Spanish phonology (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Spanish phonology" in English language version.

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Zamora Vicente (1967:413) Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, ISBN 9788424911157
Zamora Vicente (1967:?). The first /a/ in madres also undergoes this fronting process as part of a vowel harmony system. See #Realization of /s/ below. Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, ISBN 9788424911157
Zamora Vicente (1967:?) Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos, ISBN 9788424911157

berkeley.edu

linguistics.berkeley.edu

Generally /w̝/ is [ɣʷ] though it may also be [βˠ] (Ohala & Lorentz (1977:590) citing Navarro Tomás (1961) and Harris (1969)). Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977), "The Story of [w]: An Exercise in the Phonetic Explanation for Sound Patterns" (PDF), in Whistler, Kenneth; Chiarelloet, Chris; van Vahn, Robert Jr. (eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistic Society, pp. 577–599 Harris, James (1969), Spanish Phonology, Cambridge: MIT Press

boisestate.edu

scholarworks.boisestate.edu

Staggs, Cecelia (2019). "A Perception Study of Rioplatense Spanish". McNair Scholars Research Journal. 14 (1). Boise State University. Many studies have shown that within the last 70 to 80 years, there has been a strong transition towards the voiceless [ʃ] in both Argentina and Uruguay, with Argentina having completed the change by 2004 and Uruguay following only recently [...]

books.google.com

The continuant allophones of Spanish /b, d, ɡ/ have been traditionally described as voiced fricatives (e.g. Navarro Tomás (1918), who (in §100) describes the air friction of [ð] as being "tenue y suave" ('weak and smooth'); Harris (1969); Dalbor (1997); and Macpherson (1975:62), who describes [β] as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as approximants in recent literature, such as D'Introno, Del Teso & Weston (1995); Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003); and Hualde (2005:43). The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. Martínez Celdrán (2004) displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word abogado showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:15) Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- For example Chen (2007), Hammond (2001) and Lyons (1981) Chen, Yudong (2007), A Comparison of Spanish Produced by Chinese L2 Learners and Native Speakers: An Acoustic Phonetics Approach, ISBN 9780549464037 Hammond, Robert M. (2001), The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application, Cascadilla Press, ISBN 978-1-57473-018-0 Lyons, John (1981), Language and Linguistics: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54088-9
- Chen (2007:13) Chen, Yudong (2007), A Comparison of Spanish Produced by Chinese L2 Learners and Native Speakers: An Acoustic Phonetics Approach, ISBN 9780549464037
- Harris & Vincent (1988:83) Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988), "Spanish", The Romance Languages, Taylor & Francis, pp. 79–130, ISBN 978-0-415-16417-7
- Kany (1960:236) Kany, Charles (1960), American Spanish Semantics, University of California Press
- Mott (2011:110) Mott, Brian Leonard (2011), Semantics and Translation for Spanish Learners of English, Publicacions i Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, ISBN 978-84-475-3548-4
- Penny (2000:122) Penny, Ralph (2000), Variation and Change in Spanish, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-78045-2
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:19) Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Salgado, Cristóbal González (2012). Eñe B1.2: der Spanischkurs. Hueber Verlag. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-19-004294-4. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020.
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:182) Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:18) Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:19–20) Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1926). Orígenes del español. Estado lingüístico de la Península Ibérica hasta el siglo XI. Madrid: Librería y Casa Editorial Hernando. p. 121.
- Cotton & Sharp (1988:55) Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988), Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press, ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
- Lope Blanch (2004:29) Lope Blanch, Juan M. (2004), Cuestiones de filología mexicana, Mexico: editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ISBN 978-970-32-0976-7

buffalo.edu

acsu.buffalo.edu

Guitart (1997:515) Guitart, Jorge M. (1997), "Variability, Multilectalism, and the Organization of Phonology in Caribbean Spanish Dialects" (PDF), in Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, pp. 515–536
Guitart (1997:517) Guitart, Jorge M. (1997), "Variability, Multilectalism, and the Organization of Phonology in Caribbean Spanish Dialects" (PDF), in Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, pp. 515–536
Guitart (1997:515, 517–518) Guitart, Jorge M. (1997), "Variability, Multilectalism, and the Organization of Phonology in Caribbean Spanish Dialects" (PDF), in Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, pp. 515–536
Guitart (1997:518, 527), citing Boyd-Bowman (1975) and Labov (1994:595) Guitart, Jorge M. (1997), "Variability, Multilectalism, and the Organization of Phonology in Caribbean Spanish Dialects" (PDF), in Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.), Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, Georgetown University Press, pp. 515–536 Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1975), "A Sample of Sixteenth Century 'Caribbean' Spanish Phonology.", in Milán, William; Zamora, Juan C.; Staczek, John J. (eds.), 1974 Colloquium on Spanish and Portuguese Linguistics, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, pp. 1–11 Labov, William (1994), Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume I: Internal Factors, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers

