St Mary's Church, Reculver (English Wikipedia)

Part of this map is illustrated in Dowker 1878, facing page 8. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
A photograph at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 6, "View of late Norman ruins looking east", shows the curve of the 7th-century apse marked by a strip of concrete edged with flint. The burial vault reported at Dowker 1878, p. 261, lies between the apse and the further, eastern wall of the chancel. Two circles of concrete in the central area of grass mark the locations of the two columns that were part of the triple chancel arch, in front of which stood the stone cross. To the left and right of the concrete circles, the outlines of the 7th-century porticus can be seen, with gaps for the east-facing external doors: the standing walls beyond the doorways date to the 13th century.^[176] Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Russell Larkby 1903, p. 32 & fig. 11. Russell Larkby, J. (1903), "The Church of St Mary, Reculver, Kent", The Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist: A Quarterly Journal and Review, 9: 22–32, OCLC 10476522
Dowker 1878, p. 252. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Dowker 1878, pp. 256–7. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Dowker 1878, pp. 259–60; Peers 1927, pp. 241–56; Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Anglo-Saxon Minster and the ruins of St Mary's Church". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894 Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409
Kendrick 1938, pp. 117–8. Kendrick, T.D. (1938), Anglo-Saxon Art to A.D. 900, Methuen, OCLC 316335965
Grayling 1903, p. 254. Grayling, F. (1903), "St Mary's, Reculver", The Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist: A Quarterly Journal and Review, 9: 253–6, OCLC 10476522
Dowker 1878, p. 257. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Dowker 1878. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Dowker 1878, pp. 259–60, 263–4; Taylor 1968, p. 294, quoting Clapham 1930, p. 62. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894 Taylor, H. M. (1968), "Reculver Reconsidered", The Archaeological Journal, 125: 291–6, doi:10.1080/00665983.1968.11078342, ISSN 0066-5983 Clapham, A.W. (1930), English Romanesque Architecture Before the Conquest, Clarendon, OCLC 1210686
Dowker 1878, pp. 259–60. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Dowker 1878, p. 261. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Russell Larkby 1903, p. 32. Russell Larkby, J. (1903), "The Church of St Mary, Reculver, Kent", The Reliquary and Illustrated Archæologist: A Quarterly Journal and Review, 9: 22–32, OCLC 10476522

