Spark-gap transmitter (English Wikipedia)

Coursey, Phillip R. (September 1919). "The Marconi Timed-Spark Continuous-Wave Transmitter" (PDF). Wireless World. 7 (78): 310–316. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
"Great Wireless Stations: Carnarvon" (PDF). Wireless World. 7 (78): 301–307. September 1919. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
Carr, Joseph J. (May 1990). "Early radio transmitters" (PDF). Popular Electronics. 7 (5): 43–46. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Findlay, David A. (September 1, 1957). "Radio Controlled Toys Use Spark Gap" (PDF). Electronics. 30 (9): 190. Retrieved November 11, 2015.

archive.org

Terman, Frederick Emmons (1937). Radio Engineering (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 6–9. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
Fleming, John Archibald (1906). The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 15–16.
Morecroft, John H. (1921). Principles of Radio Communication. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 275–279.
Sarkar, T. K.; Mailloux, Robert; Oliner, Arthur A. (2006). History of Wireless. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0471783015.
Zenneck, Jonathan Adolf Wilhelm (1915). Wireless Telegraphy. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co. pp. 173. Translated from German by A. E. Selig. Zenneck describes the Marconi, Braun, and Wien transmitters on p. 173, and the early "lineal" or Hertz oscillators on p. 41.
Hertz, H., "On very rapid electric oscillations", Wiedemann's Annalen, Vol. 31, p. 421, 1887 reprinted in Hertz, Heinrich (1893). Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space. Dover Publications. pp. 29–53. heinrich hertz . translated to English by D. E. Jones
Donald, McNicol (1946). Radio's Conquest of Space: The experimental rise of radio communication. Murray Hill Books, Inc. ISBN 9780405060526.
Hertz, H., "On radiation", Wiedemann's Annalen, Vol. 36, December 13, 1988, p. 769, reprinted in Hertz, Heinrich (1893). Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space. Dover Publications. pp. 172–185. translated to English by D. E. Jones
Morse (1925) Radio: Beam and Broadcast, p. 24-26
Jansky, Cyril Methodius (1919). Principles of Radiotelegraphy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 165–167.
Howeth, L. S. (1963). The History of Communications - Electronics in the U.S. Navy. U.S. Navy. pp. 38–39.
Ashley, Charles Grinnell; Hayward, Charles Brian (1912). Wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony: An understandable presentation of the science of wireless transmission of intelligence. American School of Correspondence. pp. 38. selective signaling.
Kennelly, Arthur Edwin (1906). Wireless Telegraphy: An Elementary Treatise. New York: Moffat, Yard, and Co. pp. 173–180. selective signaling.
Lodge's explanation of his syntonic radio system is in Lodge, Oliver (1900). Signaling through space without wires. London: The Electrician Publishing Co. pp. 50–58.
Tesla, N., "On light and other high frequency phenomena", in Thomas Cummerford Martin (1894) The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, 2nd Ed., p. 294-373
Morse (1925) Radio: Beam and Broadcast, p. 30
Fleming, John Archibald (1906). The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 449–454.
Bernard Leggett (1921) Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system, p. 55-59
Bernard Leggett (1921) Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system, p. 60-63
Morse, A. H. (1925). Radio: Beam and Broadcast. London: Ernst Benn, Ltd. pp. 25, 138–148.
Bucher, Elmer E. (1917). Practical Wireless Telegraphy. New York: Wireless Press, Inc. pp. 274–275.
Goldsmith, Alfred N. (1918). Radio Telephony. New York: Wireless Press, Inc. pp. 73–75.
Moorcroft, John Harold; Pinto, A.; Curry, Walter Andrew (1921). Principles of Radio Communication. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 357.
Howeth, L. S. (1963). The History of Communications - Electronics in the U.S. Navy. U.S. Navy. pp. 69, 117.
Bucher, Elmer E. (1917). Practical Wireless Telegraphy. New York: Wireless Press, Inc. pp. 288–307.
Lescarboura, Austin C. (1922). Radio for Everybody. Scientific American Publishing Co. pp. 259–263.
Howeth, L. S. (1963). The History of Communications - Electronics in the U.S. Navy. U.S. Navy. pp. 509. ISBN 978-1365493225.
Strong, Frederick Finch (1908). High Frequency Currents. New York: Rebman Co. p. 41.
Kovács, Richard (1945). Electrotherapy and Light Therapy (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. pp. 187–188, 197–200.

