Spanish language in the Philippines (English Wikipedia)

Quezon III, Manuel L. (February 7, 2007). "The Warsaw of Asia: How Manila was Flattened in WWII". Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Arab News Online (archive.arabnews.com). Opinion. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2010.

archive.org

Agoncillo 1990, pp. 80, 212 Agoncillo, Teodoro C. (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing. ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4., ISBN 971-8711-06-6, ISBN 978-971-8711-06-4.
Stevens 1898, p. 11 Stevens, Joseph Earle (1898), Yesterdays in the Philippines, Scribner.
Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 29–30 Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6..
Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 30 Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6..

ateneo.edu

"The First Hundred Years Of The Ateneo de Manila". Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2010.

battlingbastardsbataan.com

"The Sack of Manila". The Battling Bastards of Bataan (battlingbastardsbataan.com). Archived from the original on August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2010.

bbc.com

"Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)". BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). January 30, 2021. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.

beck.org

san.beck.org

Beck, Sanderson. "Summary and Evaluation". Retrieved June 29, 2010.

books.google.com

The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.";
A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", Kalaw 1927, p. 443;
In 1972, the Philippine Government National Historical Institute (NHI) published Guevara 1972, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." Guevara 1972, p. 117;
Other translations also exist (e.g. Rodriguez 1997, p. 130);
As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": Rappa & Wee 2006, p. 67; Woods 2005, p. 218; Corpus Juris; LawPhil; (others). Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic". The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997). "The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution". Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 130. ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1., ISBN 971-23-2193-2, ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1. Rappa, Antonio L.; Wee, Lionel (2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3., ISBN 1-4020-4510-7, ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Woods, Damon L. (2005). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6., ISBN 1-85109-675-2, ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Corpus Juris Philippine Law Library, archived from the original on October 9, 2011, retrieved October 26, 2011 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Arellano Law Foundation: The LawPhil Project
Arcilla 1994, pp. 7–11 Arcilla, José S. (1994). An Introduction to Philippine History (Fourth ed.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0., ISBN 971-550-261-X, ISBN 978-971-550-261-0.
Arcilla 1994, p. 50 Arcilla, José S. (1994). An Introduction to Philippine History (Fourth ed.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0., ISBN 971-550-261-X, ISBN 978-971-550-261-0.
Arcilla 1994, p. 48 Arcilla, José S. (1994). An Introduction to Philippine History (Fourth ed.). Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-261-0., ISBN 971-550-261-X, ISBN 978-971-550-261-0.
Stevens 1898, p. 11 Stevens, Joseph Earle (1898), Yesterdays in the Philippines, Scribner.
Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 29–30 Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6..
Penny & Penny 2002, pp. 30 Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6..
Paul A. Kramer (2006). Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8078-7717-3.
Guerrero 1987 Guerrero, León María (1987), The First Filipino, a Biography of José Rizal, National Heroes Commission.
Goodno, James B. (1991). The Philippines: land of broken promises. Zed Books. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-86232-862-7.
Taylor, Carson (1927). History of the Philippine Press. P.I.

buscoenlaces.es

Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (February 11, 2001). "The Librada Avelino-Gilbert Newton Encounter (Manila, 1913)". Spain: buscoenlaces.es. Archived from the original on September 23, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2010.

byu.edu

scholarsarchive.byu.edu

Burton, John W. (1985). "Philippine-Spanish Literature: The Decline of Art in a Historic Setting". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

cervantes.es

cvc.cervantes.es

Número de hispanohablantes en países y territorios donde el español no es lengua oficial Archived April 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Instituto Cervantes.

cervantesvirtual.com

Spanish creole: Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55
Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55, archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2009, retrieved December 1, 2009

descargas.cervantesvirtual.com

Rodríguez-Ponga Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael. "Pero ¿cuántos hablan español en Filipinas?/But how many speak Spanish in the Philippines?" [But how many speak Spanish in the Philippines?] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2009..

chanrobles.com

Article XIV, Section 3 of the 1935 Philippine Constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The 1943 Philippine Constitution Archived June 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the 1973 Philippine constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. Presidential Decree No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."

cision.com

"UK Media Moves including The Sunday Times, The Big Issue, Your.MD, City A.M., GRAZIA". Cision. Retrieved May 26, 2021.

congress.gov.ph

Congress of the Philippines (2003). "Republic Act No. 9187: An Act declaring June 30 of the year as Philippine–Spanish Friendship Day, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes" (PDF). Metro Manila, Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2010.

coolt.com

Gómez Armas, Sara (May 19, 2021). "El español resiste en Filipinas" [Spanish resists in the Philippines]. COOLT (in Spanish). Retrieved April 8, 2023.

countrystudies.us

"EDUCATION". Retrieved June 29, 2010.