books.google.com

The "A" manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, also known as the "Parker Chronicle", records that Bassa was a "mass-priest".^[3] According to Susan Kelly, "[h]e would have been a senior clergyman: a 'mass-priest' was ... a cleric who had attained the highest of the seven appointed orders and was thus qualified to celebrate the mass."^[4] Hussey 1852, p. 135, regards Bassa the priest as identical with the Northumbrian warrior Bassus who, according to Bede, had accompanied Paulinus of York and Æthelburh of Kent to Kent after the death of her husband King Edwin of Northumbria: this occurred in 633, 36 years before the foundation of the church at Reculver.^[5] Susan Kelly also references Bede in this connection, but only to indicate that Bassa's name was then current in England: she similarly refers to English place-names containing the same personal name.^[6] Hussey, A. (1852), Notes on the Churches in the Counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, Mentioned in Domesday Book, and Those of More Recent Date, Russell Smith, OCLC 5134070
According to Hasted 1800, King Ecgberht gave Reculver for the establishment of a monastery "as an atonement for the murder of his two nephews [sons of Eormenred of Kent]",^[9] but Kelly 2008 does not refer to this, instead placing the church's establishment in the context of domination of the early Kentish Church by "non-native" leaders and observing that "[perhaps] it is no coincidence that in the year of Theodore's arrival [from Rome] King Ecgberht was involved in the establishment of a house of male religious [at Reculver] in a strategic location outside Canterbury. ... It may be significant that the next archbishop after the death of Theodore in 690 was Berhtwald, abbot of Reculver by 679 and perhaps Bassa's immediate successor."^[10] John Blair suggests that Reculver's foundation may have been prompted by Wilfrid.^[11] Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
In her 2004 entry for Æthelberht II in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Susan Kelly wrote that Eadberht I of Kent was buried at Reculver "in 748".^[33] However, in Kelly 2008, she observes that there is "a much better context"^[34] for this royal burial to have been of Eadberht II, who "faded from view c. 763 x 764".^[32] The royal tomb at Reculver was "in a position corresponding to the south porticus (at St Augustine's kings were buried in the south porticus); an inscription or other record identifying [the occupant] as King Eadberht (grand-)son of King Æthelberht may have given rise to the later belief that it was the earlier King Æthelberht himself that was buried [at Reculver]."^[32] Ward 1946, p. 27, believes that, instead of Sheldwich, a grant was made of land at Shelvingford near Hoath, but this is not supported by e.g. Glover 1976, pp. 170–1. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016 Glover, J. (1976), The Place Names of Kent, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-3069-1
The statement that the church had no baptismal function by 1066 is at Kelly 2008, p. 82; Brooks 1984, pp. 203–4, notes that, in the 11th century, St Mary's was not among churches identified as receiving the chrism required for baptism from the archbishop. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4
The chantry priests are listed at Duncombe 1784, p. 158: the last chantry priest, Thomas Hewet, was drawing a pension of £6 in 1556.^[91] Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544
Taylor 1968, p. 291, gives the year in which the decision was made to demolish the church as 1802, Fletcher 1965, p. 24, and Kelly 2008, p. 67, give it as 1805, and Wilmott 2012, p. 45, gives it as 1807, but, while the chronology set out in Gough 2014 indicates a date in late 1807 or early 1808, the relevant article in The Literary Panorama is in a section headed "For March, 1808",^[136] is dated "January 17", and states that the vestry meeting was held "on Tuesday last".^[137] Taylor, H. M. (1968), "Reculver Reconsidered", The Archaeological Journal, 125: 291–6, doi:10.1080/00665983.1968.11078342, ISSN 0066-5983 Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3 Gough, H. (2014), "The two names of a Reculver inn", Kent Archaeological Review (195): 186–91, ISSN 0023-0014
According to Kelly 2008, p. 67(note), Peers' work is "the standard archaeological account of the church". Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, p. 74. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Garmonsway 1972, pp. 34–5; Fletcher 1965, pp. 16–31; Page 1926, pp. 141–2; Kelly 2008, pp. 71–2. Garmonsway, G.N., ed. (1972), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Dent, ISBN 0-460-11624-X Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Page, W. (1926), "The Abbey of Reculver", A History of the County of Kent, vol. 2, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 141–2, OCLC 9243447, archived from the original on 4 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Earle 1865, p. 34; "Manuscript 173 : – f. 8 R". Parker Library on the Web. Stanford University. n.d. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Earle, J., ed. (1865), Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, With Supplementary Extracts from the Others, Clarendon, OCLC 10565546
Kelly 2008, pp. 71–2. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, pp. 71–2 & note. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, p. 71. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, pp. 72–3; Lapidge 1999, p. 225. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Lapidge, M. (1999), "Hadrian (d. 709 or 710)", in Lapidge, M.; Blair, J.; Keynes, S.; Scraggs, D. (eds.), The Blackwell Encyclopædia of Anglo-Saxon England, Blackwell, pp. 225–6, ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1
Kelly 2008, pp. 72–3. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 1992, p. 4; Kelly 2008; Brooks 1984, p. 399. Kelly, S. (1992), "Trading privileges from eighth-century England", Early Medieval Europe, 1 (1): 3–28, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1992.tb00002.x, ISSN 0963-9462 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4
Haverfield & Mortimer Wheeler 1932, p. 21; Roach Smith 1850, p. 197; Blagg 1981, pp. 50–3, esp. p. 53. Haverfield, F.J.; Mortimer Wheeler, R.E. (1932), "Reculver", in Page, W. (ed.), A History of the County of Kent, vol. 3, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 19–24, OCLC 907091, archived from the original on 5 June 2011, retrieved 17 May 2015 Roach Smith, C. (1850), The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, Russell Smith, OCLC 27084170 Blagg, T. (1981), "Some Roman architectural traditions in the early Saxon churches of Kent", in Detsicas, A. (ed.), Collectanea Historica: Essays in Memory of Stuart Rigold, Kent Archaeological Society, pp. 50–3, ISBN 0-906746-02-7
Kelly 2008, p. 74; "S 8". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, pp. 74–5. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Blair 2005, p. 249; Kelly 2008, p. 74. Blair, J. (2005), The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822695-6 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Brooks 1984, pp. 76–80; Kelly 2008, p. 77. Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, p. 76. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Page 1926, pp. 141–2; Kelly 2008, p. 78; "S 31". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015; "S 1612". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015; "S 38". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Page, W. (1926), "The Abbey of Reculver", A History of the County of Kent, vol. 2, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 141–2, OCLC 9243447, archived from the original on 4 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, pp. 78–9. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, p. 79. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, pp. 76–8, 80. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Roach Smith 1850, p. 197. Roach Smith, C. (1850), The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, Russell Smith, OCLC 27084170
Kelly 2008, p. 80. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Brooks 1984, pp. 112–4; Yorke 1990, pp. 31–2; Kelly 2008, p. 80. Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Yorke, B. (1990), Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, Seaby, ISBN 1-85264-027-8 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, p. 82. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Brooks 1984, pp. 180–97; Blair 2005, pp. 130–1; Kelly 2008, p. 80. Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Blair, J. (2005), The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822695-6 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, p. 81. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Brooks 1984, pp. 232–6; Gough 1992; Kelly 2008, p. 82; "S 546". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Gough, H. (1992), "Eadred's charter of AD 949 and the extent of the monastic estate at Reculver, Kent", in Ramsay, N.; Sparks, M.; Tatton-Brown, T. (eds.), St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, Boydell, pp. 89–102, ISBN 978-0-85115-301-8 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 2008, pp. 81–2; Brooks 1979, pp. 1–20 (esp. 12); Brooks 1984, pp. 203–4; Kerr 1982, pp. 192–94. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1979), "England in the ninth century: The crucible of defeat", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 29: 1–20, doi:10.2307/3679110, ISSN 0080-4401, JSTOR 3679110, S2CID 159670976 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Kerr, N. & M. (1982), A Guide to Anglo-Saxon Sites, Granada, ISBN 978-0-246-11775-5
Brooks 1984, p. 163; Kelly 2008, p. 81. Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Hardwick 1858, p. 223; Cotton 1929, p. 74. Hardwick, C., ed. (1858), Historia Monasterii S Augustini Cantuariensis, Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts, OCLC 1928519 Cotton, C. (1929), The Saxon Cathedral at Canterbury and the Saxon Saints Buried Therein, Manchester University Press, OCLC 4107830
Dodsworth & Dugdale 1655, p. 26; Duncombe 1784, p. 87(note); Ward 1946, p. 28. Dodsworth, R.; Dugdale, W., eds. (1655), Monasticon Anglicanum sive Pandectae coenobiorum Benedictinorum Cluniacensium Cisterciensium Carthusianorum a primordiis ad eorum usque dissolutionem, Hodgkinsonne, OCLC 222915178 Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544 Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016
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Gough 1992, pp. 94–5; Kelly 2008, p. 74; "S 546". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Gough, H. (1992), "Eadred's charter of AD 949 and the extent of the monastic estate at Reculver, Kent", in Ramsay, N.; Sparks, M.; Tatton-Brown, T. (eds.), St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, Boydell, pp. 89–102, ISBN 978-0-85115-301-8 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
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Clinch 1918, pp. 169–70; Duncombe 1784, p. 154; "Nicholas Tingewick". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52684. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Retrieved 8 July 2015. Clinch, G. (1918), "Seal of the vicar of Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 33: 169–70, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2015, retrieved 8 July 2015 Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544
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british-history.ac.uk

