References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Spartacus" in the English version

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Strauss 2009, p. 7 "We do not know if Spartacus wanted to abolish slavery, but if so, he aimed low. He and his men freed only gladiators, farmers, and shepherds. They avoided urban slaves, a softer and more elite group than rural workers. They rallied slaves to the cry not only of freedom but also to the themes of nationalism, religion, revenge, and riches. Another paradox: they might have been liberators but the rebels brought ruin. They devastated southern Italy in search of food and trouble." Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

Strauss 2009, p. 31 Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

Strauss 2009, p. 13. Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

Strauss 2009, p. 11 Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

Strauss 2009, p. 46 Strauss, Barry (2009). The Spartacus War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3205-7.

Shaw, Brent D. (2001). Spartacus and the servile wars: a brief history with documents. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-23703-5.

books.google.com

Voltaire (1821). "Oeuvres 53, vol. 9, Correspondance générale, 461-3, no. 283".

Nic Fields (2009). Spartacus and the Slave War 73–71 BC: A Gladiator Rebels Against Rome. Osprey Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-84603-353-7.

Annuaire de l'Université de Sofia, Faculté d'histoire, Volume 77, Issue 2, 1985, p. 122. 1985. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library Book 12

Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library Book 16

Diken, Bulent (2012). Revolt, Revolution, Critique: The Paradox of Society. Routledge. p. 61. ISBN 978-1134005642. ...like the 'black Spartacus' Toussaint–Louverture, the leader of the insurgent black slaves who escaped from plantations and defeated the Napoleonic forces in Haiti in 1796–1804, or like the 'Spartacist' leaders of the communist revolt in Germany in 1919.

Douglas Reed (1978). The controversy of Zion. Dolphin Press. p. 139. ISBN 9780620041331.

Fowkes, Ben (2014). The German Left and the Weimar Republic: A Selection of Documents. Brill. p. 71. ISBN 978-9004271081.

ghostarchive.org

livius.org

Plutarch, Crassus, 8:1–2 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Livy, Periochae, 95:2 Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8. Plutarch claims 78 escaped, Livy claims 74, Appian "about seventy", and Florus says "thirty or rather more men". "Choppers and spits" is from Life of Crassus.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:4–5 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Livy, Periochae , 95 Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus 9:7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Livy, Periochae 96 Archived 19 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 11:3 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Livy, Periochae, 97:1 Archived 19 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Bradley, Slavery and Rebellion. p. 97; Plutarch, Crassus, 11:4 .

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus, 11:6–7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Livy, Periochae, 97.1 Archived 19 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

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penelope.uchicago.edu

Plutarch, Crassus, 11:4–7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine

"Plutarch, Crassus 8". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2006.

Appian, Civil Wars 1.116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus, 8:2 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Note: Spartacus's status as an auxilia is taken from the Loeb edition of Appian translated by Horace White, which states "...who had once served as a soldier with the Romans...". However, the translation by John Carter in the Penguin Classics version reads: "...who had once fought against the Romans and after being taken prisoner and sold...".

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1–3 Archived 17 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, p. 109.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:3 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil War, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Frontinus, Stratagems, Book I, 5:20–22 and Book VII:6.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116–117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus 9:6 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 10:1–3 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 10:4–5 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Contrast Plutarch, Crassus, 11:2 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine with Appian, Civil Wars, 1:119 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus, 10:6 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 11:5 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine;.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1.120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch Crassus, 9:5–6 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

web.archive.org

Plutarch, Crassus, 11:4–7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine

"Plutarch, Crassus 8". Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2006.

Appian, Civil Wars 1.116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine

"Tribes, Dynasts and Kingdoms of Northern Greece: History and Numismatics". Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2007.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:1 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:3 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil War, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116–117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus 9:6 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Sallust, Histories, 3:64–67.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

"Spartacus and the Slave Rebellion". Historynet.com. 31 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:118 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Smith, William (1870). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Exercitus", p. 494 "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, page 494". Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2010..

Plutarch, Crassus, 10:1–3 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Cicero, Orations, "For Quintius, Sextus Roscius...", 5.2 Archived 27 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine

Plutarch, Crassus, 10:4–5 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Contrast Plutarch, Crassus, 11:2 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine with Appian, Civil Wars, 1:119 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Crassus, 10:6 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch, Crassus, 11:5 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine;.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1.120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Plutarch Crassus, 9:5–6 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Plutarch, Crassus, 9:7 Archived 10 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

"AUSXIP Spartacus: Blood and Sand TV Show Lucy Lawless Sam Raimi & Rob Tapert". Spartacus.ausxip.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

"Outnumbered Season 5". Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020.

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en.wikisource.org

Florus, Epitome of Roman History 2.8.8

Theucidides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.101

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:116 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Florus, Epitome, 2.8; Cicero, Orations, "For Quintius, Sextus Roscius...", 5.2 Archived 27 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:120 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

Appian, Civil Wars, 1:117 Archived 3 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine; Florus, Epitome, 2.8.

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Spartacus (English Wikipedia)

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