Spruce (English Wikipedia)

"Grand National 2025: Everything you need to know". 4 April 2025. Archived from the original on 6 April 2025. Retrieved 6 September 2025. The fences are made from branches of spruce and it takes Aintree staff three weeks to build them.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Powell, Jerry A., ed. (1995). Biosystematic Studies of Conifer-Feeding Choristoneura (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) in the Western United States. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520097964.
Allison, Jeremy D.; Carde, Ring T. (2016). Pheromone Communication in Moths: Evolution, Behavior, and Application. University of California Press. pp. 265–271. ISBN 978-0520964433.
Crellin, J. K. (2004). A social history of medicines in the twentieth century: to be taken three times a day. New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0789018441.

burkemuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Coast Salish Weaving Tools & Technologies: Weaving Basketry". Seattle: Burke Museum. Retrieved 6 September 2025. Materials used in twined baskets include cattail leaves, cedar bark, and spruce roots. Designs are formed by overlaying a dyed weft or using wefts of different colors. Twined baskets are softer and more pliable than coiled baskets.

conifers.org (Global: 4,790^th place; English: 7,473^rd place)

"Picea (spruce) description". The Gymnosperm Database. 30 October 2025. Retrieved 8 November 2025.

conifersociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Picea Genus (spruce)". American Conifer Society. Retrieved 13 June 2019.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Daubenmire, R. (1974). "Taxonomic and ecologic relationships between Picea glauca and Picea engelmannii". Canadian Journal of Botany. 52 (7): 1545–1560. Bibcode:1974CaJB...52.1545D. doi:10.1139/b74-203.
Ashley A. Klymiuk & Ruth A. Stockey (2012). "A Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) seed cone provides the earliest fossil record for Picea (Pinaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 99 (6): 1069–1082. Bibcode:2012AmJB...99.1069K. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100568. PMID 22623610.
Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; et al. (2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. PMID 30157290.
LePage, Ben A. (1 February 2001). "New species of Picea A. Dietrich (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (2): 137–167. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01088.x.
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.
Lockwood, Jared D.; Aleksić, Jelena M.; Zou, Jiabin; Wang, Jing; Liu, Jianquan; Renner, Susanne S. (2013). "A new phylogeny for the genus Picea from plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 717–727. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.004. PMID 23871916. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
Bouillé, Marie; Senneville, Sauphie; Bousquet, Jean (2011). "Discordant mtDNA and cpDNA phylogenies indicate geographic speciation and reticulation as driving factors for the diversification of the genus Picea". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7 (3): 469–484. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0349-z. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Ran, Jin-Hua; Shen, Ting-Ting; Liu, Wen-Juan; Wang, Pei-Pei; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2015). "Mitochondrial introgression and complex biogeographic history of the genus Picea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.020. PMID 26232548. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Sullivan, Alexis R.; Schiffthaler, Bastian; Thompson, Stacey Lee; Street, Nathaniel R.; Wang, Xiao-Ru (2017). "Interspecific Plastome Recombination Reflects Ancient Reticulate Evolution in Picea (Pinaceae)" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (7): 1689–1701. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx111. PMC 5455968. PMID 28383641. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Krutovskii, Konstantin V; Bergmann, Fritz (1995). "Introgressive hybridization and phylogenetic relationships between Norway, Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Siberian, P. obovata Ledeb., spruce species studied by isozyme loci" (PDF). Heredity. 74 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 464–480. doi:10.1038/hdy.1995.67. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Jin-Hua Ran; Xiao-Xin Wei; Xiao-Quan Wang (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 405–419. Bibcode:2006MolPE..41..405R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039. PMID 16839785. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.
Lo, Theodora; Coombe, Lauren; Gagalova, Kristina K; Marr, Alex; Warren, René L; et al. (29 December 2023). "Assembly and annotation of the black spruce genome provide insights on spruce phylogeny and evolution of stress response" (PDF). G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 14 (1) jkad247. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkad247. PMC 10755193. PMID 37875130. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Zou, Jiabin; Yue, Wei; Li, Lili; Wang, Xi; Lu, Jing; Duan, Bingbing; Liu, Jianquan (2016). "DNA barcoding of recently diversified tree species: a case study on spruces based on 20 DNA fragments from three different genomes". Trees. 30 (3): 959–969. doi:10.1007/s00468-015-1337-6. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Schmidt, Peter A. (1989). "Beitrag zur Systematik und Evolution der Gattung Picea A. Dietr.1)1Herm Prof. Dr. H. Meusel zum 80. Geburtstag". Flora. 182 (5–6): 435–461. doi:10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30431-0.
Lee, Steve; Thompson, David; Hansen, Jon Kehlet (2013). "Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr)". Forest Tree Breeding in Europe. Vol. 25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 177–227. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6146-9_4. ISBN 978-94-007-6145-2. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Jackman, S.D.; et al. (2015). "Organellar Genomes of White Spruce (Picea glauca): Assembly and Annotation". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv244. PMC 4758241. PMID 26645680.
Birol, I.; et al. (2013). "Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (Picea glauca) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data". Bioinformatics. 29 (12): 1492–1497. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt178. PMC 3673215. PMID 23698863.
Warren, R. L.; et al. (2015). "Improved white spruce (Picea glauca) genome assemblies and annotation of large gene families of conifer terpenoid and phenolic defense metabolism". The Plant Journal. 83 (2): 189–212. Bibcode:2015PlJ....83..189W. doi:10.1111/tpj.12886. PMID 26017574.
Eis, S. (1967). "Establishment and early development of white spruce in the interior of British Columbia". Forestry Chronicle. 43 (2): 174–177. doi:10.5558/tfc43174-2.
Wagg, J.W.B. (1963). "Notes on food habits of small mammals of the white spruce forest". For. Chron. 39 (4): 436–445. doi:10.5558/tfc39436-4.
Radvanyi, A (1970). "Small mammals and regeneration of white spruce forests in western Alberta". Ecology. 51 (6): 1102–1105. Bibcode:1970Ecol...51.1102R. doi:10.2307/1933641. JSTOR 1933641.
Yamileva, Kamilla; Multia, Evgen (5 August 2025). "Evaluation of the irritation and sensitization potential of medical-grade Norway spruce (Picea abies) resin salve: single-blind modified Draize human repeat insult patch test in healthy volunteers". Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology. doi:10.1080/15569527.2025.2539501.
Jyske, T.; et al. (2020). "Sprouts and Needles of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as Nordic Specialty-Consumer Acceptance, Stability of Nutrients, and Bioactivities during Storage". Molecules. 25 (18): 4187. doi:10.3390/molecules25184187. PMC 7570650. PMID 32932686.

