Spotted hyena (English Wikipedia)

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bbc.co.uk

Fletcher, Martin (23 February 2014). "The urban hyenas that attack rough sleepers". BBC website. Retrieved 23 February 2014.

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Gilbert, W. Henry; Asfaw, Berhane (2008), Homo erectus: pleistocene evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, Volume 1 of Middle Awash series, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-25120-2. p. 99.
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Schaller 1976, p. 272 Schaller, George B. (1976). The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73640-2.
Schaller 1976, p. 273 Schaller, George B. (1976). The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator-Prey Relations. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73640-2.
Bierbaum, Bernd (2011) In Ethiopia, BoD – Books on Demand, ISBN 3844858849. p. 45.
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bucknell.edu

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Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

doi.org

Bohm, T.; Höner, O.R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5674A45194782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Varela, Sara (2010). "Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Hindcasting a species geographic distribution across time" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (17–18): 2027–2035. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2027V. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Holekamp, KE; Sakai, ST; Lundrigan, BL (2007). "Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 362 (1480): 523–538. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1993. PMC 2346515. PMID 17289649.
Wade, D. W. (2006). "Hyenas and Humans in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). The Geographical Review. 96 (4): 609–632. Bibcode:2006GeoRv..96..609G. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00519.x. S2CID 162339018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Rohland, N; Pollack, JL; Nagel, D; Beauval, C; Airvaux, J; Paabo, S; Hofreiter, M (2005). "The population history of extant and extinct hyenas". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (12): 2435–2443. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi244. PMID 16120805.
Watts, Heather E.; Tanner, Jamie B.; Lundrigan, Barbara L.; Holekamp, Kay E. (2009). "Post-weaning maternal effects and the evolution of female dominance in the spotted hyena". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1665): 2291–2298. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0268. PMC 2677617. PMID 19324728.
Westbury, Michael V.; Hartmann, Stefanie; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Ridush, Bogdan; Nagel, Doris; Rathgeber, Thomas; Ziegler, Reinhard; Baryshnikov, Gennady; Sheng, Guilian; Ludwig, Arne; Wiesel, Ingrid; Dalen, Love; Bibi, Faysal; Werdelin, Lars (13 March 2020). "Hyena paleogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena". Science Advances. 6 (11): eaay0456. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..456W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0456. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7069707. PMID 32201717.
Sheng, Gui-Lian; Soubrier, Julien; Liu, Jin-Yi; Werdelin, Lars; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Tuke, Jonathan; Wu, Lian-Juan; Hou, Xin-Dong; Chen, Quan-Jia; Lai, Xu-Long; Cooper, Alan (29 October 2014). "Pleistocene C hinese cave hyenas and the recent E urasian history of the spotted hyena, C rocuta crocuta". Molecular Ecology. 23 (3): 522–533. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23..522S. doi:10.1111/mec.12576. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 24320717. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
Binder, Wendy J.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2000). "Development of Bite Strength and Feeding Behaviour in Juvenile Spotted Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta)". Journal of Zoology. 252 (3): 273–83. doi:10.1017/s0952836900000017. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
Szykman, M.; Van Horn, R. C.; Engh, A.L.; Boydston, E. E.; Holekamp, K. E. (2007). "Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas" (PDF). Behaviour. 144 (7): 815–846. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.630.5755. doi:10.1163/156853907781476418. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Cunha, Gerald R.; et al. (2003). "Urogenital system of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben): a functional histological study" (PDF). Journal of Morphology. 256 (2): 205–218. doi:10.1002/jmor.10085. PMID 12635111. S2CID 26473002.