According to Hasted 1800, King Ecgberht gave Reculver for the establishment of a monastery "as an atonement for the murder of his two nephews [sons of Eormenred of Kent]",^[9] but Kelly 2008 does not refer to this, instead placing the church's establishment in the context of domination of the early Kentish Church by "non-native" leaders and observing that "[perhaps] it is no coincidence that in the year of Theodore's arrival [from Rome] King Ecgberht was involved in the establishment of a house of male religious [at Reculver] in a strategic location outside Canterbury. ... It may be significant that the next archbishop after the death of Theodore in 690 was Berhtwald, abbot of Reculver by 679 and perhaps Bassa's immediate successor."^[10] John Blair suggests that Reculver's foundation may have been prompted by Wilfrid.^[11] Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
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britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk

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cam.ac.uk

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Canterbury Cathedral Archives (2012). "Reculver, St Mary Parish Records". Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.

canterbury.gov.uk

According to E.M. Jope, "[s]ome later 7th- or early 8th-century work ... contains a few blocks of freestone less likely to have been found among Roman ruins ... [Fine] stone from northern France was used for the cross-head".^[111] B.C. Worssam and T.W.T. Tatton-Brown conclude that all the surviving parts of the cross are of French "Calcaire Grossier", similar to the mid-Lutetian Limestone used for an Anglo-Saxon cross-head at Pagham, West Sussex, that was probably sourced from a Roman structure at nearby Chichester or Fishbourne.^[112] Susan Kelly regards it as "probable that it was against [the] complicated background [of Mercian control of Kentish monasteries early in the 9th century] that the Reculver cross was carved from an old Roman column and erected behind the altar before the chancel arch. A date in the early ninth century is certainly implied by ... Carolingian parallels and the stylistic evidence ... There was a strong Mercian tradition of stone sculpture in the eighth century (in Wessex this craft did not develop until the ninth), so it is tempting to suspect that the cross was set up while Reculver was under the control of the Mercian kings. The minster at Winchcombe in Gloucestershire [was] closely associated with King Coenwulf and his family ... The erection of a massive cross [at Reculver] perhaps reflected Winchcombe influence."^[113] The classicist Martin Henig notes that a Christian church and a baptismal font dating from Roman times have been identified at nearby Richborough (Rutupiae), and considers it possible that there may have been Christian churches replacing pagan aedes in other Saxon Shore forts, such as that at Reculver, where an aedes is known to have existed;^[114] he also suggests that the Reculver cross could have been a replacement for an earlier, "Christianised Roman monument",^[115] for example a re-used Jupiter column, as may have happened at Canterbury Cathedral and in Trigg, in Cornwall.^[114] In 1938 T.D. Kendrick observed that "[b]y hypothesis [the cross] should be an obvious reflection of a continental or eastern style; but the source cannot be found, and so far from showing itself to be immediately connected with any known Italian, Gaulish, or Syrian sculpture of the Late Antique schools, the Reculver figural style differs markedly from anything abroad. Moreover, its iconography is as startling as its figure-style, and as difficult to explain. The truth is that [this] Kentish sculpture stands alone, and its peculiarity and precociousness can only be accounted for on the grounds that it is already English and representative of a vigorously experimental insular art. It remains the most baffling and incomprehensible carving in the country".^[116] A reconstruction of the Reculver cross is at Kozodoy 1986, p. 86, Figs. 3 & 4, and this is reproduced at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 5. A reconstruction showing only the front of the cross is at Wilmott 2012, p. 44. Kozodoy, R. (1986), "The Reculver cross", Archaeologia, 108: 67–94, doi:10.1017/s0261340900011711, ISSN 0261-3409 Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3
A photograph at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 6, "View of late Norman ruins looking east", shows the curve of the 7th-century apse marked by a strip of concrete edged with flint. The burial vault reported at Dowker 1878, p. 261, lies between the apse and the further, eastern wall of the chancel. Two circles of concrete in the central area of grass mark the locations of the two columns that were part of the triple chancel arch, in front of which stood the stone cross. To the left and right of the concrete circles, the outlines of the 7th-century porticus can be seen, with gaps for the east-facing external doors: the standing walls beyond the doorways date to the 13th century.^[176] Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 6. Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014
Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 5. Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014

canterburytimes.co.uk

Jessup 1936, p. 187; Crudgington, L. (18 March 2014). "Modern church proud of links to Roman times". Canterbury Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669