archive.today

Pickworth, George (January 1994). "Marconi´s 200kW transatlantic transmitter". Electronics World. 102 (1718). Archived from the original on 2002-10-20. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

arrl.org

Kennedy, Hal (1990). "How spark transmitters work" (PDF). The history of QST Vol. 1 - Technology. American Radio Relay League. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

books.google.com

"Radio Transmitters, Early" in Hempstead, Colin; Worthington, William (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge. pp. 649–650. ISBN 978-1135455514.
Morris, Christopher G. (1992). Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 2045. ISBN 978-0122004001.
Schroeder, Peter B. (1967). Contact at Sea: A History of Maritime Radio Communications. The Gregg Press. pp. 26–30.
Serway, Raymond; Faughn, Jerry; Vuille, Chris (2008). College Physics (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 714. ISBN 978-0495386933.
Ellingson, Steven W. (2016). Radio Systems Engineering. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1316785164.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The Science of Radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations (2nd ed.). Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0387951508.
Aitken, Hugh G.J. (2014). The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400854608.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001) The Science of Radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations, 2nd Ed., p. 38-43
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The Science of Radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations (2nd ed.). Springer Science and Business Media. p. 7. ISBN 978-0387951508.
Fitzgerald, George "On the energy lost by radiation from alternating electric currents", Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883, reprinted in Fitzgerald, George (1902). The Scientific Writings of the Late George Francis Fitzgerald. London: Hodges, Figgis, and Co. pp. 128–129.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001). The Science of Radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations (2nd ed.). Springer Science and Business Media. p. 18. ISBN 978-0387951508.
Fitzgerald, George "On a method of producing electromagnetic disturbances of comparatively short wavelength", Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883, p.405, reprinted in Fitzgerald, George (1902). The Scientific Writings of the Late George Francis Fitzgerald. London: Hodges, Figgis, and Co. p. 129.. The text in full: "This is by utilizing the alternating currents produced when an accumulator is discharged through a small resistance. It would be possible to produce waves of ten meters wavelength, or even less"
Hong, Sungook (2010). Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262514194.
Baird, D.; Hughes, R.I.; Nordmann, A. (2013). Heinrich Hertz: Classical Physicist, Modern Philosopher. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-9401588553.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-0521835398.
Coe, Lewis (2006). Wireless Radio: A History. McFarland. pp. 4–6, 13. ISBN 978-0786426621.
Weightman, Gavin (2009). Signor Marconi's Magic Box: The Most Remarkable Invention Of The 19th Century & The Amateur Inventor Whose Genius Sparked A Revolution. Da Capo Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0786748549.
Gregersen, Erik (2011). The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-1615303007.
Bose, Jagadish Chandra (January 1897). "On a complete apparatus for the study of the properties of electric waves". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine. 43 (5): 55–88. doi:10.1080/14786449708620959. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. IET. pp. 186–190. ISBN 978-0852967928.
Lee, Thomas H. (2004). The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–39. ISBN 978-0521835398.
Aitken, Hugh G.J. (1985). Syntony and Spark: The Origins of Radio. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-1400857883.
Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). The Worldwide History of Telecommunications. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 207–209. ISBN 978-0471205050.
Visser, Hubregt J. (2006). Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-0470871188.
Dosi, Giovanni; Teece, David J.; Chytry, Josef (2004). Understanding Industrial and Corporate Change. OUP Oxford. p. 251. ISBN 978-0191533457.
Huurdeman, Anton (2003) The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, p. 212-215
Burns, Russell W. (2004). Communications: An International History of the Formative Years. Institute of Electrical Engineers. pp. 313–329. ISBN 978-0863413278.
Nahin, Paul J. (2001) The Science of Radio: with MATLAB and Electronics Workbench demonstrations, 2nd Ed., p. 46
Marriott, Robert H. (June 1917). "United States Radio Development". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 5 (3): 179–188. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
Ashley, Hayward (1912) Wireless Telegraphy and Wireless Telephony: An understandable presentation of the science of wireless transmission of intelligence, p. 34-36
Lee, Thomas H. 2004 The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits, 2nd Ed., p. 6-7
"Reporting the yacht races by wireless telegraph". Electrical World. 38 (15): 596–597. October 12, 1901. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
"Crookes’s article was read very widely—and more than that, attended to and remembered—both in Europe and in the United States; there is hardly one figure important in the early days of radio who does not at some point in his memoirs or correspondence refer to the article of 1892 as having made a difference." Aitken, Hugh (2014) Syntony and Spark: The origins of radio, p. 111-116
Sterling, Christopher H. (2013). Biographical Encyclopedia of American Radio. Routledge. pp. 382–383. ISBN 978-1136993756.
Uth, Robert (1999). Tesla, Master of Lightning. Barnes and Noble Publishing. pp. 65–70. ISBN 978-0760710050.
Rockman, Howard B. (2004). Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 196–199. ISBN 978-0471697398.
Regal, Brian (2005). Radio: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0313331671.
Cheney, Margaret (2011) Tesla: Man Out Of Time, p. 96-97
Coe, Lewis (2006). Wireless Radio: A History. McFarland. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-0786426621.
Smith, Craig B. (2008). Lightning: Fire from the Sky. Dockside Consultants Inc. ISBN 978-0-615-24869-1.
Orton, John W. (2009). Semiconductors and the Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen. Academic Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0080963907.
Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. IET. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-0852967928.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 51–55. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.
Huurdeman, Anton (2003) The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, p. 271-272. This author misspells the word "quenched" as "squenched"
Burns, Russell W. (2004). Communications: An International History of the Formative Years. Institute of Electrical Engineers. pp. 361–362. ISBN 978-0863413278.
Bard, Allen J.; Inzelt, György; Scholz, Fritz (2012). Electrochemical Dictionary (2nd ed.). Springer Science and Business Media. p. 972. ISBN 978-3642295515.
Rupert, Stanley (1919). Text-book on Wireless Telegraphy, Vol. 1: General Theory and Practice. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 200–204.
Beauchamp, Ken (2001). History of Telegraphy. IET. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-0852967928.
von Arco, Georg (19 June 1909). "The New Telefunken Telegraph: A combination of the arc and spark systems". Scientific American Supplement. 67 (1746): 390. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican06191909-390supp. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 299–305. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.
Headrick, Daniel R. (1988). The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 126–130. ISBN 978-0198021780.
George Fitzgerald as early as 1892 described a spark oscillator as similar to the oscillations produced when a cork pops out of a winebottle, and said what was needed was a continuous electromagnetic "whistle". He realized that if the resistance of a tuned circuit were made zero or negative it would produce continuous oscillations, and tried to make an electronic oscillator by exciting a tuned circuit with negative resistance from a dynamo, what would today be called a parametric oscillator, but was unsuccessful. G. Fitzgerald, On the Driving of Electromagnetic Vibrations by Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Engines, read at the January 22, 1892 meeting of the Physical Society of London, in Larmor, Joseph, Ed. (1902). The Scientific Writings of the late George Francis Fitzgerald. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 277–281. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