Vullioud, Colin; Davidian, Eve; Wachter, Bettina; Rousset, François; Courtiol, Alexandre; Höner, Oliver P. (19 November 2018). "Social support drives female dominance in the spotted hyaena". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (1): 71–76. Bibcode:2018NatEE...3...71V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0718-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30455441. S2CID 53875904.
Davidian, Eve; Höner, Oliver (2021). "A king among queens". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 19 (10): 573. Bibcode:2021FrEE...19..573D. doi:10.1002/fee.2441. ISSN 1540-9309. S2CID 244830346.
Van Horn, Russell C.; McElhinny, Teresa L.; Holekamp, Kay E. (29 August 2003). "Age Estimation and Dispersal in the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)". Journal of Mammalogy. 84 (3): 1019–1030. doi:10.1644/BBa-023. ISSN 0022-2372.
East, Marion L.; Höner, Oliver P.; Wachter, Bettina; Wilhelm, Kerstin; Burke, Terry; Hofer, Heribert (1 May 2009). "Maternal effects on offspring social status in spotted hyenas". Behavioral Ecology. 20 (3): 478–483. doi:10.1093/beheco/arp020. ISSN 1045-2249.
Ilany, A; Booms, AS; Holekamp, KE (2015). "Topological effects of network structure on long-term social network dynamics in a wild mammal". Ecology Letters. 18 (7): 687–695. Bibcode:2015EcolL..18..687I. doi:10.1111/ele.12447. PMC 4486283. PMID 25975663.
Lewin, N. (25 February 2015). "Socioecological variables predict telomere length in wild spotted hyenas". Biology Letters. 11 (2): 20140991. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0991. PMC 4360110. PMID 25716089.
Flies, A.S. (30 September 2016). "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas". Functional Ecology. 30 (9): 1549–1557. Bibcode:2016FuEco..30.1549F. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12638. PMC 5098940. PMID 27833242.
Burgener, Nicole; East, Marion L; Hofer, Heribert; Dehnhard, Martin (2008), "Do Spotted Hyena Scent Marks Code for Clan Membership?", Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 169–177, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73945-8_16, ISBN 978-0-387-73944-1, retrieved 27 November 2023
Theis, Kevin R.; Venkataraman, Arvind; Dycus, Jacquelyn A.; Koonter, Keith D.; Schmitt-Matzen, Emily N.; Wagner, Aaron P.; Holekamp, Kay E.; Schmidt, Thomas M. (11 November 2013). "Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (49): 19832–19837. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019832T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306477110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3856825. PMID 24218592.
East, Marion L.; et al. (2003). "Sexual conflicts in spotted hyenas: male and female mating tactics and their reproductive outcome with respect to age, social status and tenure". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1521): 1247–1254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2363. PMC 1691369. PMID 12816637.
Holekamp, Kay E; Sakai, Sharleen T; Lundrigan, Barbara L (29 April 2007). "Social intelligence in the spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta )". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1480): 523–538. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1993. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2346515. PMID 17289649.
Hayward, M. W. (2006). "Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)". Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 606–614. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
Cooper, S. (1991). "Optimal hunting group size: the need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas". African Journal of Ecology. 29 (2): 130–136. Bibcode:1991AfJEc..29..130C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb00993.x.
Trinkel, Martina & Katsberger, Gerald (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (3): 220–224. Bibcode:2005AfJEc..43..220T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x.
Bacon, Anne-Marie; Duringer, Philippe; Westaway, Kira; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Zhao, Jian-xin; Bourgon, Nicolas; Dufour, Elise; Pheng, Sytha; Tep, Sokha; Ponche, Jean-Luc; Barnes, Lani; Blin, Amandine; Patole-Edoumba, Elise; Demeter, Fabrice (15 January 2018). "Testing the savannah corridor hypothesis during MIS2: The Boh Dambang hyena site in southern Cambodia". Quaternary International. 464: 417–439. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.047. Retrieved 24 May 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757.
Flies, A.S. (7 October 2015). "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0137679. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037679F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137679. PMC 4621877. PMID 26444876.

