Spasticity (English Wikipedia)

Hidler JM, Rymer WZ (September 1999). "A simulation study of reflex instability in spasticity: origins of clonus". IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. 7 (3): 327–340. doi:10.1109/86.788469. PMID 10498378. S2CID 18315004.
Wallace DM, Ross BH, Thomas CK (December 2005). "Motor unit behavior during clonus". Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 (6): 2166–2172. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.9581. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00649.2005. PMID 16099891. S2CID 8598394.
Mukherjee, Angshuman; Chakravarty, Ambar (2010). "Spasticity Mechanisms – for the Clinician". Frontiers in Neurology. 1: 149. doi:10.3389/fneur.2010.00149. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 3009478. PMID 21206767.
Ramanathan, Venkateswaran; Baskar, Dipti; Pari, Hariswar (2022). "'Seatbelt Effect' of spasticity: Contrasting velocity dependence from the clasp knife phenomenon". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 25 (3): 517–519. doi:10.4103/aian.aian_817_21. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 9350785. PMID 35936584.
Petek Balci, Belgin (2018). "Spasticty measurement". Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 55 (Suppl 1): S49 – S53. doi:10.29399/npa.23339. ISSN 1309-4866. PMC 6278623. PMID 30692856.
Ko, Hyun-Yoon (2022), "Functional Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord", Management and Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 41–68, doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0228-4_3, ISBN 978-981-19-0227-7, retrieved 2023-07-31
Rushton, David N. (2008-04-24), "Intrathecal baclofen for the control of spinal and supraspinal spasticity", Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity, Cambridge University Press, pp. 181–192, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544866.011, ISBN 9780521689786, retrieved 2023-07-31
Galey SA, Lerner ZF, Bulea TC, Zimbler S, Damiano DL (May 2017). "Effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical management of crouch gait in cerebral palsy: A systematic review". Gait & Posture. 54: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.024. PMC 9619302. PMID 28279852.
Gendy S, ElGebeily M, El-Sobky TA, Khoshhal KI, Jawadi AH (2019). "Current practice and preferences to management of equinus in children with ambulatory cerebral palsy: A survey of orthopedic surgeons". SICOT-J. 5: 3. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2019003. PMC 6394235. PMID 30816087.
Aloraini SM, Gäverth J, Yeung E, MacKay-Lyons M (18 February 2015). "Assessment of spasticity after stroke using clinical measures: a systematic review". Disability and Rehabilitation. 37 (25): 2313–2323. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1014933. PMID 25690684. S2CID 7432802.
Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK (March 2020). "Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials". JBJS Reviews. 8 (3): e0119. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119. PMC 7161716. PMID 32224633.
Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA (October 2019). "Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (10): CD001408. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2. PMC 6779591. PMID 31591703.
El-Sobky TA, Fayyad TA, Kotb AM, Kaldas B (May 2018). "Bony reconstruction of hip in cerebral palsy children Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III to V: a systematic review". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B. 27 (3): 221–230. doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000503. PMID 28953164. S2CID 4204446.
Krebs HI, Palazzolo JJ, Dipietro L, Ferraro M, Krol J, Rannekleiv K, et al. (2003). "Rehabilitation robotics: Performance-based progressive robot-assisted therapy". Automatic Robots. 15: 7–20. doi:10.1023/A:1024494031121. S2CID 39313352.
Taricco M, Adone R, Pagliacci C, Telaro E (2000). "Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000 (2): CD001131. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001131. PMC 8406943. PMID 10796750.
Shakespeare DT, Boggild M, Young C (2003). "Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD001332. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001332. PMC 7028001. PMID 14583932.
Grunt, Sebastian; Fieggen, A Graham; Vermeulen, R Jeroen; Becher, Jules G; Langerak, Nelleke G (2014). "Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 56 (4): 302–312. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12277. PMID 24106928.
Kesiktas N, Paker N, Erdogan N, Gülsen G, Biçki D, Yilmaz H (December 2004). "The use of hydrotherapy for the management of spasticity". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 18 (4): 268–273. doi:10.1177/1545968304270002. PMID 15537997. S2CID 40066099.
Beresneva J, Stirane D, Kiukucane E, Vetra A (2009). "The use of aquatic therapy in stroke patients for the management of spasticity...Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the European Federation for Research in Rehabilitation, Riga, Latvia". International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 32: S110. doi:10.1097/00004356-200908001-00145. S2CID 147336547.
Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA (October 2004). "Spasticity: the misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 83 (10 Suppl): S3 – S9. doi:10.1097/01.PHM.0000141125.28611.3E. PMID 15448572. S2CID 45445777.
Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG (2006). "Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review". The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 52 (4): 241–248. doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(06)70003-4. PMID 17132118.
Bovend'Eerdt TJ, Newman M, Barker K, Dawes H, Minelli C, Wade DT (July 2008). "The effects of stretching in spasticity: a systematic review". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (7): 1395–1406. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.02.015. PMID 18534551.