doi.org

Bose, Jagadish Chandra (January 1897). "On a complete apparatus for the study of the properties of electric waves". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine. 43 (5): 55–88. doi:10.1080/14786449708620959. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
Thrower, K. R. (5 September 1995). History of tuning. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering Technology. doi:10.1049/cp:19950799. ISBN 0-85296-649-0. Retrieved 20 June 2018. archived
"Tesla is entitled to either distinct priority or independent discovery of" three concepts in wireless theory: "(1) the idea of inductive coupling between the driving and the working circuits (2) the importance of tuning both circuits, i.e. the idea of an 'oscillation transformer' (3) the idea of a capacitance loaded open secondary circuit" Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency". Electrical Engineering. 62 (8): 355–357. doi:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874. ISSN 0095-9197. S2CID 51671246.
Belrose, John S. (5 September 1995). Fessenden and Marconi: Their differing technologies and transatlantic experiments during the first decade of this century. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering and Technology. pp. 32–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.205.7281. doi:10.1049/cp:19950787. ISSN 0537-9989. S2CID 218471926.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 51–55. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.
von Arco, Georg (19 June 1909). "The New Telefunken Telegraph: A combination of the arc and spark systems". Scientific American Supplement. 67 (1746): 390. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican06191909-390supp. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 299–305. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.

earlyradiohistory.us

White, Thomas H. (1 November 2012). "Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T "Invent Radio"". United States Early Radio History. T. H. White's personal website. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
White, Thomas H. (2003). "Section 12: Radio at Sea (1891-1922)". United States Early Radio History. T. H. White's personal website. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
White, Thomas H. (2003). "Section 12: Pioneering Amateurs (1900-1912)". United States Early Radio History. earlyradiohistory.us. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