dx.doi.org

Burgener, Nicole; East, Marion L; Hofer, Heribert; Dehnhard, Martin (2008), "Do Spotted Hyena Scent Marks Code for Clan Membership?", Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 11, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 169–177, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73945-8_16, ISBN 978-0-387-73944-1, retrieved 27 November 2023

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Bacon, Anne-Marie; Duringer, Philippe; Westaway, Kira; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Zhao, Jian-xin; Bourgon, Nicolas; Dufour, Elise; Pheng, Sytha; Tep, Sokha; Ponche, Jean-Luc; Barnes, Lani; Blin, Amandine; Patole-Edoumba, Elise; Demeter, Fabrice (15 January 2018). "Testing the savannah corridor hypothesis during MIS2: The Boh Dambang hyena site in southern Cambodia". Quaternary International. 464: 417–439. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.10.047. Retrieved 24 May 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.

encyclopedia.com

Glickman, Stephen (1995). "The Spotted Hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: Reputation is Everything – In the Company of Animals", Social Research, Volume 62

everythingharar.com

Wade, D. W. (2006). "Hyenas and Humans in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). The Geographical Review. 96 (4): 609–632. Bibcode:2006GeoRv..96..609G. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00519.x. S2CID 162339018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2012.

google.com

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Varela, Sara (2010). "Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Hindcasting a species geographic distribution across time" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (17–18): 2027–2035. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2027V. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Wade, D. W. (2006). "Hyenas and Humans in the Horn of Africa" (PDF). The Geographical Review. 96 (4): 609–632. Bibcode:2006GeoRv..96..609G. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00519.x. S2CID 162339018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
Westbury, Michael V.; Hartmann, Stefanie; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Ridush, Bogdan; Nagel, Doris; Rathgeber, Thomas; Ziegler, Reinhard; Baryshnikov, Gennady; Sheng, Guilian; Ludwig, Arne; Wiesel, Ingrid; Dalen, Love; Bibi, Faysal; Werdelin, Lars (13 March 2020). "Hyena paleogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena". Science Advances. 6 (11): eaay0456. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..456W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0456. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7069707. PMID 32201717.
Sheng, Gui-Lian; Soubrier, Julien; Liu, Jin-Yi; Werdelin, Lars; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Tuke, Jonathan; Wu, Lian-Juan; Hou, Xin-Dong; Chen, Quan-Jia; Lai, Xu-Long; Cooper, Alan (29 October 2014). "Pleistocene C hinese cave hyenas and the recent E urasian history of the spotted hyena, C rocuta crocuta". Molecular Ecology. 23 (3): 522–533. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23..522S. doi:10.1111/mec.12576. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 24320717. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
Vullioud, Colin; Davidian, Eve; Wachter, Bettina; Rousset, François; Courtiol, Alexandre; Höner, Oliver P. (19 November 2018). "Social support drives female dominance in the spotted hyaena". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (1): 71–76. Bibcode:2018NatEE...3...71V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0718-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30455441. S2CID 53875904.
Davidian, Eve; Höner, Oliver (2021). "A king among queens". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 19 (10): 573. Bibcode:2021FrEE...19..573D. doi:10.1002/fee.2441. ISSN 1540-9309. S2CID 244830346.
Ilany, A; Booms, AS; Holekamp, KE (2015). "Topological effects of network structure on long-term social network dynamics in a wild mammal". Ecology Letters. 18 (7): 687–695. Bibcode:2015EcolL..18..687I. doi:10.1111/ele.12447. PMC 4486283. PMID 25975663.
Flies, A.S. (30 September 2016). "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas". Functional Ecology. 30 (9): 1549–1557. Bibcode:2016FuEco..30.1549F. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12638. PMC 5098940. PMID 27833242.
Theis, Kevin R.; Venkataraman, Arvind; Dycus, Jacquelyn A.; Koonter, Keith D.; Schmitt-Matzen, Emily N.; Wagner, Aaron P.; Holekamp, Kay E.; Schmidt, Thomas M. (11 November 2013). "Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (49): 19832–19837. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019832T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306477110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3856825. PMID 24218592.
Cooper, S. (1991). "Optimal hunting group size: the need for lions to defend their kills against loss to spotted hyaenas". African Journal of Ecology. 29 (2): 130–136. Bibcode:1991AfJEc..29..130C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1991.tb00993.x.
Trinkel, Martina & Katsberger, Gerald (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (3): 220–224. Bibcode:2005AfJEc..43..220T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x.
Flies, A.S. (7 October 2015). "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0137679. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037679F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137679. PMC 4621877. PMID 26444876.

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"Hyena Project". Hyena Project. Retrieved 11 May 2020.

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"It's a dog's life – aggressive male hyenas fail to impress the girls". innovations-report.com. 14 May 2003.

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Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 34 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 33 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 92 & 101 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 16 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 1 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 2 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 36 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 38 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, pp. 54–56 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 31 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 97 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 74 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 92 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 978-2-8317-0442-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2011.

iucnredlist.org

Bohm, T.; Höner, O.R. (2015). "Crocuta crocuta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5674A45194782. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5674A45194782.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

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Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757.