doi.org

Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:255) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
The continuant allophones of Spanish /b, d, ɡ/ have been traditionally described as voiced fricatives (e.g. Navarro Tomás (1918), who (in §100) describes the air friction of [ð] as being "tenue y suave" ('weak and smooth'); Harris (1969); Dalbor (1997); and Macpherson (1975:62), who describes [β] as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as approximants in recent literature, such as D'Introno, Del Teso & Weston (1995); Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003); and Hualde (2005:43). The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. Martínez Celdrán (2004) displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word abogado showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:257) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:258) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Trager (1942:222) Trager, George (1942), "The Phonemic Treatment of Semivowels", Language, 18 (3): 220–223, doi:10.2307/409556, JSTOR 409556
- Coloma (2018:245) Coloma, Germán (2018), "Argentine Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 48 (2): 243–250, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000275, S2CID 232345835
- Núñez-Méndez, Eva (June 2022). "Variation in Spanish /s/: Overview and New Perspectives". Languages. 7 (2): 77. doi:10.3390/languages7020077. ISSN 2226-471X.
- such as Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Boyd-Bowman (1953:229) Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1953), "Sobre la pronunciación del español en el Ecuador", Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 7: 221–233, doi:10.24201/nrfh.v7i1/2.310
- Dalbor (1980) Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", Hispania, 63 (1): 5–19, doi:10.2307/340806, JSTOR 340806
- Hooper (1972:527) Hooper, Joan B. (1972), "The Syllable in Phonological Theory", Language, 48 (3): 525–540, doi:10.2307/412031, JSTOR 412031
- Sorbet (2018:73) Sorbet, Piotr (2018), "Consideraciones acerca de las consonantes róticas", Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature, 42 (1): 66–80, doi:10.17951/lsmll.2018.42.1.66
- Bowen, Stockwell & Silva-Fuenzalida (1956) Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P.; Silva-Fuenzalida, Ismael (1956), "Spanish Juncture and Intonation", Language, 32 (4): 641–665, doi:10.2307/411088, JSTOR 411088
- Martínez Celdrán (2004:208) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679
- Bowen & Stockwell (1955:236) Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P. (1955), "The Phonemic Interpretation of Semivowels in Spanish", Language, 31 (2): 236–240, doi:10.2307/411039, JSTOR 411039
- Saporta (1956:288) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
- Bowen & Stockwell (1955:236) cite the minimal pair ya visto [(ɟ)ʝa ˈβisto] ('I already dress') vs. y ha visto [ja ˈβisto] ('and he has seen') Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P. (1955), "The Phonemic Interpretation of Semivowels in Spanish", Language, 31 (2): 236–240, doi:10.2307/411039, JSTOR 411039
- Scarpace, Beery & Hualde (2015:92) Scarpace, Daniel; Beery, David; Hualde, José Ignacio (2015), "Allophony of /ʝ/ in Peninsular Spanish", Phonetica, 72 (2–3): 76–97, doi:10.1159/000381067, PMID 26683214
- cited in Saporta (1956:289) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
- Saporta (1956:289) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:256) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- See e.g. Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- /ou/ occurs rarely in words; another example is the proper name Bousoño (Saporta 1956, p. 290). It is, however, common across word boundaries as with tengo una casa ('I have a house'). Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
- Chițoran & Hualde (2007:45) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
- Chițoran & Hualde (2007:46) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:256–257) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Bowen & Stockwell (1955:237) Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P. (1955), "The Phonemic Interpretation of Semivowels in Spanish", Language, 31 (2): 236–240, doi:10.2307/411039, JSTOR 411039
- Saporta (1956:290) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
- Lleó (2003:262) Lleó, Conxita (2003), "Prosodic Licensing of Codas in the Acquisition of Spanish", Probus, 15 (2), De Gruyter: 257–281, doi:10.1515/prbs.2003.010
- Hochberg (1988:684) Hochberg, Judith G. (1988), "Learning Spanish Stress: Developmental and Theoretical Perspectives", Language, 64 (4): 683–706, doi:10.2307/414564, JSTOR 414564
- Lipski (2016:245) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