dx.doi.org

Ko, Hyun-Yoon (2022), "Functional Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord", Management and Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 41–68, doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0228-4_3, ISBN 978-981-19-0227-7, retrieved 2023-07-31
Rushton, David N. (2008-04-24), "Intrathecal baclofen for the control of spinal and supraspinal spasticity", Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity, Cambridge University Press, pp. 181–192, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544866.011, ISBN 9780521689786, retrieved 2023-07-31

hopkinsmedicine.org

"Spasticity | Johns Hopkins Medicine".

mdvu.org

"Spasticity: Pathophysiology". WeMove.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010.

mhmedical.com

accessmedicine.mhmedical.com

Saulino M, Goldman L (2014). "Spasticity". In Maitin IB, Cruz E (eds.). CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-179329-2.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hidler JM, Rymer WZ (September 1999). "A simulation study of reflex instability in spasticity: origins of clonus". IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. 7 (3): 327–340. doi:10.1109/86.788469. PMID 10498378. S2CID 18315004.
Wallace DM, Ross BH, Thomas CK (December 2005). "Motor unit behavior during clonus". Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 (6): 2166–2172. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.9581. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00649.2005. PMID 16099891. S2CID 8598394.
Mukherjee, Angshuman; Chakravarty, Ambar (2010). "Spasticity Mechanisms – for the Clinician". Frontiers in Neurology. 1: 149. doi:10.3389/fneur.2010.00149. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 3009478. PMID 21206767.
Ramanathan, Venkateswaran; Baskar, Dipti; Pari, Hariswar (2022). "'Seatbelt Effect' of spasticity: Contrasting velocity dependence from the clasp knife phenomenon". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 25 (3): 517–519. doi:10.4103/aian.aian_817_21. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 9350785. PMID 35936584.
Petek Balci, Belgin (2018). "Spasticty measurement". Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 55 (Suppl 1): S49 – S53. doi:10.29399/npa.23339. ISSN 1309-4866. PMC 6278623. PMID 30692856.
Rivelis, Yulia; Zafar, Nowera; Morice, Karen (December 14, 2024). StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29939646 – via PubMed.
Galey SA, Lerner ZF, Bulea TC, Zimbler S, Damiano DL (May 2017). "Effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical management of crouch gait in cerebral palsy: A systematic review". Gait & Posture. 54: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.024. PMC 9619302. PMID 28279852.
Gendy S, ElGebeily M, El-Sobky TA, Khoshhal KI, Jawadi AH (2019). "Current practice and preferences to management of equinus in children with ambulatory cerebral palsy: A survey of orthopedic surgeons". SICOT-J. 5: 3. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2019003. PMC 6394235. PMID 30816087.
Aloraini SM, Gäverth J, Yeung E, MacKay-Lyons M (18 February 2015). "Assessment of spasticity after stroke using clinical measures: a systematic review". Disability and Rehabilitation. 37 (25): 2313–2323. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1014933. PMID 25690684. S2CID 7432802.
Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK (March 2020). "Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials". JBJS Reviews. 8 (3): e0119. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119. PMC 7161716. PMID 32224633.
Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA (October 2019). "Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (10): CD001408. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2. PMC 6779591. PMID 31591703.
El-Sobky TA, Fayyad TA, Kotb AM, Kaldas B (May 2018). "Bony reconstruction of hip in cerebral palsy children Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III to V: a systematic review". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B. 27 (3): 221–230. doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000503. PMID 28953164. S2CID 4204446.