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The Painful Realities of Hyena Sex, by Bjorn Carey, LiveScience Staff Writer, posted: 26 April 2006 01:00 pm ET.
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Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757.

nature.com

Vullioud, Colin; Davidian, Eve; Wachter, Bettina; Rousset, François; Courtiol, Alexandre; Höner, Oliver P. (19 November 2018). "Social support drives female dominance in the spotted hyaena". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (1): 71–76. Bibcode:2018NatEE...3...71V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0718-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30455441. S2CID 53875904.

nieindia.org

Yirga, Giday; Bauer, Hans (2010). "Livestock Depredation of the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in Southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia" (PDF). International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 36 (1): 67–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2012.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Holekamp, KE; Sakai, ST; Lundrigan, BL (2007). "Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 362 (1480): 523–538. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1993. PMC 2346515. PMID 17289649.
Rohland, N; Pollack, JL; Nagel, D; Beauval, C; Airvaux, J; Paabo, S; Hofreiter, M (2005). "The population history of extant and extinct hyenas". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (12): 2435–2443. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi244. PMID 16120805.
Watts, Heather E.; Tanner, Jamie B.; Lundrigan, Barbara L.; Holekamp, Kay E. (2009). "Post-weaning maternal effects and the evolution of female dominance in the spotted hyena". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1665): 2291–2298. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0268. PMC 2677617. PMID 19324728.
Westbury, Michael V.; Hartmann, Stefanie; Barlow, Axel; Preick, Michaela; Ridush, Bogdan; Nagel, Doris; Rathgeber, Thomas; Ziegler, Reinhard; Baryshnikov, Gennady; Sheng, Guilian; Ludwig, Arne; Wiesel, Ingrid; Dalen, Love; Bibi, Faysal; Werdelin, Lars (13 March 2020). "Hyena paleogenomes reveal a complex evolutionary history of cross-continental gene flow between spotted and cave hyena". Science Advances. 6 (11): eaay0456. Bibcode:2020SciA....6..456W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0456. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7069707. PMID 32201717.
Sheng, Gui-Lian; Soubrier, Julien; Liu, Jin-Yi; Werdelin, Lars; Llamas, Bastien; Thomson, Vicki A.; Tuke, Jonathan; Wu, Lian-Juan; Hou, Xin-Dong; Chen, Quan-Jia; Lai, Xu-Long; Cooper, Alan (29 October 2014). "Pleistocene C hinese cave hyenas and the recent E urasian history of the spotted hyena, C rocuta crocuta". Molecular Ecology. 23 (3): 522–533. Bibcode:2014MolEc..23..522S. doi:10.1111/mec.12576. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 24320717. Retrieved 8 February 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
Cunha, Gerald R.; et al. (2003). "Urogenital system of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben): a functional histological study" (PDF). Journal of Morphology. 256 (2): 205–218. doi:10.1002/jmor.10085. PMID 12635111. S2CID 26473002.
Vullioud, Colin; Davidian, Eve; Wachter, Bettina; Rousset, François; Courtiol, Alexandre; Höner, Oliver P. (19 November 2018). "Social support drives female dominance in the spotted hyaena". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (1): 71–76. Bibcode:2018NatEE...3...71V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0718-9. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30455441. S2CID 53875904.
Ilany, A; Booms, AS; Holekamp, KE (2015). "Topological effects of network structure on long-term social network dynamics in a wild mammal". Ecology Letters. 18 (7): 687–695. Bibcode:2015EcolL..18..687I. doi:10.1111/ele.12447. PMC 4486283. PMID 25975663.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Theis, Kevin R.; Venkataraman, Arvind; Dycus, Jacquelyn A.; Koonter, Keith D.; Schmitt-Matzen, Emily N.; Wagner, Aaron P.; Holekamp, Kay E.; Schmidt, Thomas M. (11 November 2013). "Symbiotic bacteria appear to mediate hyena social odors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (49): 19832–19837. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019832T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1306477110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3856825. PMID 24218592.
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Tyrants of the Cenozoic: Evolution of Bone-Crushing Hyenas and Dogs – YouTube

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Hayward, M. W. (2006). "Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta)". Journal of Zoology. 270 (4): 606–614. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2021.