- Lipski (2016:245), Morales-Front (2018:196) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368. Morales-Front, Alfonso (2018). "9. The Syllable". In Geeslin, Kimberly L. (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-17482-5.
- Lipski (2016:249–250) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
- Lipski (2016:252) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
- Lipski (2016:250) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
- Lipski (2016:254) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
- Cataño, Barlow & Moyna (2009:456) Cataño, Lorena; Barlow, Jessica A.; Moyna, María Irene (2009), "A Retrospective Study of Phonetic Inventory Complexity in Acquisition of Spanish: Implications for Phonological Universals", Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23 (6): 446–472, doi:10.1080/02699200902839818, PMC 4412371, PMID 19504400
- Cataño, Barlow & Moyna (2009:448) Cataño, Lorena; Barlow, Jessica A.; Moyna, María Irene (2009), "A Retrospective Study of Phonetic Inventory Complexity in Acquisition of Spanish: Implications for Phonological Universals", Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23 (6): 446–472, doi:10.1080/02699200902839818, PMC 4412371, PMID 19504400
- Macken & Barton (1980b:455) Macken, Marlys A.; Barton, David (1980b), "The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Word-Initial Stop Consonants", Journal of Child Language, 7 (3): 433–458, doi:10.1017/S0305000900002774, PMID 6969264, S2CID 29944336
- Macken & Barton (1980b:73) Macken, Marlys A.; Barton, David (1980b), "The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Word-Initial Stop Consonants", Journal of Child Language, 7 (3): 433–458, doi:10.1017/S0305000900002774, PMID 6969264, S2CID 29944336
- Carballo & Mendoza (2000:588) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
- Carballo & Mendoza (2000:589) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
- Carballo & Mendoza (2000:596) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
- Lleó (2003:271) Lleó, Conxita (2003), "Prosodic Licensing of Codas in the Acquisition of Spanish", Probus, 15 (2), De Gruyter: 257–281, doi:10.1515/prbs.2003.010
- Lleó (2003:278) Lleó, Conxita (2003), "Prosodic Licensing of Codas in the Acquisition of Spanish", Probus, 15 (2), De Gruyter: 257–281, doi:10.1515/prbs.2003.010
- Lleó (2003:279) Lleó, Conxita (2003), "Prosodic Licensing of Codas in the Acquisition of Spanish", Probus, 15 (2), De Gruyter: 257–281, doi:10.1515/prbs.2003.010
- Hochberg (1988:683) Hochberg, Judith G. (1988), "Learning Spanish Stress: Developmental and Theoretical Perspectives", Language, 64 (4): 683–706, doi:10.2307/414564, JSTOR 414564
- Hochberg (1988:685) Hochberg, Judith G. (1988), "Learning Spanish Stress: Developmental and Theoretical Perspectives", Language, 64 (4): 683–706, doi:10.2307/414564, JSTOR 414564
- Coloma (2011:110–111) Coloma, Germán (2011), "Variación socioeconómica de los rasgos fonéticos dialectales de la lengua española", Lexis, 35 (1): 91–118, doi:10.18800/lexis.201101.003, S2CID 170911379
- Coloma (2011:95) Coloma, Germán (2011), "Variación socioeconómica de los rasgos fonéticos dialectales de la lengua española", Lexis, 35 (1): 91–118, doi:10.18800/lexis.201101.003, S2CID 170911379
- Obaid (1973) Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'", Hispania, 56 (1): 60–67, doi:10.2307/339038, JSTOR 339038
- Obaid (1973). Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'", Hispania, 56 (1): 60–67, doi:10.2307/339038, JSTOR 339038
- Dalbor (1980:9). Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", Hispania, 63 (1): 5–19, doi:10.2307/340806, JSTOR 340806
- Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995) Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The Effect of Syllable Position on Consonant Reduction (Evidence from Catalan Consonant Clusters)" (PDF), Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001 Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically Conditioned Articulatory Variation: A Review", U.C.L.A Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73 Browman, C. P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position effects in American English" (PDF), in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues for K Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 19–33
- Obaid (1973:62) Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'", Hispania, 56 (1): 60–67, doi:10.2307/339038, JSTOR 339038
- Wetzels & Mascaró (2001:224) citing Navarro Tomás (1961) Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123, S2CID 28948663
- Molina Martos, Isabel (2016). "Variación de la -/d/ final de palabra en Madrid: ¿prestigio abierto o encubierto?". Boletín de Filología. 51 (2): 347–367. doi:10.4067/S0718-93032016000200013. ISSN 0718-9303.
- Ávila (2003:67) Ávila, Raúl (2003), "La pronunciación del español: medios de difusión masiva y norma culta", Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 51 (1): 57–79, doi:10.24201/nrfh.v51i1.2203