efi.int (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hlasny, Tomas; et al. (2019). Living with bark beetles: impacts, outlook and management options (PDF). European Forest Institute. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-952-5980-75-2.

elsevier.com (Global: 365^th place; English: 372^nd place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Lockwood, Jared D.; Aleksić, Jelena M.; Zou, Jiabin; Wang, Jing; Liu, Jianquan; Renner, Susanne S. (2013). "A new phylogeny for the genus Picea from plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 717–727. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.004. PMID 23871916. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
Ran, Jin-Hua; Shen, Ting-Ting; Liu, Wen-Juan; Wang, Pei-Pei; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2015). "Mitochondrial introgression and complex biogeographic history of the genus Picea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.020. PMID 26232548. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Schmidt, Peter A. (1989). "Beitrag zur Systematik und Evolution der Gattung Picea A. Dietr.1)1Herm Prof. Dr. H. Meusel zum 80. Geburtstag". Flora. 182 (5–6): 435–461. doi:10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30431-0.

emmamuseum.fi (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Eija-Liisa Ahtila: Horizontal". EMMA Museum, Finland. Retrieved 8 September 2025.

eppo.int (Global: low place; English: low place)

gd.eppo.int

"EPPO Datasheet: Ips typographus". EPPO. Retrieved 31 August 2025.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

