13,361 Peruvians + 7,249 Venezuelans + 5,466 Cubans + 4,730 Ecuatorians + 3,992 Dominicans + 3,598 Bolivians + 3,423 Guatemalans + 2,784 Uruguayans + 1,178 Paraguayans (datosmacro 2020). On the other hand, we should consider Spanish emigrants who have become French citizens and still speak Spanish, or the descendants of Spanish emigrants born in France who speak Spanish at home.
There are 1,554,744 emigrants from predominantly Spanish-speaking countries in Brazil (nepo.unicamp.br 2024), of which 93.6% speak native Spanish (Inst. Cerv. Anuario 2024): 672,894 Venezuelans + 187,562 Bolivians + 143,928 Spaniards (INE, 2025) + 108,587 Colombians + 106,271 Argentines + 68,650 Paraguayans + 65,976 Cubans + 61,033 Peruvians + 59,562 Uruguayans + 25,064 Mexicans + 24,393 Chileans + 14,793 Ecuatorians + 4,793 Dominicans + 2,962 Hondurans + 2,179 Costa Ricans + 1,905 Guatemalans. Total Native Spanish speakers 1,454,676.
Native command group (GDL): 266,955 non-nationalized Spanish-speaking immigrants, 63,752 nationalized Spanish-speaking immigrants, 44,500 Spanish speakers of children of immigrants (second generation). 375,207 total native speakers, but there are another 37,047 non-mother-tongue speakers with native-level skills. Anuario del Instituto Cervantes 2020 (page 325). "Germany and their Spanish speakers" Archived 18 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine
cvc.cervantes.es. Archived 27 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. 13.7% of the country's Spanish speakers are proficient; the remaining 74% are limited-competence speakers.
"Demo lingüística del español en Portugal" (PDF). Instituto Cervantes. p. 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
"cvc.cervantes.es". Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023. There are 4,803 native Spanish speakers + 461,689 Spanish speakers with limited competence + 33,600 Spanish students.
The 1970 Spanish census claims there were 16,648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara at the time ([1]. Archived 17 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine), but most of them were probably people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation.
Spanish in Belize. 52.1% speak Spanish with very well level. 10.7% speak Spanish with intermediate level (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
"El español en Egipto". Instituto Cervantes. 2021.There are 6,000 Spanish students and 15,000 Egyptian citizens who speak Spanish for professional reasons
El español en Namibia, 2005. Archived 2 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Instituto Cervantes.
Katia Salamanca de Abreu, review of Humberto López Morales, Estudios sobre el español de Cuba Archived 21 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in Thesaurus, 28 (1973), 138–146.
Quintana, Lucía; Mora, Juan Pablo (2002). "Enseñanza del acervo léxico árabe de la lengua española" (PDF). ASELE. Actas XIII: 705. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.: "El léxico español de procedencia árabe es muy abundante: se ha señalado que constituye, aproximadamente, un 8% del vocabulario total"

cervantes.es

"Información sobre el Instituto Cervantes. Quiénes somos: qué es el Instituto Cervantes". www.cervantes.es. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2022.

cervantesvirtual.com

Spanish creole:Rafael Rodríguez-Ponga (January 2003). Pero ¿cuántos hablan español en Filipinas? (PDF). Cervantes virtual. pp. 54, 55. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
"La época visigoda / Susana Rodríguez Rosique". www.cervantesvirtual.com (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.

ceu.es

catalogo.ceu.es

Fernández Vítores, David (2018). "The endurance of Spanish in the Maghreb". The economic and commercial influence of Spanish-based languages (PDF). Madrid: Ministerio de Economía y Empresa. pp. 32–46. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.

chanrobles.com

"Presidential Decree No. 155: Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes". Chanrobles.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2014.

cia.gov

cia.gov
"Mexico". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2011.: Spanish only 92.7%
"Peru". The World factbook. CIA. 2017. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2011. Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2%
CIA Factbook (19 February 1999). "(2019)". CIA Factbook. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
"Guatemala". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021. Spanish (official) 69.9%, Amerindian languages 40%
"South America :: Bolivia — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
www.cia.gov
"South America :: Paraguay — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
cia.gov Archived 22 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (3.2% speak Spanish in Canada)

constitucionpoliticadelperu.com

Constitución Política del Perú Archived 17 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Article 48

constitution.org

Constitución de la República del Paraguay Archived 8 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Article 140

cso.gov.tt

CSO – Statistics (1 July 2024).}}.

cso.ie

cso.ie "Population and Migration Estimates, April 2024".

cuny.edu

academicworks.cuny.edu

Valle, José del; Villa, Laura (2006). "Spanish in Brazil: Language Policy, Business, and Cultural Propaganda". Language Policy. 5 (4): 376–377. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9035-2. S2CID 144373408. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.