British patent 189612039 Marconi, Guglielmo Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals, and in apparatus therefore, Applied: 2 June 1896, full specification: 2 March 1897, accepted: 2 July 1897. British patents allowed the full specification to be submitted after the application. Marconi's monopole antenna did not appear in his initial June 1896 application but in his March 1897 specification. Corresponding US patent 586193, Marconi, Guglielmo, Transmitting electrical signals, filed 7 December 1896, accepted: 13 July 1897
British patent GB189711575 Lodge, O. J. Improvements in Syntonized Telegraphy without Line Wires filed: May 10, 1897, granted: August 10, 1898
British patent no. 189922020 Karl Ferdinand Braun, Improvements in or related to telegraphy without the use of continuous wires, applied: 3 November 1899, complete specification: 30 June 1900, granted: 22 September 1900
British patent no. 7777, Guglielmo Marconi, Improvements in apparatus for wireless telegraphy, filed: 26 April 1900, granted: 13 April 1901. Corresponding US Patent no. 763,772, Guglielmo Marconi, Apparatus for wireless telegraphy, filed: 10 November 1900, granted: 28 June 1904.
British patent GB189620981 Henry Harris Lake for Nikola Tesla Improvements relating to the production, regulation, and utilization of electric currents of high frequency, and apparatus therefore filed: 22 September 1896, granted: 21 November 1896

findlaw.com

caselaw.findlaw.com

"No. 369 (1943) Marconi Wireless Co. of America v. United States". United States Supreme Court decision. Findlaw.com website. June 21, 1943. Retrieved March 14, 2017.

fultonhistory.com

"President Moves to Stop Mob Rule of Wireless" (PDF). New York Herald. New York, NY: James Gordon Bennett, Jr. 17 April 1912. p. 2. Retrieved 5 February 2024.

get2net.dk

hjem.get2net.dk

Pickworth, George (January 1994). "Marconi´s 200kW transatlantic transmitter". Electronics World. 102 (1718). Archived from the original on 2002-10-20. Retrieved 22 March 2018.

gpo.gov

Individual nations enforce this prohibition in their communication laws. In the United States, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations make it a felony to operate a spark transmitter: "Section 2.201: Emission, modulation, and transmission characteristics, footnote (f)". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 2, Subpart C. US Government Publishing Office website. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 51–55. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 299–305. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 51–55. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 299–305. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

"An act to regulate radio communication". Public 264 S. 6412 approved 13 August 1912. United States Congress. 1912. pp. 6–14. Retrieved 14 April 2019. included in Radio Communication Laws of the United States, July 27, 1914 edition, Department of Commerce, United States government printing office

ieee.org

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Thrower, K. R. (5 September 1995). History of tuning. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering Technology. doi:10.1049/cp:19950799. ISBN 0-85296-649-0. Retrieved 20 June 2018. archived

lincolnelectric.com

"TIG Welding Series: The Power to Perform". Lincoln Electric website. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2019. ...the number one maintenance item on a TIG machine is cleaning and adjusting the spark gap.

loc.gov

chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

"To Check Wireless Anarchy". San Francisco Call. San Francisco, California: Charles Shortridge. 7 July 1912. p. 22. Retrieved 5 February 2024.

mercurians.org

Wunsch, A. David (November 1998). "Misreading the Supreme Court: A Puzzling Chapter in the History of Radio". Antenna. 11 (1). Retrieved 3 December 2018.

modelboats.co.uk

Parker, John (September 2017). "Flotsam & Jetsam – Control by Radio". Model Boats website. MyTimeMedia Ltd., UK. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

nonstopsystems.com

Thrower, K. R. (5 September 1995). History of tuning. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering Technology. doi:10.1049/cp:19950799. ISBN 0-85296-649-0. Retrieved 20 June 2018. archived

patents.google.com

British patent 189612039 Marconi, Guglielmo Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals, and in apparatus therefore, Applied: 2 June 1896, full specification: 2 March 1897, accepted: 2 July 1897. British patents allowed the full specification to be submitted after the application. Marconi's monopole antenna did not appear in his initial June 1896 application but in his March 1897 specification. Corresponding US patent 586193, Marconi, Guglielmo, Transmitting electrical signals, filed 7 December 1896, accepted: 13 July 1897
US Patent No. 645576, Nikola Tesla, System of transmission of electrical energy, filed: 2 September 1897; granted: 20 March 1900
US Patent no. 609,154 Oliver Joseph Lodge, Electric Telegraphy, filed: 1 February 1898, granted: 16 August 1898
US Patent no. 714,756, John Stone Stone Method of electric signaling, filed: 8 February 1900, granted: 2 December 1902
British patent no. 7777, Guglielmo Marconi, Improvements in apparatus for wireless telegraphy, filed: 26 April 1900, granted: 13 April 1901. Corresponding US Patent no. 763,772, Guglielmo Marconi, Apparatus for wireless telegraphy, filed: 10 November 1900, granted: 28 June 1904.

pbs.org

"Who invented radio?". Tesla: Master of Lightning - companion site for 2000 PBS television documentary. PBS.org, Public Broadcasting Service website. 2000. Retrieved 9 April 2018.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Belrose, John S. (5 September 1995). Fessenden and Marconi: Their differing technologies and transatlantic experiments during the first decade of this century. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering and Technology. pp. 32–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.205.7281. doi:10.1049/cp:19950787. ISSN 0537-9989. S2CID 218471926.