doi.org

According to legend the towers were topped with spires early in the 16th century,^[93] and the legend gave rise to a by-name of the "Twin Sisters", in reference to a prioress of Davington and her sister.^[94] George Dowker wrote in 1878 that "[i]t is probable that there is some basis [for the legend], as the architectural features of the towers [of St Mary's Church, Reculver,] would agree well with [the date of Davington Priory's foundation in 1156]."^[95] The west front of Davington Priory originally had two towers,^[96] and in 1966 Robert H. Goodsall drew attention to the similarity between these and the towers at Reculver.^[97] A bell from the church was reported sold in 1606, and in 1683 it was reported that the ring of bells was in need of repair.^[98] Four bells were reported present by Francis Green, vicar of Reculver from 1695 to 1716, and by Bryan Faussett in 1758: Faussett added that they had been made in 1635 by Joseph Hatch.^[99] He also cast the bell known as "Bell Harry" at Canterbury Cathedral.^[100] The spiral staircase is a regular feature in plans of the church, for example that at Peers 1927, Fig. 4. Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409
According to E.M. Jope, "[s]ome later 7th- or early 8th-century work ... contains a few blocks of freestone less likely to have been found among Roman ruins ... [Fine] stone from northern France was used for the cross-head".^[111] B.C. Worssam and T.W.T. Tatton-Brown conclude that all the surviving parts of the cross are of French "Calcaire Grossier", similar to the mid-Lutetian Limestone used for an Anglo-Saxon cross-head at Pagham, West Sussex, that was probably sourced from a Roman structure at nearby Chichester or Fishbourne.^[112] Susan Kelly regards it as "probable that it was against [the] complicated background [of Mercian control of Kentish monasteries early in the 9th century] that the Reculver cross was carved from an old Roman column and erected behind the altar before the chancel arch. A date in the early ninth century is certainly implied by ... Carolingian parallels and the stylistic evidence ... There was a strong Mercian tradition of stone sculpture in the eighth century (in Wessex this craft did not develop until the ninth), so it is tempting to suspect that the cross was set up while Reculver was under the control of the Mercian kings. The minster at Winchcombe in Gloucestershire [was] closely associated with King Coenwulf and his family ... The erection of a massive cross [at Reculver] perhaps reflected Winchcombe influence."^[113] The classicist Martin Henig notes that a Christian church and a baptismal font dating from Roman times have been identified at nearby Richborough (Rutupiae), and considers it possible that there may have been Christian churches replacing pagan aedes in other Saxon Shore forts, such as that at Reculver, where an aedes is known to have existed;^[114] he also suggests that the Reculver cross could have been a replacement for an earlier, "Christianised Roman monument",^[115] for example a re-used Jupiter column, as may have happened at Canterbury Cathedral and in Trigg, in Cornwall.^[114] In 1938 T.D. Kendrick observed that "[b]y hypothesis [the cross] should be an obvious reflection of a continental or eastern style; but the source cannot be found, and so far from showing itself to be immediately connected with any known Italian, Gaulish, or Syrian sculpture of the Late Antique schools, the Reculver figural style differs markedly from anything abroad. Moreover, its iconography is as startling as its figure-style, and as difficult to explain. The truth is that [this] Kentish sculpture stands alone, and its peculiarity and precociousness can only be accounted for on the grounds that it is already English and representative of a vigorously experimental insular art. It remains the most baffling and incomprehensible carving in the country".^[116] A reconstruction of the Reculver cross is at Kozodoy 1986, p. 86, Figs. 3 & 4, and this is reproduced at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 5. A reconstruction showing only the front of the cross is at Wilmott 2012, p. 44. Kozodoy, R. (1986), "The Reculver cross", Archaeologia, 108: 67–94, doi:10.1017/s0261340900011711, ISSN 0261-3409 Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3
Taylor 1968, p. 291, gives the year in which the decision was made to demolish the church as 1802, Fletcher 1965, p. 24, and Kelly 2008, p. 67, give it as 1805, and Wilmott 2012, p. 45, gives it as 1807, but, while the chronology set out in Gough 2014 indicates a date in late 1807 or early 1808, the relevant article in The Literary Panorama is in a section headed "For March, 1808",^[136] is dated "January 17", and states that the vestry meeting was held "on Tuesday last".^[137] Taylor, H. M. (1968), "Reculver Reconsidered", The Archaeological Journal, 125: 291–6, doi:10.1080/00665983.1968.11078342, ISSN 0066-5983 Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3 Gough, H. (2014), "The two names of a Reculver inn", Kent Archaeological Review (195): 186–91, ISSN 0023-0014
The location of the steps is illustrated at Peers 1927, p. 245, and Jessup 1936, p. 181. The vault does not appear to have been excavated. Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
Garmonsway 1972, pp. 34–5; Fletcher 1965, pp. 16–31; Page 1926, pp. 141–2; Kelly 2008, pp. 71–2. Garmonsway, G.N., ed. (1972), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Dent, ISBN 0-460-11624-X Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Page, W. (1926), "The Abbey of Reculver", A History of the County of Kent, vol. 2, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 141–2, OCLC 9243447, archived from the original on 4 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Kelly 1992, p. 4; Kelly 2008; Brooks 1984, p. 399. Kelly, S. (1992), "Trading privileges from eighth-century England", Early Medieval Europe, 1 (1): 3–28, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1992.tb00002.x, ISSN 0963-9462 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4
Fletcher 1965, p. 24; Harris 2001, p. 34. Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Harris, S. (2001), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-765-9
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Clinch 1918, pp. 169–70; Duncombe 1784, p. 154; "Nicholas Tingewick". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52684. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Retrieved 8 July 2015. Clinch, G. (1918), "Seal of the vicar of Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 33: 169–70, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2015, retrieved 8 July 2015 Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544
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Gough 1992, pp. 94–5; Kelly 2008, p. 74; "S 546". The Electronic Sawyer. King's College London. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Gough, H. (1992), "Eadred's charter of AD 949 and the extent of the monastic estate at Reculver, Kent", in Ramsay, N.; Sparks, M.; Tatton-Brown, T. (eds.), St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, Boydell, pp. 89–102, ISBN 978-0-85115-301-8 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8

