Spiral galaxy (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Spiral galaxy" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

20harvard.edu

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15doi.org

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11arxiv.org

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5worldcat.org

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3books.google.com

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3semanticscholar.org

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2nih.gov

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2nasa.gov

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1archive.org

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1sciencedaily.com

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1web.archive.org

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1sciamdigital.com

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1oup.com

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1astronomynow.com

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1science.org

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1nature.com

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1gizmodo.com

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1tsinghua.edu.cn

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1u-strasbg.fr

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1phys.org

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1eurekalert.org

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1spacetelescope.org

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1swin.edu.au

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aanda.org

Xiao, Mengyuan; Williams, Christina C.; Oesch, Pascal A.; Elbaz, David; Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava; Marques-Chaves, Rui; Bing, Longji; Ji, Zhiyuan; Weibel, Andrea; Bezanson, Rachel; Brammer, Gabriel; Casey, Caitlin; Cloonan, Aidan P.; Daddi, Emanuele; Dayal, Pratika (1 April 2025). "PANORAMIC: Discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design spiral galaxy at z ∼ 5.2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696: A156. arXiv:2412.13264. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453487. ISSN 0004-6361.

archive.org

Hubble, E.P. (1982). The realm of the nebulae. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures, 25 (2 ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press (published 1936). ISBN 9780300025002. OCLC 611263346. Alt URL(pp. 124–151)

arxiv.org

R. A. Benjamin; E. Churchwell; B. L. Babler; R. Indebetouw; M. R. Meade; B. A. Whitney; C. Watson; M. G. Wolfire; M. J. Wolff; R. Ignace; T. M. Bania; S. Bracker; D. P. Clemens; L. Chomiuk; M. Cohen; J. M. Dickey; J. M. Jackson; H. A. Kobulnicky; E. P. Mercer; J. S. Mathis; S. R. Stolovy; B. Uzpen (September 2005). "First GLIMPSE Results on the Stellar Structure of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 630 (2): L149 – L152. arXiv:astro-ph/0508325. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L.149B. doi:10.1086/491785. S2CID 14782284.
Loveday, J. (February 1996). "The APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 278 (4): 1025–1048. arXiv:astro-ph/9603040. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.278.1025L. doi:10.1093/mnras/278.4.1025.
Padilla, Nelson D.; Strauss, Michael A. (11 August 2008). "The shapes of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 1321–1334. arXiv:0802.0877. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13480.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
Salucci, P. (2019). "The distribution of dark matter in galaxies". The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 27 (1): 2. arXiv:1811.08843. Bibcode:2019A&ARv..27....2S. doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0113-1.
Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru (11 June 2021). "Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago". Science. 372 (6547): 1201–1205. arXiv:2108.02206. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1201T. doi:10.1126/science.abe9680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34016739.
Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Erb, Dawn K. (July 2012). "High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18". Nature. 487 (7407): 338–340. arXiv:1207.4196. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..338L. doi:10.1038/nature11256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22810697.
Xiao, Mengyuan; Williams, Christina C.; Oesch, Pascal A.; Elbaz, David; Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava; Marques-Chaves, Rui; Bing, Longji; Ji, Zhiyuan; Weibel, Andrea; Bezanson, Rachel; Brammer, Gabriel; Casey, Caitlin; Cloonan, Aidan P.; Daddi, Emanuele; Dayal, Pratika (1 April 2025). "PANORAMIC: Discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design spiral galaxy at z ∼ 5.2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696: A156. arXiv:2412.13264. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453487. ISSN 0004-6361.
Wu, Yunjing; Cai, Zheng; Sun, Fengwu; Bian, Fuyan; Lin, Xiaojing; Li, Zihao; Li, Mingyu; Bauer, Franz E.; Egami, Eiichi; Fan, Xiaohui; González-López, Jorge; Li, Jianan; Wang, Feige; Yang, Jinyi; Zhang, Shiwu; Zou, Siwei (2023). "The Identification of a Dusty Multiarm Spiral Galaxy at z = 3.06 with JWST and ALMA". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 942 (1): L1. arXiv:2208.08473. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942L...1W. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca652.
Tiantian Yuan; Johan Richard; Anshu Gupta; Christoph Federrath; Soniya Sharma; Brent A. Groves; Lisa J. Kewley; Renyue Cen; Yuval Birnboim; David B. Fisher (30 October 2017). "The most ancient spiral galaxy: a 2.6-Gyr-old disk with a tranquil velocity field". The Astrophysical Journal. 850 (1): 61. arXiv:1710.11130. Bibcode:2017ApJ...850...61Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa951d. S2CID 119267114.
Masters, Karen L.; et al. (30 April 2019). "Galaxy Zoo: unwinding the winding problem – observations of spiral bulge prominence and arm pitch angles suggest local spiral galaxies are winding". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2): 1808–1820. arXiv:1904.11436. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.487.1808M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1153.
Francis, C.; Anderson, E. (2009). "Galactic spiral structure". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 465 (2111): 3425–3446. arXiv:0901.3503. Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.3425F. doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0036. S2CID 12461073.