deped.gov.ph

"Historical Perspective of the Philippine Educational System". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Labrador, Vilma. "DepEd Memorandum No. 490, s. 2007 – The Spanish Language as an Elective in High School" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2010.

doi.org

Gonzalez, Andrew (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5&6): 513. doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2009.
Godoy, Antonio Checa (2015). "La prensa filipina en español entre dos guerras (1899-1941)". Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación (in Spanish). 1 (4): 22–51. doi:10.12795/RiHC.2015.i04.02. ISSN 2255-5129.
Gala, Carlos Isabel (June 6, 2017). "Nacimiento y evolución de la prensa en Filipinas en el siglo XIX: de los intereses españoles al nacionalismo filipino". Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación (in Spanish). 1 (8): 1–24. doi:10.12795/RiHC.2017.i08.01. ISSN 2255-5129.
Park, Paula (2019). "Reframing "Nuestra lengua": Transpacific Perspectives on the Teaching of Spanish in the Philippines". UNITAS. 92: 318–343. doi:10.31944/20199201.12. S2CID 222725824.

educacionyfp.gob.es

"The World Learns Spanish: The Philippines" (PDF). 2020.

elcastellano.org

"El retorno triunfal del español a las Filipinas". Archived from the original on December 28, 2007.

emanila.com

Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (April 10, 2001). "The evolution of the native Tagalog alphabet". Philippines: emanila.com. Views & Reviews. Archived from the original on September 19, 2013. Retrieved August 14, 2010.

ethnologue.com

"Languages of the Philippines". Ethnologue. Retrieved August 22, 2009.

filipiniana.net

López Jaena, Graciano (February 15, 1889). "La Solidaridad : Our purposes". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
del Pilar, Marcelo H. (April 25, 1889). "The aspirations of the Filipinos". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
López Jaena, Graciano (February 15, 1889). "Congratulations to the young women of Malolos". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2010.

filipinolibrarian.blogspot.com

"Talumpati: Manuel L. Quezon". Retrieved June 26, 2010.

geocities.com

de.geocities.com

Gómez Rivera, Guillermo. "Statistics: Spanish Language in the Philippines". Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2010.

ghostarchive.org

Filipinos and Americans during the Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (September 26, 2009). Forgotten Filipinos/The Filipino genocide. YouTube (youtube.com). Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
Filipinos and Americans during the Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (September 26, 2009). El genocidio filipino/Los filipinos olvidados. YouTube (youtube.com). Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
Filipino prisoners, Philippine–American War (producer: fonsucu) (December 7, 2009). Filipino Prisoners of War. YouTube (youtube.com). Event occurs at 1:26. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. Filipinos made prisoners by the USA army during the Philippine–American War
Military, politicians, priests and writers who opposed the American colonial domination (producer: fonsucu) (September 19, 2009). Filipinos hispanos/Hispanic Filipinos. YouTube (youtube.com). Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. The invasion of the Philippines by the USA was fiercely resisted. Millions of Filipinos perished as a result of the American genocidal tactics.

gmanetwork.com

Legaspi, Amita O. (July 3, 2012). "PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain's Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools". GMA News.

ine.es

"Instituto Nacional de Estadística". ine.es.

inq7.net

Ocampo, Ambeth (March 1, 2002). "The Spanish friar, beyond the propaganda". Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net, previously inq7.net). Opinion. Archived from the original on April 13, 2002. Retrieved July 27, 2010.

inquirer.net

opinion.inquirer.net

Ocampo, Ambeth (December 4, 2007). "The loss of Spanish". Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Opinion. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
Ocampo, Ambeth (December 4, 2007). "The loss of Spanish". Makati City, Philippines: Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net). Opinion. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.

globalnation.inquirer.net

Mangunay, Kristine (September 11, 2012). "DepEd mulls Spanish for students". Retrieved September 13, 2012.

jstor.org

FERNANDEZ, DOREEN G. (1989). "The Philippine Press System: 1811-1989". Philippine Studies. 37 (3): 317–344. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42633609.

kunstkamera.ru

De La Peña, Wystan. "Revisiting the Golden Age of Fil-Hispanic Literature (1898-1941)" (PDF): 119–127. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

lajornadafilipina.com

Cerézo, Arvyn (September 3, 2020). "Should We Replace Filipino With Spanish? Here's What 'Redditors' Think". La Jornada Filipina. Retrieved February 26, 2023.