"spruce - Origin and meaning of spruce by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 9 September 2025.

flyingmag.com (Global: 8,028^th place; English: 4,491^st place)

Godlewski, Meg (19 October 2022). "When the 'Spruce Goose' Took Flight". Flying Mag. Retrieved 6 September 2025.

forestresearch.gov.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

forestresearch.gov.uk

"Sirococcus blight (Sirococcus tsugae". Forest Research. Forest Research. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

cdn.forestresearch.gov.uk

"The Green Spruce Aphid in Western Europe: Ecology, Status, Impacts and Prospects for Management" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2025.

gov.bc.ca (Global: 1,686^th place; English: 861^st place)

a100.gov.bc.ca

"Picea × albertiana". BC Conservation Data Centre: Species Summary. B.C. Minist. of Environment. Retrieved 8 November 2025.

for.gov.bc.ca

"Tree Book - Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)". British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations. Retrieved 29 July 2006.

homebuilding.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jenkins, Steve (3 September 2023). "What is CLS timber and what DIY projects is it good for?". Homebuilding & Renovating. Retrieved 22 August 2024.

homestratosphere.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"17 Different Types of Pine Wood". Home Stratosphere. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

ibcas.ac.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

lseb.ibcas.ac.cn

Jin-Hua Ran; Xiao-Xin Wei; Xiao-Quan Wang (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 405–419. Bibcode:2006MolPE..41..405R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039. PMID 16839785. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.

johdeheer.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Tonewoods". Joh.deHeer!. Retrieved 6 September 2025.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Taylor, T.M.C. (1959). "The taxonomic relationship between Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and P. engelmannii Parry". Madroño. 15 (4): 111–115. JSTOR 41422994. (Cited in Coates et al. 1994).
Radvanyi, A (1970). "Small mammals and regeneration of white spruce forests in western Alberta". Ecology. 51 (6): 1102–1105. Bibcode:1970Ecol...51.1102R. doi:10.2307/1933641. JSTOR 1933641.

kew.org (Global: 100^th place; English: 140^th place)

powo.science.kew.org

"Picea A.Dietr". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 September 2025.

kew.org

"The Power of Trees". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 September 2025.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"spruce noun". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 10 September 2025. Noun obsolete Spruce Prussia, from Middle English, alteration of Pruce, from Anglo-French

munch.no (Global: low place; English: low place)