astronomynow.com

Astronomy Now (8 May 2016), Astronomers detect double ‘peanut shell’ galaxies

books.google.com

Hubble, E.P. (1982). The realm of the nebulae. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures, 25 (2 ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press (published 1936). ISBN 9780300025002. OCLC 611263346. Alt URL(pp. 124–151)
Belkora, L. (2003). Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way. CRC Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-7503-0730-7.
Henbest, Nigel (1994), The Guide to the Galaxy, Cambridge University Press, p. 74, ISBN 9780521458825, Lin and Shu showed that this spiral pattern would persist more or less for ever, even though individual stars and gas clouds are always drifting into the arms and out again.

doi.org

R. A. Benjamin; E. Churchwell; B. L. Babler; R. Indebetouw; M. R. Meade; B. A. Whitney; C. Watson; M. G. Wolfire; M. J. Wolff; R. Ignace; T. M. Bania; S. Bracker; D. P. Clemens; L. Chomiuk; M. Cohen; J. M. Dickey; J. M. Jackson; H. A. Kobulnicky; E. P. Mercer; J. S. Mathis; S. R. Stolovy; B. Uzpen (September 2005). "First GLIMPSE Results on the Stellar Structure of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 630 (2): L149 – L152. arXiv:astro-ph/0508325. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L.149B. doi:10.1086/491785. S2CID 14782284.
Loveday, J. (February 1996). "The APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 278 (4): 1025–1048. arXiv:astro-ph/9603040. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.278.1025L. doi:10.1093/mnras/278.4.1025.
Dressler, A. (March 1980). "Galaxy morphology in rich clusters — Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 236: 351–365. Bibcode:1980ApJ...236..351D. doi:10.1086/157753.
Padilla, Nelson D.; Strauss, Michael A. (11 August 2008). "The shapes of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 1321–1334. arXiv:0802.0877. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13480.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
Salucci, P. (2019). "The distribution of dark matter in galaxies". The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 27 (1): 2. arXiv:1811.08843. Bibcode:2019A&ARv..27....2S. doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0113-1.
Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru (11 June 2021). "Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago". Science. 372 (6547): 1201–1205. arXiv:2108.02206. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1201T. doi:10.1126/science.abe9680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34016739.
Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Erb, Dawn K. (July 2012). "High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18". Nature. 487 (7407): 338–340. arXiv:1207.4196. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..338L. doi:10.1038/nature11256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22810697.
Xiao, Mengyuan; Williams, Christina C.; Oesch, Pascal A.; Elbaz, David; Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava; Marques-Chaves, Rui; Bing, Longji; Ji, Zhiyuan; Weibel, Andrea; Bezanson, Rachel; Brammer, Gabriel; Casey, Caitlin; Cloonan, Aidan P.; Daddi, Emanuele; Dayal, Pratika (1 April 2025). "PANORAMIC: Discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design spiral galaxy at z ∼ 5.2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696: A156. arXiv:2412.13264. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453487. ISSN 0004-6361.
Wu, Yunjing; Cai, Zheng; Sun, Fengwu; Bian, Fuyan; Lin, Xiaojing; Li, Zihao; Li, Mingyu; Bauer, Franz E.; Egami, Eiichi; Fan, Xiaohui; González-López, Jorge; Li, Jianan; Wang, Feige; Yang, Jinyi; Zhang, Shiwu; Zou, Siwei (2023). "The Identification of a Dusty Multiarm Spiral Galaxy at z = 3.06 with JWST and ALMA". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 942 (1): L1. arXiv:2208.08473. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942L...1W. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca652.
Tiantian Yuan; Johan Richard; Anshu Gupta; Christoph Federrath; Soniya Sharma; Brent A. Groves; Lisa J. Kewley; Renyue Cen; Yuval Birnboim; David B. Fisher (30 October 2017). "The most ancient spiral galaxy: a 2.6-Gyr-old disk with a tranquil velocity field". The Astrophysical Journal. 850 (1): 61. arXiv:1710.11130. Bibcode:2017ApJ...850...61Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa951d. S2CID 119267114.
Masters, Karen L.; et al. (30 April 2019). "Galaxy Zoo: unwinding the winding problem – observations of spiral bulge prominence and arm pitch angles suggest local spiral galaxies are winding". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2): 1808–1820. arXiv:1904.11436. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.487.1808M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1153.
Lin, C. C.; Shu, F. H. (August 1964). "On the spiral structure of disk galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 140: 646–655. Bibcode:1964ApJ...140..646L. doi:10.1086/147955.
Francis, C.; Anderson, E. (2009). "Galactic spiral structure". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 465 (2111): 3425–3446. arXiv:0901.3503. Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.3425F. doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0036. S2CID 12461073.
Freeman, K. C. (1970). "On the Disks of Spiral and so Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 160: 811. Bibcode:1970ApJ...160..811F. doi:10.1086/150474.
Hubble, E. P. (May 1926). "A spiral nebula as a stellar system: Messier 33". The Astrophysical Journal. 63: 236–274. Bibcode:1926ApJ....63..236H. doi:10.1086/142976.