lawphil.net

The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.";
A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", Kalaw 1927, p. 443;
In 1972, the Philippine Government National Historical Institute (NHI) published Guevara 1972, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." Guevara 1972, p. 117;
Other translations also exist (e.g. Rodriguez 1997, p. 130);
As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": Rappa & Wee 2006, p. 67; Woods 2005, p. 218; Corpus Juris; LawPhil; (others). Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic". The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997). "The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution". Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 130. ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1., ISBN 971-23-2193-2, ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1. Rappa, Antonio L.; Wee, Lionel (2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3., ISBN 1-4020-4510-7, ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Woods, Damon L. (2005). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6., ISBN 1-85109-675-2, ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Corpus Juris Philippine Law Library, archived from the original on October 9, 2011, retrieved October 26, 2011 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Arellano Law Foundation: The LawPhil Project

lgpolar.com

Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (March 2001). "Educadores y sabios adredemente olvidados" [Forgotten Filipino Sages and Educators] (in English and Spanish). Canada: La Guirnalda Polar (lgpolar.com). Núm. 53 – Especial de Filipinas I. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2010.

mecd.gob.es

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muckrack.com

"La Jornada Filipina: Contact Information, Journalists, and Overview | Muck Rack". muckrack.com. Retrieved May 26, 2021.

multilingual-matters.net

Gonzalez, Andrew (1998). "The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (5&6): 513. doi:10.1080/01434639808666365. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2009.

ngkhai.com

"Newspaper". Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.

officialgazette.gov.ph

Article XIV, Section 3 of the 1935 Philippine Constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The 1943 Philippine Constitution Archived June 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the 1973 Philippine constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. Presidential Decree No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."

oneworld.org

Son, Johanna (June 9, 1998). "PHILIPPINES: Torn Between Two Colonisers – Spain and America". Manila, Philippines: oneworld.org. Archived from the original on October 9, 1999. Retrieved July 27, 2010.

palhbooks.com

Bernad, Miguel A. "Genocide in Manila". California, USA: Philippine American Literary House (palhbooks.com). PALH Book Reviews. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2010.

philippinestudies.net

Rodao, Florentino (1997). "Spanish Language in the Philippines: 1900-1940". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 45 (1): 94–107. ISSN 2244-1638.

philstar.com

"Queen Sofia wants Spanish back in Philippine public schools". The Philippine Star (philstar.com). July 5, 2012.

pnm.my

The National Archives (archived from the original on September 27, 2007), Houses the Spanish Collection, which consists of around 13 million manuscripts from the Spanish colonial period.

psu.edu

personal.psu.edu

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php.scripts.psu.edu

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rae.es

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realinstitutoelcano.org

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"Nuevas perspectivas para la lengua española en Filipinas (ARI)". Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2013.

semanticscholar.org

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Park, Paula (2019). "Reframing "Nuestra lengua": Transpacific Perspectives on the Teaching of Spanish in the Philippines". UNITAS. 92: 318–343. doi:10.31944/20199201.12. S2CID 222725824.

sil.org

Villareal, Corazón (January 17–20, 2006). "Language and Desire in Hiligaynon" (PDF). Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2010. But the real authors were really the Ladinos, natives from the Philippine who were the informants, translators, or even better, consultants of the missionaries.
Mayer, Audrey; et al. (1979). Languages of the southern gateway: a phrase book of Chavacano, Sinama, Tausug, Yakan (PDF). Manila, Philippines: Department of Education, Culture, and Sports, Summer Institute of Linguistics (published 1989). p. 15. ISBN 971-18-0131-0. OCLC 78347330. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2020.

spanish-differences.com

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state.gov

2009-2017.state.gov

"Background Note: Philippines". U.S.A.: U.S. Department of State (state.gov). American Period. Retrieved August 7, 2010.

thecorpusjuris.com

Article XIV, Section 3 of the 1935 Philippine Constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The 1943 Philippine Constitution Archived June 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the 1973 Philippine constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. Presidential Decree No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."
The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.";
A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", Kalaw 1927, p. 443;
In 1972, the Philippine Government National Historical Institute (NHI) published Guevara 1972, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." Guevara 1972, p. 117;
Other translations also exist (e.g. Rodriguez 1997, p. 130);
As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": Rappa & Wee 2006, p. 67; Woods 2005, p. 218; Corpus Juris; LawPhil; (others). Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic". The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997). "The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution". Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 130. ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1., ISBN 971-23-2193-2, ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1. Rappa, Antonio L.; Wee, Lionel (2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3., ISBN 1-4020-4510-7, ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Woods, Damon L. (2005). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6., ISBN 1-85109-675-2, ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Corpus Juris Philippine Law Library, archived from the original on October 9, 2011, retrieved October 26, 2011 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Arellano Law Foundation: The LawPhil Project
"1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Title XIV Article 93". Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2012.