ed.gov

eric.ed.gov

Goldstein & Iglesias (1998:5–6) Goldstein, Brian A.; Iglesias, Aquiles (1998), Phonological Production in Spanish-Speaking Preschoolers

elearnspanishlanguage.com

"Enlace / Encadenamiento - Lawless Spanish Pronunciation". 25 September 2020.

fluencyfox.com

Leibowitz, Brandon (11 February 2015). "Spanish Phonology". Fluency Fox. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Wright, Robyn (2017). The Madrileño ejke : a study of the perception and production of velarized /s/ in Madrid (PhD). The University of Texas at Austin. hdl:2152/60470. OCLC 993940787.

haskinslabs.org

Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995) Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The Effect of Syllable Position on Consonant Reduction (Evidence from Catalan Consonant Clusters)" (PDF), Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001 Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically Conditioned Articulatory Variation: A Review", U.C.L.A Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73 Browman, C. P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position effects in American English" (PDF), in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues for K Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 19–33

illinois.edu

prosody.beckman.illinois.edu

Chițoran & Hualde (2007:45) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
Chițoran & Hualde (2007:46) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405

johnlipski.github.io

Lipski (1990:155) Lipski, John M. (1990), Spanish Taps and Trills: Phonological Structure of an Isolated Position (PDF)
Lipski (2016:245) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
Lipski (2016:245), Morales-Front (2018:196) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368. Morales-Front, Alfonso (2018). "9. The Syllable". In Geeslin, Kimberly L. (ed.). The Cambridge Handbook of Spanish Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-17482-5.
Lipski (2016:249–250) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
Lipski (2016:252) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
Lipski (2016:250) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
Lipski (2016:254) Lipski, John M. (2016). "Spanish vocalic epenthesis: the phonetics of sonority and the mora" (PDF). In Núñez-Cedeño, Rafael A. (ed.). The Syllable and Stress. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 245–269. doi:10.1515/9781614515975-010. ISBN 9781614517368.
Lipski (1997:124) Lipski, John M. (1997). "En busca de las normas fonéticas del español" (PDF). In Colombi, M. Cecilia; Alarconi, Francisco X. (eds.). La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes : praxis y teoría (in Spanish). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 121–132. ISBN 9780669398441.
Lipski (1997:126) Lipski, John M. (1997). "En busca de las normas fonéticas del español" (PDF). In Colombi, M. Cecilia; Alarconi, Francisco X. (eds.). La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes : praxis y teoría (in Spanish). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 121–132. ISBN 9780669398441.