dane.gov.co

"Proyecciones de Población de DANE de 2020-2070 (DANE Population Projections 2020-2070)" (in Spanish). CO: Dane. 1 January 2025. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019.

datosmundial.com

"datosmundial.com (Colombia)". Retrieved 24 October 2023.
"datosmundial.com (Argentina)". Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
datosmundial.com

degruyter.com

Salvador, Yolanda Mancebo (2002). "Hacia una historia de la puesta en escena de La vida es sueño". Calderón en Europa (in Spanish). Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 91–100. doi:10.31819/9783964565013-007. ISBN 978-3-96456-501-3. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

destatis.de

"German census". Destatis. 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016.

doi.org

Salvador, Yolanda Mancebo (2002). "Hacia una historia de la puesta en escena de La vida es sueño". Calderón en Europa (in Spanish). Vervuert Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 91–100. doi:10.31819/9783964565013-007. ISBN 978-3-96456-501-3. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Cano Aguilar, Rafael (2013). "De nuevo sobre los nombres medievales de la lengua de Castilla". E-Spania. 15 (15). doi:10.4000/e-spania.22518. ISSN 1951-6169.
Valle, José del; Villa, Laura (2006). "Spanish in Brazil: Language Policy, Business, and Cultural Propaganda". Language Policy. 5 (4): 376–377. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9035-2. S2CID 144373408. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
Lipski, John M. (2014). "¿Existe un dialecto "ecuatoguineano" del español?". Revista Iberoamericana. 80 (248–249): 865–882. doi:10.5195/REVIBEROAMER.2014.7202. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022. Se trata de Guinea Ecuatorial, único país del África subsahariana de habla española,
Lipski, John M. (2004). "The Spanish language of Equatorial Guinea" (PDF). Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies. 8: 117. doi:10.1353/hcs.2011.0376. S2CID 144501371. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
Díaz-Campos, Manuel; Escalona Torres, Juan M.; Filimonova, Valentyna (2020). "Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World". Annual Review of Linguistics. 6: 369. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030547. ISSN 2333-9683. S2CID 210443649. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255) Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 255–59. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 (inactive 3 June 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2025 (link)
Eddington (2000:96) Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language" (PDF). Language. 76 (1): 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394. JSTOR 417394. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Hernández Campoy, Juan Manuel; Villena Ponsoda, Juan Andrés (2009). "Standardness and nonstandardness in Spain: dialect attrition and revitalization of regional dialects of Spanish". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (196–197): 185–186. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2009.021. S2CID 145000590. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
Baquero Velásquez, Julia M.; Westphal Montt, Germán F. (2014). "Un análisis sincrónico del voseo verbal chileno y rioplatense". Forma y Función (in Spanish). 27 (2): 11–40. doi:10.15446/fyf.v27n2.47558.
Congost-Maestre, Nereida (30 April 2020). Sha, Mandy (ed.). Sociocultural issues in adapting Spanish health survey translation: The case of the QWB-SA (Chapter 10) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research. RTI Press. pp. 203–220. doi:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004. ISBN 978-1-934831-24-3. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
Jensen (1989) Jensen, John B. (1989). "On the Mutual Intelligibility of Spanish and Portuguese". Hispania. 72 (4): 848–852. doi:10.2307/343562. JSTOR 343562.

dst.dk

2025 Census estimate

ecudatanalytics.com

proyeccionespoblacionales.ecudatanalytics.com

"Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Census". 2025.

educacionyfp.gob.es

"Studying – In the Philippines". Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of Spain. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.

elindependiente.com

Carrión, Francisco (20 October 2021). "España se desentiende de la preservación del castellano en los campamentos saharauis". El Independiente. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

elmundo.es

Vergaz, Miguel A. (7 November 2010). "La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano". El Mundo (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.

elpais.com

"Más 'speak spanish' que en España". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2007. (in Spanish)

encyclopedia.com

"Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 September 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
"Spanish Language Facts". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

estadistica.ad

2024 Census estimate

ethnologue.com

Spanish language at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025)
Eberhard, Simons & Fennig (2020) Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2020). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2002.
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2022). "Summary by language size". Ethnologue. SIL International. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
"Summary by language size". Ethnologue. 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
"Peru". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011. There are 5,782,260 people who speak other language as mother tongue (main languages: Quechua (among 32 Quechua's varieties) 4,773,900, Aymara (2 varieties) 661,000, Chinese 100,000).
"Venezuela". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2013. There are 1,098,244 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main languages: Chinese 400,000, Portuguese 254,000, Wayuu 199,000, Arabic 110,000)
"Chile". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2011. There are 281,600 people who speak another language, mainly Mapudungun (250.000)
There are 207,750 people who speak another language, mainly Garifuna (98,000).: Ethnologue Archived 13 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
There are 490,124 people who speak another language, mainly Mískito (154,000).: Ethnologue Archived 15 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
There are 14,100 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main language, Kekchí with 12,300 speakers): Ethnologue Archived 7 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
There are 501,043 people who speak another language as mother tongue: "PA". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
There are 150,200 people who speak another language as mother tongue, "UY". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
www.ethnologue.com Spanish is the fourth most spoken language with 558.5 million speakers.
"Spanish". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2005.