thefreeman.com

del Pilar, Marcelo (February 15, 1889). "The teaching of Spanish in the Philippines". Barcelona, Spain: La Solidaridad. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2010.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.";
A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", Kalaw 1927, p. 443;
In 1972, the Philippine Government National Historical Institute (NHI) published Guevara 1972, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." Guevara 1972, p. 117;
Other translations also exist (e.g. Rodriguez 1997, p. 130);
As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": Rappa & Wee 2006, p. 67; Woods 2005, p. 218; Corpus Juris; LawPhil; (others). Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic". The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997). "The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution". Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 130. ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1., ISBN 971-23-2193-2, ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1. Rappa, Antonio L.; Wee, Lionel (2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3., ISBN 1-4020-4510-7, ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Woods, Damon L. (2005). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6., ISBN 1-85109-675-2, ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Corpus Juris Philippine Law Library, archived from the original on October 9, 2011, retrieved October 26, 2011 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Arellano Law Foundation: The LawPhil Project
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unirioja.es

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Godoy, Antonio Checa (2015). "La prensa filipina en español entre dos guerras (1899-1941)". Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación (in Spanish). 1 (4): 22–51. doi:10.12795/RiHC.2015.i04.02. ISSN 2255-5129.
Casanova, Rocío Ortuño (2017). "Philippine Literature in Spanish: Canon Away from Canon". Iberoromania: Revista dedicada a las lenguas y literaturas iberorrománicas de Europa y América (85): 58–77. ISSN 0019-0993.

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revistascientificas.us.es

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Article XIV, Section 3 of the 1935 Philippine Constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine provided, "[...] Until otherwise provided by law, English and Spanish shall continue as official languages." The 1943 Philippine Constitution Archived June 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (in effect during occupation by Japanese forces, and later repudiated) did not specify official languages. Article XV, Section 3(3) of the 1973 Philippine constitution Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ratified on January 17, 1973 specified, "Until otherwise provided by law, English and Pilipino shall be the official languages. Presidential Decree No. 155 dated March 15, 1973 ordered, "[...] that the Spanish language shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines while important documents in government files are in the Spanish language and not translated into either English or Pilipino language." Article XIV Section 7 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution specified, "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English."
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The Malolos Constitution was written in Spanish, and no official English translation was released. Article 93 read, "Artículo 93.° El empleo de las lenguas usadas en Filipinas es potestativo. No puede regularse sino por la ley y solamente para los actos de la autoridad pública y los asuntos judiciales. Para estos actos se usará por ahora la lengua castellana.";
A literal translation originally printed as exhibit IV, Volume I, Report of the Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900, Senate Document 188. Fifty-sixth Congress, first session.) read, "ART.93 The use of the languages spoken in the Philippines is optional. It can only be regulated by law, and solely as regards acts of public authority and judicial affairs. For these acts, the Spanish language shall be used for the time being.", Kalaw 1927, p. 443;
In 1972, the Philippine Government National Historical Institute (NHI) published Guevara 1972, which contained a somewhat different English translation in which Article 93 read, "Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be used in the meantime." Guevara 1972, p. 117;
Other translations also exist (e.g. Rodriguez 1997, p. 130);
As of 2008, the NHI translation seems to predominate in publication, with some sources describing it as "official" or "approved": Rappa & Wee 2006, p. 67; Woods 2005, p. 218; Corpus Juris; LawPhil; (others). Kalaw, Maximo M. (1927). "Appendix D, The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic". The development of Philippine politics. Oriental commercial.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972). "The Malolos Constitution (English translation)". The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library.. Rodriguez, Rufus Bautista (1997). "The 1899 'Malolos' Constitution". Constitutionalism in the Philippines: With Complete Texts of the 1987 Constitution and Other Previous Organic Acts and Constitutions. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 130. ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1., ISBN 971-23-2193-2, ISBN 978-971-23-2193-1. Rappa, Antonio L.; Wee, Lionel (2006). Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3., ISBN 1-4020-4510-7, ISBN 978-1-4020-4510-3. Woods, Damon L. (2005). The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6., ISBN 1-85109-675-2, ISBN 978-1-85109-675-6. 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Corpus Juris Philippine Law Library, archived from the original on October 9, 2011, retrieved October 26, 2011 1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (Malolos Convention), Arellano Law Foundation: The LawPhil Project
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Godoy, Antonio Checa (2015). "La prensa filipina en español entre dos guerras (1899-1941)". Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación (in Spanish). 1 (4): 22–51. doi:10.12795/RiHC.2015.i04.02. ISSN 2255-5129.
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worldcat.org

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Census of the Philippine Islands taken under the direction of the Philippine Legislature in the year 1918 ... Compiled and published by the Census Office of the Philippine Islands. [Vol. 1, no. 2]. Manila,: Bureau of Printing Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. OCLC 832813867.
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