jstor.org

Trager (1942:222) Trager, George (1942), "The Phonemic Treatment of Semivowels", Language, 18 (3): 220–223, doi:10.2307/409556, JSTOR 409556
Dalbor (1980) Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", Hispania, 63 (1): 5–19, doi:10.2307/340806, JSTOR 340806
Hooper (1972:527) Hooper, Joan B. (1972), "The Syllable in Phonological Theory", Language, 48 (3): 525–540, doi:10.2307/412031, JSTOR 412031
Bowen, Stockwell & Silva-Fuenzalida (1956) Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P.; Silva-Fuenzalida, Ismael (1956), "Spanish Juncture and Intonation", Language, 32 (4): 641–665, doi:10.2307/411088, JSTOR 411088
Dworkin, Steven N. (1978). "Derivational Transparency and Sound Change: The Two-Pronged Growth of -ǏDU in Hispano-Romance". Romance Philology. 31 (4): 613. JSTOR 44941944. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
Bowen & Stockwell (1955:236) Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P. (1955), "The Phonemic Interpretation of Semivowels in Spanish", Language, 31 (2): 236–240, doi:10.2307/411039, JSTOR 411039
Saporta (1956:288) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
Bowen & Stockwell (1955:236) cite the minimal pair ya visto [(ɟ)ʝa ˈβisto] ('I already dress') vs. y ha visto [ja ˈβisto] ('and he has seen') Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P. (1955), "The Phonemic Interpretation of Semivowels in Spanish", Language, 31 (2): 236–240, doi:10.2307/411039, JSTOR 411039
cited in Saporta (1956:289) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
Saporta (1956:289) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
/ou/ occurs rarely in words; another example is the proper name Bousoño (Saporta 1956, p. 290). It is, however, common across word boundaries as with tengo una casa ('I have a house'). Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
Bowen & Stockwell (1955:237) Bowen, J. Donald; Stockwell, Robert P. (1955), "The Phonemic Interpretation of Semivowels in Spanish", Language, 31 (2): 236–240, doi:10.2307/411039, JSTOR 411039
Saporta (1956:290) Saporta, Sol (1956), "A Note on Spanish Semivowels", Language, 32 (2): 287–290, doi:10.2307/411006, JSTOR 411006
Hochberg (1988:684) Hochberg, Judith G. (1988), "Learning Spanish Stress: Developmental and Theoretical Perspectives", Language, 64 (4): 683–706, doi:10.2307/414564, JSTOR 414564
Hochberg (1988:683) Hochberg, Judith G. (1988), "Learning Spanish Stress: Developmental and Theoretical Perspectives", Language, 64 (4): 683–706, doi:10.2307/414564, JSTOR 414564
Hochberg (1988:685) Hochberg, Judith G. (1988), "Learning Spanish Stress: Developmental and Theoretical Perspectives", Language, 64 (4): 683–706, doi:10.2307/414564, JSTOR 414564
Obaid (1973) Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'", Hispania, 56 (1): 60–67, doi:10.2307/339038, JSTOR 339038
Obaid (1973). Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'", Hispania, 56 (1): 60–67, doi:10.2307/339038, JSTOR 339038
Dalbor (1980:9). Dalbor, John B. (1980), "Observations on Present-Day Seseo and Ceceo in Southern Spain", Hispania, 63 (1): 5–19, doi:10.2307/340806, JSTOR 340806
Obaid (1973:62) Obaid, Antonio H. (1973), "The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S'", Hispania, 56 (1): 60–67, doi:10.2307/339038, JSTOR 339038

lingref.com

Chang (2008), p. 54. Chang, Charles B (2008), "Variation in palatal production in Buenos Aires Spanish" (PDF), in Westmoreland, Maurice; Thomas, Juan Antonio (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 54–63
Chang (2008), p. 55. Chang, Charles B (2008), "Variation in palatal production in Buenos Aires Spanish" (PDF), in Westmoreland, Maurice; Thomas, Juan Antonio (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project, pp. 54–63
Hammond (2001:?), cited in Scipione & Sayahi (2005:128) Hammond, Robert M. (2001), The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application, Cascadilla Press, ISBN 978-1-57473-018-0 Scipione, Ruth; Sayahi, Lotfi (2005), "Consonantal Variation of Spanish in Northern Morocco" (PDF), in Sayahi, Lotfi; Westmoreland, Maurice (eds.), Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project

livelingua.com

Ulsh (1971), pp. 10, 12. Ulsh, Jack Lee (1971), From Spanish to Portuguese, Foreign Service Institute, archived from the original on 18 November 2022

memoriachilena.cl

Lenz (1940:92 et seq.) Lenz, Rodolfo (1940), "Fonética del castellano de Chile" (PDF), El español en Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires: Instituto de Filología, pp. 78–208