Munch, Edvard. "Individual works". Munch Museum. Retrieved 8 September 2025.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.
Krutovskii, Konstantin V; Bergmann, Fritz (1995). "Introgressive hybridization and phylogenetic relationships between Norway, Picea abies (L.) Karst., and Siberian, P. obovata Ledeb., spruce species studied by isozyme loci" (PDF). Heredity. 74 (5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 464–480. doi:10.1038/hdy.1995.67. Retrieved 8 November 2025.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ashley A. Klymiuk & Ruth A. Stockey (2012). "A Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) seed cone provides the earliest fossil record for Picea (Pinaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 99 (6): 1069–1082. Bibcode:2012AmJB...99.1069K. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100568. PMID 22623610.
Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; et al. (2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. PMID 30157290.
Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.
Lockwood, Jared D.; Aleksić, Jelena M.; Zou, Jiabin; Wang, Jing; Liu, Jianquan; Renner, Susanne S. (2013). "A new phylogeny for the genus Picea from plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (3): 717–727. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.004. PMID 23871916. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
Ran, Jin-Hua; Shen, Ting-Ting; Liu, Wen-Juan; Wang, Pei-Pei; Wang, Xiao-Quan (2015). "Mitochondrial introgression and complex biogeographic history of the genus Picea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 63–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.020. PMID 26232548. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Sullivan, Alexis R.; Schiffthaler, Bastian; Thompson, Stacey Lee; Street, Nathaniel R.; Wang, Xiao-Ru (2017). "Interspecific Plastome Recombination Reflects Ancient Reticulate Evolution in Picea (Pinaceae)" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (7): 1689–1701. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx111. PMC 5455968. PMID 28383641. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Jin-Hua Ran; Xiao-Xin Wei; Xiao-Quan Wang (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 405–419. Bibcode:2006MolPE..41..405R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039. PMID 16839785. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.
Lo, Theodora; Coombe, Lauren; Gagalova, Kristina K; Marr, Alex; Warren, René L; et al. (29 December 2023). "Assembly and annotation of the black spruce genome provide insights on spruce phylogeny and evolution of stress response" (PDF). G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 14 (1) jkad247. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkad247. PMC 10755193. PMID 37875130. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Jackman, S.D.; et al. (2015). "Organellar Genomes of White Spruce (Picea glauca): Assembly and Annotation". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv244. PMC 4758241. PMID 26645680.
Birol, I.; et al. (2013). "Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (Picea glauca) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data". Bioinformatics. 29 (12): 1492–1497. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt178. PMC 3673215. PMID 23698863.
Warren, R. L.; et al. (2015). "Improved white spruce (Picea glauca) genome assemblies and annotation of large gene families of conifer terpenoid and phenolic defense metabolism". The Plant Journal. 83 (2): 189–212. Bibcode:2015PlJ....83..189W. doi:10.1111/tpj.12886. PMID 26017574.
Stubbs, Brett J. (June 2003). "Captain Cook's beer: the antiscorbutic use of malt and beer in late 18th century sea voyages". Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 12 (2): 129–137. PMID 12810402.
Jyske, T.; et al. (2020). "Sprouts and Needles of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as Nordic Specialty-Consumer Acceptance, Stability of Nutrients, and Bioactivities during Storage". Molecules. 25 (18): 4187. doi:10.3390/molecules25184187. PMC 7570650. PMID 32932686.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sullivan, Alexis R.; Schiffthaler, Bastian; Thompson, Stacey Lee; Street, Nathaniel R.; Wang, Xiao-Ru (2017). "Interspecific Plastome Recombination Reflects Ancient Reticulate Evolution in Picea (Pinaceae)" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (7): 1689–1701. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx111. PMC 5455968. PMID 28383641. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Lo, Theodora; Coombe, Lauren; Gagalova, Kristina K; Marr, Alex; Warren, René L; et al. (29 December 2023). "Assembly and annotation of the black spruce genome provide insights on spruce phylogeny and evolution of stress response" (PDF). G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 14 (1) jkad247. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkad247. PMC 10755193. PMID 37875130. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
"Picea glauca, whole genome shotgun sequencing project". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 13 March 2015.
"Picea glauca, whole genome shotgun sequencing project". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 12 January 2016.
Jackman, S.D.; et al. (2015). "Organellar Genomes of White Spruce (Picea glauca): Assembly and Annotation". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (1): 29–41. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv244. PMC 4758241. PMID 26645680.
"Picea glauca chloroplast, complete genome". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 3 December 2015.
Birol, I.; et al. (2013). "Assembling the 20 Gb white spruce (Picea glauca) genome from whole-genome shotgun sequencing data". Bioinformatics. 29 (12): 1492–1497. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt178. PMC 3673215. PMID 23698863.
Jyske, T.; et al. (2020). "Sprouts and Needles of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as Nordic Specialty-Consumer Acceptance, Stability of Nutrients, and Bioactivities during Storage". Molecules. 25 (18): 4187. doi:10.3390/molecules25184187. PMC 7570650. PMID 32932686.

northwestern.edu (Global: 2,347^th place; English: 1,308^th place)

news.northwestern.edu

Lewis, Stephen J. (27 October 2021). "Channeling Native American tradition through canoe making". Northwestern University. Retrieved 6 September 2025. materials used to create the canoe — cedar for the ribs, spruce roots for the stitching, pine pitch to seal the seams and, of course, birchbark.