Taricco M, Adone R, Pagliacci C, Telaro E (2000). "Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000 (2): CD001131. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001131. PMC 8406943. PMID 10796750.
Shakespeare DT, Boggild M, Young C (2003). "Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD001332. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001332. PMC 7028001. PMID 14583932.
Grunt, Sebastian; Fieggen, A Graham; Vermeulen, R Jeroen; Becher, Jules G; Langerak, Nelleke G (2014). "Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 56 (4): 302–312. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12277. PMID 24106928.
Kesiktas N, Paker N, Erdogan N, Gülsen G, Biçki D, Yilmaz H (December 2004). "The use of hydrotherapy for the management of spasticity". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 18 (4): 268–273. doi:10.1177/1545968304270002. PMID 15537997. S2CID 40066099.
Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA (October 2004). "Spasticity: the misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 83 (10 Suppl): S3 – S9. doi:10.1097/01.PHM.0000141125.28611.3E. PMID 15448572. S2CID 45445777.
Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG (2006). "Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review". The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 52 (4): 241–248. doi:10.1016/s0004-9514(06)70003-4. PMID 17132118.
Bovend'Eerdt TJ, Newman M, Barker K, Dawes H, Minelli C, Wade DT (July 2008). "The effects of stretching in spasticity: a systematic review". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 89 (7): 1395–1406. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.02.015. PMID 18534551.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mukherjee, Angshuman; Chakravarty, Ambar (2010). "Spasticity Mechanisms – for the Clinician". Frontiers in Neurology. 1: 149. doi:10.3389/fneur.2010.00149. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 3009478. PMID 21206767.
Ramanathan, Venkateswaran; Baskar, Dipti; Pari, Hariswar (2022). "'Seatbelt Effect' of spasticity: Contrasting velocity dependence from the clasp knife phenomenon". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 25 (3): 517–519. doi:10.4103/aian.aian_817_21. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 9350785. PMID 35936584.
Petek Balci, Belgin (2018). "Spasticty measurement". Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 55 (Suppl 1): S49 – S53. doi:10.29399/npa.23339. ISSN 1309-4866. PMC 6278623. PMID 30692856.
Rivelis, Yulia; Zafar, Nowera; Morice, Karen (December 14, 2024). StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29939646 – via PubMed.
Galey SA, Lerner ZF, Bulea TC, Zimbler S, Damiano DL (May 2017). "Effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical management of crouch gait in cerebral palsy: A systematic review". Gait & Posture. 54: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.024. PMC 9619302. PMID 28279852.
Gendy S, ElGebeily M, El-Sobky TA, Khoshhal KI, Jawadi AH (2019). "Current practice and preferences to management of equinus in children with ambulatory cerebral palsy: A survey of orthopedic surgeons". SICOT-J. 5: 3. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2019003. PMC 6394235. PMID 30816087.
Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK (March 2020). "Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials". JBJS Reviews. 8 (3): e0119. doi:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119. PMC 7161716. PMID 32224633.
Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA (October 2019). "Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (10): CD001408. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2. PMC 6779591. PMID 31591703.
Taricco M, Adone R, Pagliacci C, Telaro E (2000). "Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000 (2): CD001131. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001131. PMC 8406943. PMID 10796750.
Shakespeare DT, Boggild M, Young C (2003). "Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (4): CD001332. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001332. PMC 7028001. PMID 14583932.