msn.com

encarta.msn.com

Encarta World English Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2008-08-05.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Scarpace, Beery & Hualde (2015:92) Scarpace, Daniel; Beery, David; Hualde, José Ignacio (2015), "Allophony of /ʝ/ in Peninsular Spanish", Phonetica, 72 (2–3): 76–97, doi:10.1159/000381067, PMID 26683214
Cataño, Barlow & Moyna (2009:456) Cataño, Lorena; Barlow, Jessica A.; Moyna, María Irene (2009), "A Retrospective Study of Phonetic Inventory Complexity in Acquisition of Spanish: Implications for Phonological Universals", Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23 (6): 446–472, doi:10.1080/02699200902839818, PMC 4412371, PMID 19504400
Cataño, Barlow & Moyna (2009:448) Cataño, Lorena; Barlow, Jessica A.; Moyna, María Irene (2009), "A Retrospective Study of Phonetic Inventory Complexity in Acquisition of Spanish: Implications for Phonological Universals", Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23 (6): 446–472, doi:10.1080/02699200902839818, PMC 4412371, PMID 19504400
Macken & Barton (1980b:455) Macken, Marlys A.; Barton, David (1980b), "The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Word-Initial Stop Consonants", Journal of Child Language, 7 (3): 433–458, doi:10.1017/S0305000900002774, PMID 6969264, S2CID 29944336
Macken & Barton (1980b:73) Macken, Marlys A.; Barton, David (1980b), "The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Word-Initial Stop Consonants", Journal of Child Language, 7 (3): 433–458, doi:10.1017/S0305000900002774, PMID 6969264, S2CID 29944336

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cataño, Barlow & Moyna (2009:456) Cataño, Lorena; Barlow, Jessica A.; Moyna, María Irene (2009), "A Retrospective Study of Phonetic Inventory Complexity in Acquisition of Spanish: Implications for Phonological Universals", Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23 (6): 446–472, doi:10.1080/02699200902839818, PMC 4412371, PMID 19504400
Cataño, Barlow & Moyna (2009:448) Cataño, Lorena; Barlow, Jessica A.; Moyna, María Irene (2009), "A Retrospective Study of Phonetic Inventory Complexity in Acquisition of Spanish: Implications for Phonological Universals", Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 23 (6): 446–472, doi:10.1080/02699200902839818, PMC 4412371, PMID 19504400

open.edu

"5.3. Nasal (nasales)". Teaching Spanish Pronunciation. OpenLearn Create. The distribution of nasals, however, is somewhat deficient in Spanish. In word-final position only the alveolar nasal is present. So borrowings that end in /ɲ/ or /m/ are generally adopted into Spanish with a final n, e.g. Adam -> Adán, champagne -> champán.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Chițoran & Hualde (2007:45) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
Chițoran & Hualde (2007:46) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
Carballo & Mendoza (2000:588) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
Carballo & Mendoza (2000:589) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
Carballo & Mendoza (2000:596) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548

rae.es

dle.rae.es

rae.es

"División silábica y ortográfica de palabras con "tl"". Real Académia Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 July 2021.

researchgate.net

Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:255) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
The continuant allophones of Spanish /b, d, ɡ/ have been traditionally described as voiced fricatives (e.g. Navarro Tomás (1918), who (in §100) describes the air friction of [ð] as being "tenue y suave" ('weak and smooth'); Harris (1969); Dalbor (1997); and Macpherson (1975:62), who describes [β] as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as approximants in recent literature, such as D'Introno, Del Teso & Weston (1995); Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003); and Hualde (2005:43). The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. Martínez Celdrán (2004) displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word abogado showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:257) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:258) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- such as Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Martínez Celdrán (2004:208) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:256) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- See e.g. Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003:256–257) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995) Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The Effect of Syllable Position on Consonant Reduction (Evidence from Catalan Consonant Clusters)" (PDF), Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001 Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically Conditioned Articulatory Variation: A Review", U.C.L.A Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73 Browman, C. P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position effects in American English" (PDF), in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues for K Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 19–33
- Ávila (2003:67) Ávila, Raúl (2003), "La pronunciación del español: medios de difusión masiva y norma culta", Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica, 51 (1): 57–79, doi:10.24201/nrfh.v51i1.2203

rutgers.edu

roa.rutgers.edu

Morris (1998:17–18) Morris, Richard E. (1998), Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology (PDF) (PhD), The Ohio State University
Morris (1998:145) Morris, Richard E. (1998), Stylistic Variation in Spanish Phonology (PDF) (PhD), The Ohio State University

ruccs.rutgers.edu

Wetzels & Mascaró (2001:224) citing Navarro Tomás (1961) Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123, S2CID 28948663