esa.int

"Webb reveals structure in 19 spiral galaxies". www.esa.int. Retrieved 30 January 2024.

eurekalert.org

Royal Astronomical Society (11 June 2019). "Citizen scientists re-tune Hubble's galaxy classification". EurekAlert!. Retrieved 11 June 2019.

gizmodo.com

Gonzalez, Robbie (19 July 2012). "Hubble has spotted an ancient galaxy that shouldn't exist". Gizmodo. Retrieved 5 December 2024.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

R. A. Benjamin; E. Churchwell; B. L. Babler; R. Indebetouw; M. R. Meade; B. A. Whitney; C. Watson; M. G. Wolfire; M. J. Wolff; R. Ignace; T. M. Bania; S. Bracker; D. P. Clemens; L. Chomiuk; M. Cohen; J. M. Dickey; J. M. Jackson; H. A. Kobulnicky; E. P. Mercer; J. S. Mathis; S. R. Stolovy; B. Uzpen (September 2005). "First GLIMPSE Results on the Stellar Structure of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 630 (2): L149 – L152. arXiv:astro-ph/0508325. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L.149B. doi:10.1086/491785. S2CID 14782284.
Loveday, J. (February 1996). "The APM Bright Galaxy Catalogue". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 278 (4): 1025–1048. arXiv:astro-ph/9603040. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.278.1025L. doi:10.1093/mnras/278.4.1025.
Dressler, A. (March 1980). "Galaxy morphology in rich clusters — Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 236: 351–365. Bibcode:1980ApJ...236..351D. doi:10.1086/157753.
Salucci, P. (2019). "The distribution of dark matter in galaxies". The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 27 (1): 2. arXiv:1811.08843. Bibcode:2019A&ARv..27....2S. doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0113-1.
Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru (11 June 2021). "Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago". Science. 372 (6547): 1201–1205. arXiv:2108.02206. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1201T. doi:10.1126/science.abe9680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34016739.
Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Erb, Dawn K. (July 2012). "High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18". Nature. 487 (7407): 338–340. arXiv:1207.4196. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..338L. doi:10.1038/nature11256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22810697.
Wu, Yunjing; Cai, Zheng; Sun, Fengwu; Bian, Fuyan; Lin, Xiaojing; Li, Zihao; Li, Mingyu; Bauer, Franz E.; Egami, Eiichi; Fan, Xiaohui; González-López, Jorge; Li, Jianan; Wang, Feige; Yang, Jinyi; Zhang, Shiwu; Zou, Siwei (2023). "The Identification of a Dusty Multiarm Spiral Galaxy at z = 3.06 with JWST and ALMA". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 942 (1): L1. arXiv:2208.08473. Bibcode:2023ApJ...942L...1W. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aca652.
Tiantian Yuan; Johan Richard; Anshu Gupta; Christoph Federrath; Soniya Sharma; Brent A. Groves; Lisa J. Kewley; Renyue Cen; Yuval Birnboim; David B. Fisher (30 October 2017). "The most ancient spiral galaxy: a 2.6-Gyr-old disk with a tranquil velocity field". The Astrophysical Journal. 850 (1): 61. arXiv:1710.11130. Bibcode:2017ApJ...850...61Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa951d. S2CID 119267114.
Masters, Karen L.; et al. (30 April 2019). "Galaxy Zoo: unwinding the winding problem – observations of spiral bulge prominence and arm pitch angles suggest local spiral galaxies are winding". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (2): 1808–1820. arXiv:1904.11436. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.487.1808M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1153.
Lin, C. C.; Shu, F. H. (August 1964). "On the spiral structure of disk galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 140: 646–655. Bibcode:1964ApJ...140..646L. doi:10.1086/147955.
Francis, C.; Anderson, E. (2009). "Galactic spiral structure". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 465 (2111): 3425–3446. arXiv:0901.3503. Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.3425F. doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0036. S2CID 12461073.
Freeman, K. C. (1970). "On the Disks of Spiral and so Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal. 160: 811. Bibcode:1970ApJ...160..811F. doi:10.1086/150474.
Hubble, E. P. (May 1926). "A spiral nebula as a stellar system: Messier 33". The Astrophysical Journal. 63: 236–274. Bibcode:1926ApJ....63..236H. doi:10.1086/142976.
Chen, W.; Gehrels, N.; Diehl, R.; Hartmann, D. (1996). "On the spiral arm interpretation of COMPTEL ²⁶Al map features". Space Science Reviews. 120: 315–316. Bibcode:1996A&AS..120C.315C.