noropsikiyatriarsivi.com

submission.noropsikiyatriarsivi.com

Petek Balci, Belgin (2018). "Spasticty measurement". Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 55 (Suppl 1): S49 – S53. doi:10.29399/npa.23339. ISSN 1309-4866. PMC 6278623. PMID 30692856.

pennmedicine.org

https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/spasticity

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Wallace DM, Ross BH, Thomas CK (December 2005). "Motor unit behavior during clonus". Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 (6): 2166–2172. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.9581. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00649.2005. PMID 16099891. S2CID 8598394.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hidler JM, Rymer WZ (September 1999). "A simulation study of reflex instability in spasticity: origins of clonus". IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering. 7 (3): 327–340. doi:10.1109/86.788469. PMID 10498378. S2CID 18315004.
Wallace DM, Ross BH, Thomas CK (December 2005). "Motor unit behavior during clonus". Journal of Applied Physiology. 99 (6): 2166–2172. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.501.9581. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00649.2005. PMID 16099891. S2CID 8598394.
Aloraini SM, Gäverth J, Yeung E, MacKay-Lyons M (18 February 2015). "Assessment of spasticity after stroke using clinical measures: a systematic review". Disability and Rehabilitation. 37 (25): 2313–2323. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1014933. PMID 25690684. S2CID 7432802.
El-Sobky TA, Fayyad TA, Kotb AM, Kaldas B (May 2018). "Bony reconstruction of hip in cerebral palsy children Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III to V: a systematic review". Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B. 27 (3): 221–230. doi:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000503. PMID 28953164. S2CID 4204446.
Krebs HI, Palazzolo JJ, Dipietro L, Ferraro M, Krol J, Rannekleiv K, et al. (2003). "Rehabilitation robotics: Performance-based progressive robot-assisted therapy". Automatic Robots. 15: 7–20. doi:10.1023/A:1024494031121. S2CID 39313352.
Kesiktas N, Paker N, Erdogan N, Gülsen G, Biçki D, Yilmaz H (December 2004). "The use of hydrotherapy for the management of spasticity". Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 18 (4): 268–273. doi:10.1177/1545968304270002. PMID 15537997. S2CID 40066099.
Beresneva J, Stirane D, Kiukucane E, Vetra A (2009). "The use of aquatic therapy in stroke patients for the management of spasticity...Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the European Federation for Research in Rehabilitation, Riga, Latvia". International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 32: S110. doi:10.1097/00004356-200908001-00145. S2CID 147336547.
Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA (October 2004). "Spasticity: the misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome". American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 83 (10 Suppl): S3 – S9. doi:10.1097/01.PHM.0000141125.28611.3E. PMID 15448572. S2CID 45445777.

stroke.org

"Spasticity". www.stroke.org. American Heart Association. April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.

ted.com

Bloch J (15 February 2016). "The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help". Ted Talks.

uhsussex.nhs.uk

"Spasticity". University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust. August 3, 2023.

web.archive.org

"Spasticity: Pathophysiology". WeMove.org. Archived from the original on 27 February 2010.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Mukherjee, Angshuman; Chakravarty, Ambar (2010). "Spasticity Mechanisms – for the Clinician". Frontiers in Neurology. 1: 149. doi:10.3389/fneur.2010.00149. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 3009478. PMID 21206767.
Ramanathan, Venkateswaran; Baskar, Dipti; Pari, Hariswar (2022). "'Seatbelt Effect' of spasticity: Contrasting velocity dependence from the clasp knife phenomenon". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 25 (3): 517–519. doi:10.4103/aian.aian_817_21. ISSN 0972-2327. PMC 9350785. PMID 35936584.
Petek Balci, Belgin (2018). "Spasticty measurement". Archives of Neuropsychiatry. 55 (Suppl 1): S49 – S53. doi:10.29399/npa.23339. ISSN 1309-4866. PMC 6278623. PMID 30692856.