geohack.toolforge.org

The multiplication indicated by Eales would give a peasant population for the whole of the estate centred on Reculver in 1086 of 460–575 people. The mill was probably a watermill, near Brook Farm, and King Eadred's charter of 949 refers to a mill-creek in the area.^[73] There are numerous medieval salt working sites in the area to the south and east of Reculver, many of which lie on land belonging to Reculver in the medieval period, for example at TR23316797.^[74]

historicengland.org.uk

research.historicengland.org.uk

Hunt 2011, pp. 23–4. Hunt, A. (2011), English Heritage Coastal Estate Risk Assessment, Research Department Report Series, English Heritage, OCLC 755071035

hrionline.ac.uk

Denton, J.; et al. (2014). "Benefice of Reculver (CA.CA.WE.05)". HRI Online. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

ice.org.uk

Duncombe 1784, pp. 77, 90(note); Anon. 1808, col. 1310; Anon. 2011, p. 56. Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544 Anon. (1808), "Storm and tide", The Literary Panorama, 3, cols. 1309–10, OCLC 7687961 Anon. (2011), John Rennie (1761–1821), Institution of Civil Engineers, archived from the original on 7 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014

jstor.org

Kelly 2008, pp. 81–2; Brooks 1979, pp. 1–20 (esp. 12); Brooks 1984, pp. 203–4; Kerr 1982, pp. 192–94. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1979), "England in the ninth century: The crucible of defeat", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 29: 1–20, doi:10.2307/3679110, ISSN 0080-4401, JSTOR 3679110, S2CID 159670976 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Kerr, N. & M. (1982), A Guide to Anglo-Saxon Sites, Granada, ISBN 978-0-246-11775-5

kent.gov.uk

webapps.kent.gov.uk

Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Medieval Saltmound". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Dowker 1878, pp. 259–60; Peers 1927, pp. 241–56; Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Anglo-Saxon Minster and the ruins of St Mary's Church". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894 Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409
Jessup 1936, p. 184; Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, Hillborough". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
Gough 1983, p. 135; Kelly 2008, pp. 67, 70; Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Chapel of St James, Reculver". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Gough, H. (1983), "A fresh look at the Reculver parish clerk's story", Archaeologia Cantiana, 99: 133–8, ISSN 0066-5894 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8

kentarchaeology.ac

Of the £42.7s. from Reculver, £7.7s. (£7.35) was from an unspecified source. While Hoath, Herne and western parts of the Isle of Thanet were Reculver possessions in the Anglo-Saxon period, and remained attached to Reculver long after 1086, of these only Reculver is named in Domesday Book: "[as] the name [Reculver] is used here, it means something larger than the parish but much smaller than the thirteenth-century manor of Reculver. It is fairly sure to have included Hoath ...; it may also have included the adjoining part of Thanet, [including Shuart] ... and St Nicholas-at-Wade ... [The archbishop's separate manor of Nortone is] Herne ... under another name."^[70] The value of the manor of Herne – if Flight 2010 is correct in identifying it with the Domesday manor of Nortone (Williams & Martin 2002, p. 8, identifies Nortone as "'Northwood' [in Whitstable]") – exceeded that of Reculver in both 1066 and 1086, at £25.5s (£25.25) and £50.14s.2d (£50.71) respectively. The "Domesday Monachorum", a collection of documents produced at Canterbury in connection with the Domesday survey, includes a list of churches, to each of which other churches are said to belong: while it makes no reference to Reculver, it states that a monastery at Herne belonged to a church at Charing, which is about 20 miles (32 km) south-west by west from Herne.^[71] Domesday Book's description of the manor of Nortone includes a church.^[67] According to Nellie Neilson, writing in 1932, the "churches attached to the minsters or chief churches [in the 'Domesday Monachorum' list] seem to be much scattered [and this] apparently represents an ecclesiastical arrangement which hitherto has not been traced".^[71] Flight, C. (2010), The Survey of Kent: Documents Relating to the Survey of the County Conducted in 1086, BAR British Series, vol. 506, Archaeopress, ISBN 978-1-4073-0541-7, archived from the original on 14 May 2014, retrieved 17 May 2015 Williams, A.; Martin, G.H., eds. (2002) [1992], Domesday Book A Complete Translation, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-051535-6
Flight 2010, pp. 162, 217. Flight, C. (2010), The Survey of Kent: Documents Relating to the Survey of the County Conducted in 1086, BAR British Series, vol. 506, Archaeopress, ISBN 978-1-4073-0541-7, archived from the original on 14 May 2014, retrieved 17 May 2015
Flight 2010, p. 217. Flight, C. (2010), The Survey of Kent: Documents Relating to the Survey of the County Conducted in 1086, BAR British Series, vol. 506, Archaeopress, ISBN 978-1-4073-0541-7, archived from the original on 14 May 2014, retrieved 17 May 2015
Flight 2010, p. 162. Flight, C. (2010), The Survey of Kent: Documents Relating to the Survey of the County Conducted in 1086, BAR British Series, vol. 506, Archaeopress, ISBN 978-1-4073-0541-7, archived from the original on 14 May 2014, retrieved 17 May 2015
Jones 2007, Bleangate. Jones, B. (2007), Kent Hundred Rolls (PDF), Kent Archaeological Society, archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2012, retrieved 21 April 2014
Hearne 1711, p. 137. Hearne, T. (1711), The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary (PDF), vol. 6, OCLC 642395517, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 17 May 2015
Hearne 1711, p. 137; Jessup 1936, p. 187. Hearne, T. (1711), The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary (PDF), vol. 6, OCLC 642395517, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 17 May 2015 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669