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The continuant allophones of Spanish /b, d, ɡ/ have been traditionally described as voiced fricatives (e.g. Navarro Tomás (1918), who (in §100) describes the air friction of [ð] as being "tenue y suave" ('weak and smooth'); Harris (1969); Dalbor (1997); and Macpherson (1975:62), who describes [β] as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as approximants in recent literature, such as D'Introno, Del Teso & Weston (1995); Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003); and Hualde (2005:43). The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. Martínez Celdrán (2004) displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word abogado showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
- Coloma (2018:245) Coloma, Germán (2018), "Argentine Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 48 (2): 243–250, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000275, S2CID 232345835
- Martínez Celdrán (2004:208) Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), "Problems in the Classification of Approximants", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732, S2CID 144568679
- Chițoran & Hualde (2007:45) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
- Chițoran & Hualde (2007:46) Chițoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007), "From Hiatus to Diphthong: The Evolution of Vowel Sequences in Romance" (PDF), Phonology, 24: 37–75, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.2403, doi:10.1017/S095267570700111X, S2CID 14947405
- Macken & Barton (1980b:455) Macken, Marlys A.; Barton, David (1980b), "The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Word-Initial Stop Consonants", Journal of Child Language, 7 (3): 433–458, doi:10.1017/S0305000900002774, PMID 6969264, S2CID 29944336
- Macken & Barton (1980b:73) Macken, Marlys A.; Barton, David (1980b), "The Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast in Spanish: A Phonetic and Phonological Study of Word-Initial Stop Consonants", Journal of Child Language, 7 (3): 433–458, doi:10.1017/S0305000900002774, PMID 6969264, S2CID 29944336
- Carballo & Mendoza (2000:588) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
- Carballo & Mendoza (2000:589) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
- Carballo & Mendoza (2000:596) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
- Coloma (2011:110–111) Coloma, Germán (2011), "Variación socioeconómica de los rasgos fonéticos dialectales de la lengua española", Lexis, 35 (1): 91–118, doi:10.18800/lexis.201101.003, S2CID 170911379
- Coloma (2011:95) Coloma, Germán (2011), "Variación socioeconómica de los rasgos fonéticos dialectales de la lengua española", Lexis, 35 (1): 91–118, doi:10.18800/lexis.201101.003, S2CID 170911379
- Wetzels & Mascaró (2001:224) citing Navarro Tomás (1961) Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123, S2CID 28948663

uab.cat

liceu.uab.cat

Navarro Tomás (1918), cited on Joaquim Llisterri's site Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
pagines.uab.cat
- Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995) Recasens, Daniel (2004), "The Effect of Syllable Position on Consonant Reduction (Evidence from Catalan Consonant Clusters)" (PDF), Journal of Phonetics, 32 (3): 435–453, doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001 Fougeron, C (1999), "Prosodically Conditioned Articulatory Variation: A Review", U.C.L.A Working Papers in Phonetics, vol. 97, pp. 1–73 Browman, C. P.; Goldstein, L. (1995), "Gestural syllable position effects in American English" (PDF), in Bell-Berti, F.; Raphael, L.J. (eds.), Producing Speech: Contemporary Issues for K Harris, New York: AIP, pp. 19–33

ub.edu

Hualde, José Ignacio; Carrasco, Patricio (2009). "/tl/ en español mexicano. ¿Un segmento o dos?" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental (in Spanish). XVIII: 175–191. ISSN 1575-5533.

ucema.edu.ar

Coloma (2018:245) Coloma, Germán (2018), "Argentine Spanish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 48 (2): 243–250, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000275, S2CID 232345835

ufl.edu

ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu

Baker (2004:30) Baker, Gary Kenneth (2004), Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology (PDF) (PhD), University of Florida
Baker (2004:4) Baker, Gary Kenneth (2004), Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology (PDF) (PhD), University of Florida

ugr.es

hera.ugr.es

Carballo & Mendoza (2000:588) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
Carballo & Mendoza (2000:589) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548
Carballo & Mendoza (2000:596) Carballo, Gloria; Mendoza, Elvira (2000), "Acoustic Characteristics of Trill Productions by Groups of Spanish Children" (PDF), Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 14 (8): 587–601, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.378.1561, doi:10.1080/026992000750048125, S2CID 14574548