europa.eu

"Europeans and their Languages". European Union (eurobarometer). 2023. pp. 11, 58. Reports and documents - Data annex - Europeans and their languages - page 58. The source offers percentages of people over 12 years old in each EU country, who speak Spanish at a very good level (page 58). Of the total EU population over 12 years old, 9% are native Spanish speakers, another 3% have a very good level of Spanish, and a total of 17% can hold a conversation in Spanish (page 54). Therefore, native and very good Spanish speakers account for 12% (9%+3%).
"Eurobarometer: Report: Europeans and their languages". European Union. 2023. pp. 11, 21. Native and non native people who speak Spanish well enough in order to be able to have a conversation.
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There are more than 433,000 emigrants from predominantly Spanish-speaking countries in France, of which 93.6% speak native Spanish (Inst. Cerv. Anuario 2024): 310,072 Spaniards (INE, 2025) + 31,151 Colombians + 16,473 Chileans + 14,807 Argentines + 13,390 Mexicans + 13,361 Peruvians + 7,249 Venezuelans + 5,466 Cubans + 4,730 Ecuatorians + 3,992 Dominicans + 3,598 Bolivians + 3,423 Guatemalans + 2,784 Uruguayans + 1,178 Paraguayans (datosmacro 2020). On the other hand, we should consider Spanish emigrants who have become French citizens and still speak Spanish, or the descendants of Spanish emigrants born in France who speak Spanish at home.

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INE (2021) Archived 2 November 2023 at the Wayback Machine: In Spain, 85.6% speak Spanish always or frequently in family (77.1% always and 8.5% frequently), 96% speak Spanish well, and 99.5% understand and speak, albeit with difficulty .
There are more than 433,000 emigrants from predominantly Spanish-speaking countries in France, of which 93.6% speak native Spanish (Inst. Cerv. Anuario 2024): 310,072 Spaniards (INE, 2025) + 31,151 Colombians + 16,473 Chileans + 14,807 Argentines + 13,390 Mexicans + 13,361 Peruvians + 7,249 Venezuelans + 5,466 Cubans + 4,730 Ecuatorians + 3,992 Dominicans + 3,598 Bolivians + 3,423 Guatemalans + 2,784 Uruguayans + 1,178 Paraguayans (datosmacro 2020). On the other hand, we should consider Spanish emigrants who have become French citizens and still speak Spanish, or the descendants of Spanish emigrants born in France who speak Spanish at home.
There are 1,554,744 emigrants from predominantly Spanish-speaking countries in Brazil (nepo.unicamp.br 2024), of which 93.6% speak native Spanish (Inst. Cerv. Anuario 2024): 672,894 Venezuelans + 187,562 Bolivians + 143,928 Spaniards (INE, 2025) + 108,587 Colombians + 106,271 Argentines + 68,650 Paraguayans + 65,976 Cubans + 61,033 Peruvians + 59,562 Uruguayans + 25,064 Mexicans + 24,393 Chileans + 14,793 Ecuatorians + 4,793 Dominicans + 2,962 Hondurans + 2,179 Costa Ricans + 1,905 Guatemalans. Total Native Spanish speakers 1,454,676.

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Mojarro, Jorge (6 October 2020). "Spanish is an endangered Filipino language". The Manila Times. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

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"In which countries of the world is this language spoken?". Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

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nsi.bg 31 Dec 2023 census estimate

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"Puerto Rico Elevates English". the New York Times. 29 January 1993. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2007.

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ons.dz, Census estimate for 1 Jan 2025.

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Taylor, Paul (2022). "Latinos' Views of and Experiences With the Spanish Language". pewhispanic.org.
pewresearch.org (Language Use among Latinos)

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Lipski, John M. (2014). "¿Existe un dialecto "ecuatoguineano" del español?". Revista Iberoamericana. 80 (248–249): 865–882. doi:10.5195/REVIBEROAMER.2014.7202. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022. Se trata de Guinea Ecuatorial, único país del África subsahariana de habla española,

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"Voseo según DPD" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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"Language and education on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao".
Martos, Isabel. "Linguistic Policy in the Camps of Sahrawi Refugees". Universidad de Alcalá. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2018 – via researchgate.net.

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"Los cubanos, la élite de Sudán del Sur" (in Spanish). Radio France International. 6 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2011.