nrcan.gc.ca (Global: 1,817^th place; English: 946^th place)

tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca

"Canker disease of spruce". Canadian Forest Service. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

cfs.nrcan.gc.ca

Balch, R.E.; Webb, F.E.; Morris, R.F. (1954). Results of spraying against spruce budworm in New Brunswick. Can. Dep. Agric., For. Biol. Div., Ottawa, Ontario, Bi-mo. Program Report 10(1).

octaneseating.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

LaFalce, Ben (24 September 2019). "Types of Wood: Guide to Choose the Best for Your Furniture". Octane Seating. Retrieved 27 April 2022.

osu.edu (Global: 2,360^th place; English: 1,459^th place)

ohioline.osu.edu

Young, Curtis E. "Is It Pine, Spruce, or Fir?". Ohio State University Extension. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

LePage, Ben A. (1 February 2001). "New species of Picea A. Dietrich (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of Axel Heiberg Island, Arctic Canada". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 135 (2): 137–167. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb01088.x.
Sullivan, Alexis R.; Schiffthaler, Bastian; Thompson, Stacey Lee; Street, Nathaniel R.; Wang, Xiao-Ru (2017). "Interspecific Plastome Recombination Reflects Ancient Reticulate Evolution in Picea (Pinaceae)" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (7): 1689–1701. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx111. PMC 5455968. PMID 28383641. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Lo, Theodora; Coombe, Lauren; Gagalova, Kristina K; Marr, Alex; Warren, René L; et al. (29 December 2023). "Assembly and annotation of the black spruce genome provide insights on spruce phylogeny and evolution of stress response" (PDF). G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 14 (1) jkad247. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkad247. PMC 10755193. PMID 37875130. Retrieved 8 November 2025.

sciam.com (Global: 9,421^st place; English: low place)

"Swedish Spruce Is World's Oldest Tree". Scientific American. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; et al. (19 July 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.

sheldonmuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Spruce Root Basketry". Haines, Alaska: Haines Sheldon Museum. Retrieved 6 September 2025.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

nasm.si.edu

"Milestones of Flight - 1903 Wright Flyer". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Bouillé, Marie; Senneville, Sauphie; Bousquet, Jean (2011). "Discordant mtDNA and cpDNA phylogenies indicate geographic speciation and reticulation as driving factors for the diversification of the genus Picea". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 7 (3): 469–484. doi:10.1007/s11295-010-0349-z. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Zou, Jiabin; Yue, Wei; Li, Lili; Wang, Xi; Lu, Jing; Duan, Bingbing; Liu, Jianquan (2016). "DNA barcoding of recently diversified tree species: a case study on spruces based on 20 DNA fragments from three different genomes". Trees. 30 (3): 959–969. doi:10.1007/s00468-015-1337-6. Retrieved 8 November 2025.
Lee, Steve; Thompson, David; Hansen, Jon Kehlet (2013). "Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr)". Forest Tree Breeding in Europe. Vol. 25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 177–227. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6146-9_4. ISBN 978-94-007-6145-2. Retrieved 8 November 2025.

thetimberlandinvestor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lowry, Zachary (5 June 2022). "What is Spruce Used For?". The Timberland Investor. Retrieved 6 September 2025.

tissueworldmagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bicho, Paul (13 December 2018). "High quality NBSK for premium tissue". Tissue World magazine. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

treesandshrubsonline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Picea A. Dietr". International Dendrology Society. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

pĭcĕa. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.

visittrentino.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Violins' Forest: The Norway spruce growing in the Paneveggio forest is the key to the secrets of master string-instrument makers". Visit Trentino. Retrieved 7 September 2025.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Jin-Hua Ran; Xiao-Xin Wei; Xiao-Quan Wang (2006). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of Picea (Pinaceae): implications for phylogeographical studies using cytoplasmic haplotypes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 405–419. Bibcode:2006MolPE..41..405R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.039. PMID 16839785. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012.
"Milestones of Flight - 1903 Wright Flyer". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
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"Kadoksissa ollut juomaresepti löytyi – kuusenkerkästä tehdään muutakin kuin siirappia" [A lost drink recipe has been found – spruce cones are used to make more than just syrup]. Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 6 June 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

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