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The continuant allophones of Spanish /b, d, ɡ/ have been traditionally described as voiced fricatives (e.g. Navarro Tomás (1918), who (in §100) describes the air friction of [ð] as being "tenue y suave" ('weak and smooth'); Harris (1969); Dalbor (1997); and Macpherson (1975:62), who describes [β] as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as approximants in recent literature, such as D'Introno, Del Teso & Weston (1995); Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003); and Hualde (2005:43). The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. Martínez Celdrán (2004) displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word abogado showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
- Navarro Tomás (1918:§111, 113) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
  - Navarro Tomás (1918:§125) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
    - Navarro Tomás (1918, §98, §125) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
      - Such as Navarro Tomás (1918) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
        Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1961), "Manual de pronunciación española", Publicaciones de la revista de filologia Espanola (3), Madrid
        Navarro Tomás (1918), cited on Joaquim Llisterri's site Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
        Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1961), "Manual de pronunciación española", Publicaciones de la revista de filologia Espanola (3), Madrid

uv.es

Lloret (2007:24–25) Lloret, Maria-Rosa (2007), "On the Nature of Vowel Harmony: Spreading with a Purpose" (PDF), in Bisetto, Antonietta; Barbieri, Francesco (eds.), Proceedings of the XXXIII Incontro di Grammatica Generativa, pp. 15–35

web.archive.org

Encarta World English Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
The continuant allophones of Spanish /b, d, ɡ/ have been traditionally described as voiced fricatives (e.g. Navarro Tomás (1918), who (in §100) describes the air friction of [ð] as being "tenue y suave" ('weak and smooth'); Harris (1969); Dalbor (1997); and Macpherson (1975:62), who describes [β] as being "...with audible friction"). However, they are more often described as approximants in recent literature, such as D'Introno, Del Teso & Weston (1995); Martínez Celdrán, Fernández Planas & Carrera Sabaté (2003); and Hualde (2005:43). The difference hinges primarily on air turbulence caused by extreme narrowing of the opening between articulators, which is present in fricatives and absent in approximants. Martínez Celdrán (2004) displays a sound spectrogram of the Spanish word abogado showing an absence of turbulence for all three consonants. Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
- Navarro Tomás (1918:§111, 113) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
  - Navarro Tomás (1918:§125) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
    - Salgado, Cristóbal González (2012). Eñe B1.2: der Spanischkurs. Hueber Verlag. p. 91. ISBN 978-3-19-004294-4. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020.
    - Navarro Tomás (1918, §98, §125) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
      - Ulsh (1971), pp. 10, 12. Ulsh, Jack Lee (1971), From Spanish to Portuguese, Foreign Service Institute, archived from the original on 18 November 2022
      - Such as Navarro Tomás (1918) Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
        Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1961), "Manual de pronunciación española", Publicaciones de la revista de filologia Espanola (3), Madrid
        Navarro Tomás (1918), cited on Joaquim Llisterri's site Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1918), Manual de pronunciación española (PDF) (21st (1982) ed.), Madrid: CSIC, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2018
        Navarro Tomás, Tomás (1961), "Manual de pronunciación española", Publicaciones de la revista de filologia Espanola (3), Madrid
        Leibowitz, Brandon (11 February 2015). "Spanish Phonology". Fluency Fox. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2016.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Núñez-Méndez, Eva (June 2022). "Variation in Spanish /s/: Overview and New Perspectives". Languages. 7 (2): 77. doi:10.3390/languages7020077. ISSN 2226-471X.
Hualde, José Ignacio; Carrasco, Patricio (2009). "/tl/ en español mexicano. ¿Un segmento o dos?" (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental (in Spanish). XVIII: 175–191. ISSN 1575-5533.
Wright, Robyn (2017). The Madrileño ejke : a study of the perception and production of velarized /s/ in Madrid (PhD). The University of Texas at Austin. hdl:2152/60470. OCLC 993940787.
Molina Martos, Isabel (2016). "Variación de la -/d/ final de palabra en Madrid: ¿prestigio abierto o encubierto?". Boletín de Filología. 51 (2): 347–367. doi:10.4067/S0718-93032016000200013. ISSN 0718-9303.

youglish.com

yumpu.com

Hualde, José Ignacio (2005). "Quasi-phonemic contrasts in Spanish". WCCFL 23: Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. pp. 374–398.

Spanish phonology (English Wikipedia)

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