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Often considered to be a substratum word. Other theories suggest, on the basis of what is used to make cheese, a derivation from Latin brandeum (originally meaning a linen covering, later a thin cloth for relic storage) through an intermediate root *brandea. For the development of the meaning, cf. Spanish manteca, Portuguese manteiga, probably from Latin mantica ('sack'), Italian formaggio and French fromage from formaticus. Romanian Explanatory Dictionary Archived 18 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine

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"Census estimate for 2025". Russian census estimate. 1 January 2025.

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Congost-Maestre, Nereida (30 April 2020). Sha, Mandy (ed.). Sociocultural issues in adapting Spanish health survey translation: The case of the QWB-SA (Chapter 10) in The Essential Role of Language in Survey Research. RTI Press. pp. 203–220. doi:10.3768/rtipress.bk.0023.2004. ISBN 978-1-934831-24-3. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.

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2012 census Archived (Date missing) at scb.se (Error: unknown archive URL)

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"Spanish Language Program in Philippine Public Secondary Schools". SEAMEO Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2023.

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"2025 population estimate" (in Spanish). CONAPO estimate.

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Rice, John (2010). "sejours linguistiques en Espagne". sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

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Valle, José del; Villa, Laura (2006). "Spanish in Brazil: Language Policy, Business, and Cultural Propaganda". Language Policy. 5 (4): 376–377. doi:10.1007/s10993-006-9035-2. S2CID 144373408. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
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Spanish in belize (Report) (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 December 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2022.

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El español en el contexto Sociolingüístico marroquí: Evolución y perspectivas (page 39): Between 4 and 7 million people have Spanish knowledge (M. Ammadi, 2002) Archived 6 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine

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Real Academia Española Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Explanation Archived 6 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Spanish Pronto Archived 14 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish and English)

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"الوفد الصحراوي سيحضر لقاء جنيف بإرادة صادقة للتقدم نحو الحل الذي يضمن حق الشعب الصحراوي في تقرير المصير والاستقلال" [The Sahrawi delegation will attend the Geneva meeting with a sincere will to move towards a solution that guarantees the right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination and independence]. Sahara Press Service (in Arabic). 29 November 2018. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

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ssb.no. Census estimate for 2025-01-01.

stat.fi

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pxdata.stat.fi 1-July-2024 Census estimate

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stat.go.jp 1 Mar 2025 census estimate.

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"(2013)". db1.stat.gov.lt. Archived from the original on 19 August 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2014.

stat.gov.pl

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"Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. 2024.
"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". Statistics Canada. 2022. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

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"Countries with most Spanish speakers 2021". Statista. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 17 May 2022.

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statistics.gr 1-January-2024.

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slovak.statistics.sk 2024 Census estimate.

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statistik.at "Population at beginning of 2025/quarter"

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"1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". The corpus juris. Article XV, Section 3(3). Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.

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"US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more". The Guardian. 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Stephen Burgen, US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain – only Mexico has more Archived 23 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, US News, 29 June 2015.

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"Spanish Influence on Language, Culture, and Philippine History". Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.

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data.tuik.gov.tr

data.tuik.gov.tr: Census estimate (1/1/2025)

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Bituga-Nchama, Pedro Bayeme; Nvé-Ndumu, Cruz Otu (2021). "The decline of the indigenous languages of Equatorial Guinea: a manifestation of the loss of cultural identity". Revista Cátedra. 4 (3): 41. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

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"Demografía de la lengua española" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010., to countries with official Spanish status.

um.es

www.um.es Archived 26 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine (5.2. Datos descriptivos de los usos de español e inglés, Gráfico 2). 77.3% of the Gibraltar population speak Spanish with their mother more, or equal than English.

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nepo.unicamp.br

There are 1,554,744 emigrants from predominantly Spanish-speaking countries in Brazil (nepo.unicamp.br 2024), of which 93.6% speak native Spanish (Inst. Cerv. Anuario 2024): 672,894 Venezuelans + 187,562 Bolivians + 143,928 Spaniards (INE, 2025) + 108,587 Colombians + 106,271 Argentines + 68,650 Paraguayans + 65,976 Cubans + 61,033 Peruvians + 59,562 Uruguayans + 25,064 Mexicans + 24,393 Chileans + 14,793 Ecuatorians + 4,793 Dominicans + 2,962 Hondurans + 2,179 Costa Ricans + 1,905 Guatemalans. Total Native Spanish speakers 1,454,676.

unirioja.es

dialnet.unirioja.es

Lipski, John M. (2004). "The Spanish language of Equatorial Guinea" (PDF). Arizona Journal of Hispanic Cultural Studies. 8: 117. doi:10.1353/hcs.2011.0376. S2CID 144501371. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

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—OR—
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