kentarchaeology.org.uk

In her 2004 entry for Æthelberht II in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Susan Kelly wrote that Eadberht I of Kent was buried at Reculver "in 748".^[33] However, in Kelly 2008, she observes that there is "a much better context"^[34] for this royal burial to have been of Eadberht II, who "faded from view c. 763 x 764".^[32] The royal tomb at Reculver was "in a position corresponding to the south porticus (at St Augustine's kings were buried in the south porticus); an inscription or other record identifying [the occupant] as King Eadberht (grand-)son of King Æthelberht may have given rise to the later belief that it was the earlier King Æthelberht himself that was buried [at Reculver]."^[32] Ward 1946, p. 27, believes that, instead of Sheldwich, a grant was made of land at Shelvingford near Hoath, but this is not supported by e.g. Glover 1976, pp. 170–1. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016 Glover, J. (1976), The Place Names of Kent, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-3069-1
According to Ward 1946, p. 26, Abbot Berhtwald of Reculver was recorded as owning land at Lyminge: in the relevant record, land belonging to the "venerable presbyter abbot" is said to be adjacent to a curtilage that includes an iron mine and is being granted to St Augustine's Abbey – Ward dates the record to 674, but this is in error for 689.^[36] Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016
Haverfield & Mortimer Wheeler 1932, p. 21; Roach Smith 1850, p. 197; Blagg 1981, pp. 50–3, esp. p. 53. Haverfield, F.J.; Mortimer Wheeler, R.E. (1932), "Reculver", in Page, W. (ed.), A History of the County of Kent, vol. 3, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 19–24, OCLC 907091, archived from the original on 5 June 2011, retrieved 17 May 2015 Roach Smith, C. (1850), The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, Russell Smith, OCLC 27084170 Blagg, T. (1981), "Some Roman architectural traditions in the early Saxon churches of Kent", in Detsicas, A. (ed.), Collectanea Historica: Essays in Memory of Stuart Rigold, Kent Archaeological Society, pp. 50–3, ISBN 0-906746-02-7
Ward 1946, pp. 26–8. Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016
Dodsworth & Dugdale 1655, p. 26; Duncombe 1784, p. 87(note); Ward 1946, p. 28. Dodsworth, R.; Dugdale, W., eds. (1655), Monasticon Anglicanum sive Pandectae coenobiorum Benedictinorum Cluniacensium Cisterciensium Carthusianorum a primordiis ad eorum usque dissolutionem, Hodgkinsonne, OCLC 222915178 Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544 Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016
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Clinch 1918, pp. 169–70; Duncombe 1784, p. 154; "Nicholas Tingewick". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52684. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Retrieved 8 July 2015. Clinch, G. (1918), "Seal of the vicar of Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 33: 169–70, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 8 July 2015, retrieved 8 July 2015 Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544
Duncombe 1784, p. 157; Hussey 1917, p. 85. Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544 Hussey, A. (1917), "Reculver and Hoath wills", Archaeologia Cantiana, 32: 77–141, ISSN 0066-5894, archived from the original on 28 October 2007, retrieved 17 May 2015
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Duncombe 1784, pp. 127, 156; Torr, V.J. (2008). "Some Monumental Inscriptions of St Mary's Church, Reculver, Noted by Rev Bryan Faussett: Noted 1758". Kent Archaeological Society. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.; Stahlschmidt 1887, p. 377. Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544 Stahlschmidt, J.C.L. (1887), The Church Bells of Kent: Their Inscriptions, Founders, Uses and Traditions, Stock, OCLC 12772194
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nsw.gov.au

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Culture and Heritage (n.d.). "St John's Anglican Cathedral". NSW Government Environment & Heritage. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Culture and Heritage (n.d.). "St John's Anglican Cathedral". NSW Government Environment & Heritage. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015;{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Mdpclark (2009). "Reculver plaque". Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved 21 April 2014.