adsabs.harvard.edu

Alister W. Graham and C. Clare Worley (2008), Inclination- and dust-corrected galaxy parameters: bulge-to-disc ratios and size-luminosity relations
B.D. Simmons et al. (2014), Galaxy Zoo: CANDELS barred discs and bar fractions
Bogdan C. Ciambur and Alister W. Graham (2016), Quantifying the (X/peanut)-shaped structure in edge-on disc galaxies: length, strength, and nested peanuts
F. Shirley Patterson (1940), The Luminosity Gradient of Messier 33
Gerard de Vaucouleurs (1957), Studies of the Magellanic Clouds. III. Surface brightness, colors and integrated magnitudes of the Clouds.
Gerard de Vaucouleurs (1964), Interpretation of velocity distribution of the inner regions of the Galaxy

nasa.gov

heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov

de Vaucouleurs, G.; de Vaucouleurs, A.; Corwin, H. G., Jr.; Buta, R. J.; Paturel, G.; Fouqué, P. (2016). Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. 9. New York: Springer-Verlag. Retrieved 8 March 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

nasa.gov

"NASA - Hubble Views the Star That Changed the Universe". 23 May 2011.

nature.com

Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Erb, Dawn K. (July 2012). "High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18". Nature. 487 (7407): 338–340. arXiv:1207.4196. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..338L. doi:10.1038/nature11256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22810697.

newscientist.com

McKee, Maggie (16 August 2005). "Bar at Milky Way's heart revealed". New Scientist. Retrieved 17 June 2009.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru (11 June 2021). "Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago". Science. 372 (6547): 1201–1205. arXiv:2108.02206. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1201T. doi:10.1126/science.abe9680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34016739.
Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Erb, Dawn K. (July 2012). "High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18". Nature. 487 (7407): 338–340. arXiv:1207.4196. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..338L. doi:10.1038/nature11256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22810697.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Padilla, Nelson D.; Strauss, Michael A. (11 August 2008). "The shapes of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 1321–1334. arXiv:0802.0877. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13480.x. ISSN 0035-8711.

phys.org

"The most ancient spiral galaxy confirmed". PhysOrg. 3 November 2017.

sciamdigital.com

"Ripples in a Galactic Pond". Scientific American. October 2005. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013.