qsl.net

MacKinnon, Colin (2004). "The first direct wireless messages from England to Australia". Australian Amateur Radio History. VK2DYM's military radio and radar information site. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

rfcec.com

Hyder, Harry R. (March 1992). "The final days of ham spark" (PDF). QST. American Radio Relay League: 29–32. Retrieved 5 February 2022.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

"Tesla is entitled to either distinct priority or independent discovery of" three concepts in wireless theory: "(1) the idea of inductive coupling between the driving and the working circuits (2) the importance of tuning both circuits, i.e. the idea of an 'oscillation transformer' (3) the idea of a capacitance loaded open secondary circuit" Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency". Electrical Engineering. 62 (8): 355–357. doi:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874. ISSN 0095-9197. S2CID 51671246.
Belrose, John S. (5 September 1995). Fessenden and Marconi: Their differing technologies and transatlantic experiments during the first decade of this century. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering and Technology. pp. 32–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.205.7281. doi:10.1049/cp:19950787. ISSN 0537-9989. S2CID 218471926.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 51–55. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.
Leggett, Bernard John (1921). "Wireless Telegraphy, with special reference to the quenched-spark system". Nature. 107 (2691): 299–305. Bibcode:1921Natur.107..390.. doi:10.1038/107390b0. hdl:2027/mdp.39015063598398. S2CID 4075587.

siliconchip.com.au

Champness, Rodney (April 2010). "The spark era - the beginning of radio". Silicon Chip Online: 92–97. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

teslacollection.com

Marconi, Guglielmo (May 24, 1901). "Syntonic Wireless Telegraphy". The Electrician. Retrieved April 8, 2017.

theguardian.com

Margolis, Laurie (11 December 2001). "Faking the waves". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

upm.es

tfo.upm.es

Crookes, William (February 1, 1892). "Some Possibilities of Electricity". The Fortnightly Review. 51: 174–176. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2015.

w2pa.net

Codella, Christopher F. (2016). "Spark Radio". Ham Radio History. C. F. Codella's private website. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
Codella, Christopher F. (2016). "Aerials, Attachments, and Audibility". Ham Radio History. Codella's private website. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
Codella, Christopher F. (2016). "The Squeak Box". Ham Radio History. Codella's private website. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
Codella, Christopher F. (2016). "The first regulations". Ham Radio History. Codella's private website. Retrieved 22 May 2018.

web.archive.org

Crookes, William (February 1, 1892). "Some Possibilities of Electricity". The Fortnightly Review. 51: 174–176. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
George Fitzgerald as early as 1892 described a spark oscillator as similar to the oscillations produced when a cork pops out of a winebottle, and said what was needed was a continuous electromagnetic "whistle". He realized that if the resistance of a tuned circuit were made zero or negative it would produce continuous oscillations, and tried to make an electronic oscillator by exciting a tuned circuit with negative resistance from a dynamo, what would today be called a parametric oscillator, but was unsuccessful. G. Fitzgerald, On the Driving of Electromagnetic Vibrations by Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Engines, read at the January 22, 1892 meeting of the Physical Society of London, in Larmor, Joseph, Ed. (1902). The Scientific Writings of the late George Francis Fitzgerald. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 277–281. Archived from the original on 2014-07-07.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"TIG Welding Series: The Power to Perform". Lincoln Electric website. 2006. Archived from the original on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2019. ...the number one maintenance item on a TIG machine is cleaning and adjusting the spark gap.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

"Tesla is entitled to either distinct priority or independent discovery of" three concepts in wireless theory: "(1) the idea of inductive coupling between the driving and the working circuits (2) the importance of tuning both circuits, i.e. the idea of an 'oscillation transformer' (3) the idea of a capacitance loaded open secondary circuit" Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency". Electrical Engineering. 62 (8): 355–357. doi:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874. ISSN 0095-9197. S2CID 51671246.
Belrose, John S. (5 September 1995). Fessenden and Marconi: Their differing technologies and transatlantic experiments during the first decade of this century. Proceedings of the 1995 International Conference on 100 Years of Radio. London: Institute of Engineering and Technology. pp. 32–34. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.205.7281. doi:10.1049/cp:19950787. ISSN 0537-9989. S2CID 218471926.

worldradiohistory.com

Handy, Frances Edward (1926). The Radio Amateur's Handbook, 1st Ed (PDF). Hartford, CN: American Radio Relay league. pp. 123–124.