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Gough 1992, pp. 91–2; Hasted 1800, pp. 109–25; Bagshaw 1847, p. 217. Gough, H. (1992), "Eadred's charter of AD 949 and the extent of the monastic estate at Reculver, Kent", in Ramsay, N.; Sparks, M.; Tatton-Brown, T. (eds.), St Dunstan: His Life, Times and Cult, Boydell, pp. 89–102, ISBN 978-0-85115-301-8 Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Bagshaw, S. (1847), History, Gazetteer & Directory of Kent, vol. II, Bagshaw, OCLC 505035666
Bagshaw 1847, p. 225. Bagshaw, S. (1847), History, Gazetteer & Directory of Kent, vol. II, Bagshaw, OCLC 505035666
Graham 1944, pp. 10–1; Hasted 1800, pp. 109–25; Lewis 1848, pp. 645–52; Hussey 1902, passim; Bagshaw 1847, pp. 217, 225; "The Archbishop of Canterbury has appointed ...". The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer. 2 July 1917. Retrieved 9 May 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive; "Reculver". Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald. 28 October 1922. Retrieved 9 May 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive; "Curate's suicide". Dover Express. 22 May 1931. Retrieved 8 May 2014 – via British Newspaper Archive; Gough 1995, p. 8. Graham, R. (1944), "Sidelights on the rectors and parishioners of Reculver from the Register of Archbishop Winchelsey", Archaeologia Cantiana, 57: 1–12, ISSN 0066-5894, archived from the original on 10 February 2012, retrieved 17 May 2015 Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Lewis, S. (1848), "Raydon – Redditch", A Topographical Dictionary of England, Lewis, pp. 645–52, OCLC 7705743, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Hussey, A. (1902), "Visitations of the Archdeacon of Canterbury" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 25: 11–56, ISSN 0066-5894, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2014, retrieved 17 May 2015 Bagshaw, S. (1847), History, Gazetteer & Directory of Kent, vol. II, Bagshaw, OCLC 505035666 Gough, H. (1995) [1969], Blake, L.J. (ed.), The Parish of Reculver: A Short Historical Guide to the Parish and to the Present Church of St Mary the Virgin at Hillborough, St Mary the Virgin P.C.C.