science.org

Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru (11 June 2021). "Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago". Science. 372 (6547): 1201–1205. arXiv:2108.02206. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1201T. doi:10.1126/science.abe9680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34016739.

sciencedaily.com

"Hubble and Galaxy Zoo Find Bars and Baby Galaxies Don't Mix". Science Daily. 16 January 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

R. A. Benjamin; E. Churchwell; B. L. Babler; R. Indebetouw; M. R. Meade; B. A. Whitney; C. Watson; M. G. Wolfire; M. J. Wolff; R. Ignace; T. M. Bania; S. Bracker; D. P. Clemens; L. Chomiuk; M. Cohen; J. M. Dickey; J. M. Jackson; H. A. Kobulnicky; E. P. Mercer; J. S. Mathis; S. R. Stolovy; B. Uzpen (September 2005). "First GLIMPSE Results on the Stellar Structure of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 630 (2): L149 – L152. arXiv:astro-ph/0508325. Bibcode:2005ApJ...630L.149B. doi:10.1086/491785. S2CID 14782284.
Tiantian Yuan; Johan Richard; Anshu Gupta; Christoph Federrath; Soniya Sharma; Brent A. Groves; Lisa J. Kewley; Renyue Cen; Yuval Birnboim; David B. Fisher (30 October 2017). "The most ancient spiral galaxy: a 2.6-Gyr-old disk with a tranquil velocity field". The Astrophysical Journal. 850 (1): 61. arXiv:1710.11130. Bibcode:2017ApJ...850...61Y. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa951d. S2CID 119267114.
Francis, C.; Anderson, E. (2009). "Galactic spiral structure". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 465 (2111): 3425–3446. arXiv:0901.3503. Bibcode:2009RSPSA.465.3425F. doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0036. S2CID 12461073.

spacetelescope.org

"A spiral home to exploding stars". ESA / Hubble. Retrieved 2 April 2014.

swin.edu.au

astronomy.swin.edu.au

"Main Sequence Lifetime". Swinburne Astronomy Online. Swinburne University of Technology. Retrieved 8 June 2019.

tsinghua.edu.cn

astro.tsinghua.edu.cn

"清华大学领衔揭示早期宇宙星际间重元素起源之谜".

u-strasbg.fr

simbad.u-strasbg.fr

"[BBC2005] Source 11 -- Galaxy". 24 June 2018.

web.archive.org

"Ripples in a Galactic Pond". Scientific American. October 2005. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Hubble, E.P. (1982). The realm of the nebulae. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures, 25 (2 ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press (published 1936). ISBN 9780300025002. OCLC 611263346. Alt URL(pp. 124–151)
Padilla, Nelson D.; Strauss, Michael A. (11 August 2008). "The shapes of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 388 (3): 1321–1334. arXiv:0802.0877. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13480.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
Tsukui, Takafumi; Iguchi, Satoru (11 June 2021). "Spiral morphology in an intensely star-forming disk galaxy more than 12 billion years ago". Science. 372 (6547): 1201–1205. arXiv:2108.02206. Bibcode:2021Sci...372.1201T. doi:10.1126/science.abe9680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34016739.
Law, David R.; Shapley, Alice E.; Steidel, Charles C.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Erb, Dawn K. (July 2012). "High velocity dispersion in a rare grand-design spiral galaxy at redshift z = 2.18". Nature. 487 (7407): 338–340. arXiv:1207.4196. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..338L. doi:10.1038/nature11256. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 22810697.
Xiao, Mengyuan; Williams, Christina C.; Oesch, Pascal A.; Elbaz, David; Dessauges-Zavadsky, Miroslava; Marques-Chaves, Rui; Bing, Longji; Ji, Zhiyuan; Weibel, Andrea; Bezanson, Rachel; Brammer, Gabriel; Casey, Caitlin; Cloonan, Aidan P.; Daddi, Emanuele; Dayal, Pratika (1 April 2025). "PANORAMIC: Discovery of an ultra-massive grand-design spiral galaxy at z ∼ 5.2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 696: A156. arXiv:2412.13264. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453487. ISSN 0004-6361.

zmescience.com

Oldest spiral galaxy is a freak of cosmos http://www.zmescience.com/space/oldest-spiral-galaxy-31321/