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"Æthelberht II". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52310. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.). Retrieved 21 April 2014.
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The location of the steps is illustrated at Peers 1927, p. 245, and Jessup 1936, p. 181. The vault does not appear to have been excavated. Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
Kelly 2008, pp. 81–2; Brooks 1979, pp. 1–20 (esp. 12); Brooks 1984, pp. 203–4; Kerr 1982, pp. 192–94. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1979), "England in the ninth century: The crucible of defeat", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 29: 1–20, doi:10.2307/3679110, ISSN 0080-4401, JSTOR 3679110, S2CID 159670976 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4 Kerr, N. & M. (1982), A Guide to Anglo-Saxon Sites, Granada, ISBN 978-0-246-11775-5
Peers 1927; Jessup 1936, pp. 180–3; Wilmott 2012, p. 26; Duncombe 1784, p. 88. Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3 Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544
Jessup 1936, pp. 179–80. Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
Hasted 1800, pp. 109–25; Jessup 1936, p. 179; Anon. 1791, pp. 97–104. Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669 Anon. (1791), "The Sisters, an affecting history: With a perspective view of Reculver Church, in the county of Kent", Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure, 89: 97–10 4, OCLC 7676735
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Hearne 1711, p. 137; Jessup 1936, p. 187. Hearne, T. (1711), The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary (PDF), vol. 6, OCLC 642395517, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 17 May 2015 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
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Jessup 1936, p. 184; Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin, Hillborough". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
Jessup 1936, p. 187; Crudgington, L. (18 March 2014). "Modern church proud of links to Roman times". Canterbury Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
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According to Hasted 1800, King Ecgberht gave Reculver for the establishment of a monastery "as an atonement for the murder of his two nephews [sons of Eormenred of Kent]",^[9] but Kelly 2008 does not refer to this, instead placing the church's establishment in the context of domination of the early Kentish Church by "non-native" leaders and observing that "[perhaps] it is no coincidence that in the year of Theodore's arrival [from Rome] King Ecgberht was involved in the establishment of a house of male religious [at Reculver] in a strategic location outside Canterbury. ... It may be significant that the next archbishop after the death of Theodore in 690 was Berhtwald, abbot of Reculver by 679 and perhaps Bassa's immediate successor."^[10] John Blair suggests that Reculver's foundation may have been prompted by Wilfrid.^[11] Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
In her 2004 entry for Æthelberht II in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Susan Kelly wrote that Eadberht I of Kent was buried at Reculver "in 748".^[33] However, in Kelly 2008, she observes that there is "a much better context"^[34] for this royal burial to have been of Eadberht II, who "faded from view c. 763 x 764".^[32] The royal tomb at Reculver was "in a position corresponding to the south porticus (at St Augustine's kings were buried in the south porticus); an inscription or other record identifying [the occupant] as King Eadberht (grand-)son of King Æthelberht may have given rise to the later belief that it was the earlier King Æthelberht himself that was buried [at Reculver]."^[32] Ward 1946, p. 27, believes that, instead of Sheldwich, a grant was made of land at Shelvingford near Hoath, but this is not supported by e.g. Glover 1976, pp. 170–1. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016 Glover, J. (1976), The Place Names of Kent, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-3069-1
According to Ward 1946, p. 26, Abbot Berhtwald of Reculver was recorded as owning land at Lyminge: in the relevant record, land belonging to the "venerable presbyter abbot" is said to be adjacent to a curtilage that includes an iron mine and is being granted to St Augustine's Abbey – Ward dates the record to 674, but this is in error for 689.^[36] Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016
Of the £42.7s. from Reculver, £7.7s. (£7.35) was from an unspecified source. While Hoath, Herne and western parts of the Isle of Thanet were Reculver possessions in the Anglo-Saxon period, and remained attached to Reculver long after 1086, of these only Reculver is named in Domesday Book: "[as] the name [Reculver] is used here, it means something larger than the parish but much smaller than the thirteenth-century manor of Reculver. It is fairly sure to have included Hoath ...; it may also have included the adjoining part of Thanet, [including Shuart] ... and St Nicholas-at-Wade ... [The archbishop's separate manor of Nortone is] Herne ... under another name."^[70] The value of the manor of Herne – if Flight 2010 is correct in identifying it with the Domesday manor of Nortone (Williams & Martin 2002, p. 8, identifies Nortone as "'Northwood' [in Whitstable]") – exceeded that of Reculver in both 1066 and 1086, at £25.5s (£25.25) and £50.14s.2d (£50.71) respectively. The "Domesday Monachorum", a collection of documents produced at Canterbury in connection with the Domesday survey, includes a list of churches, to each of which other churches are said to belong: while it makes no reference to Reculver, it states that a monastery at Herne belonged to a church at Charing, which is about 20 miles (32 km) south-west by west from Herne.^[71] Domesday Book's description of the manor of Nortone includes a church.^[67] According to Nellie Neilson, writing in 1932, the "churches attached to the minsters or chief churches [in the 'Domesday Monachorum' list] seem to be much scattered [and this] apparently represents an ecclesiastical arrangement which hitherto has not been traced".^[71] Flight, C. (2010), The Survey of Kent: Documents Relating to the Survey of the County Conducted in 1086, BAR British Series, vol. 506, Archaeopress, ISBN 978-1-4073-0541-7, archived from the original on 14 May 2014, retrieved 17 May 2015 Williams, A.; Martin, G.H., eds. (2002) [1992], Domesday Book A Complete Translation, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-051535-6
According to E.M. Jope, "[s]ome later 7th- or early 8th-century work ... contains a few blocks of freestone less likely to have been found among Roman ruins ... [Fine] stone from northern France was used for the cross-head".^[111] B.C. Worssam and T.W.T. Tatton-Brown conclude that all the surviving parts of the cross are of French "Calcaire Grossier", similar to the mid-Lutetian Limestone used for an Anglo-Saxon cross-head at Pagham, West Sussex, that was probably sourced from a Roman structure at nearby Chichester or Fishbourne.^[112] Susan Kelly regards it as "probable that it was against [the] complicated background [of Mercian control of Kentish monasteries early in the 9th century] that the Reculver cross was carved from an old Roman column and erected behind the altar before the chancel arch. A date in the early ninth century is certainly implied by ... Carolingian parallels and the stylistic evidence ... There was a strong Mercian tradition of stone sculpture in the eighth century (in Wessex this craft did not develop until the ninth), so it is tempting to suspect that the cross was set up while Reculver was under the control of the Mercian kings. The minster at Winchcombe in Gloucestershire [was] closely associated with King Coenwulf and his family ... The erection of a massive cross [at Reculver] perhaps reflected Winchcombe influence."^[113] The classicist Martin Henig notes that a Christian church and a baptismal font dating from Roman times have been identified at nearby Richborough (Rutupiae), and considers it possible that there may have been Christian churches replacing pagan aedes in other Saxon Shore forts, such as that at Reculver, where an aedes is known to have existed;^[114] he also suggests that the Reculver cross could have been a replacement for an earlier, "Christianised Roman monument",^[115] for example a re-used Jupiter column, as may have happened at Canterbury Cathedral and in Trigg, in Cornwall.^[114] In 1938 T.D. Kendrick observed that "[b]y hypothesis [the cross] should be an obvious reflection of a continental or eastern style; but the source cannot be found, and so far from showing itself to be immediately connected with any known Italian, Gaulish, or Syrian sculpture of the Late Antique schools, the Reculver figural style differs markedly from anything abroad. Moreover, its iconography is as startling as its figure-style, and as difficult to explain. The truth is that [this] Kentish sculpture stands alone, and its peculiarity and precociousness can only be accounted for on the grounds that it is already English and representative of a vigorously experimental insular art. It remains the most baffling and incomprehensible carving in the country".^[116] A reconstruction of the Reculver cross is at Kozodoy 1986, p. 86, Figs. 3 & 4, and this is reproduced at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 5. A reconstruction showing only the front of the cross is at Wilmott 2012, p. 44. Kozodoy, R. (1986), "The Reculver cross", Archaeologia, 108: 67–94, doi:10.1017/s0261340900011711, ISSN 0261-3409 Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3
A photograph at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 6, "View of late Norman ruins looking east", shows the curve of the 7th-century apse marked by a strip of concrete edged with flint. The burial vault reported at Dowker 1878, p. 261, lies between the apse and the further, eastern wall of the chancel. Two circles of concrete in the central area of grass mark the locations of the two columns that were part of the triple chancel arch, in front of which stood the stone cross. To the left and right of the concrete circles, the outlines of the 7th-century porticus can be seen, with gaps for the east-facing external doors: the standing walls beyond the doorways date to the 13th century.^[176] Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
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Hearne 1711, p. 137; Jessup 1936, p. 187. Hearne, T. (1711), The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary (PDF), vol. 6, OCLC 642395517, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2012, retrieved 17 May 2015 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
Duncombe 1784, pp. 77, 90(note); Anon. 1808, col. 1310; Anon. 2011, p. 56. Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544 Anon. (1808), "Storm and tide", The Literary Panorama, 3, cols. 1309–10, OCLC 7687961 Anon. (2011), John Rennie (1761–1821), Institution of Civil Engineers, archived from the original on 7 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014
Wormald 1982, p. 107, Figs. 99 & 100, quoting Taylor, H.M & J. (1965), Anglo-Saxon Architecture 2, Cambridge, p. 503; Cozens 1809, p. 906; Anon. 1856, p. 315; Canterbury Cathedral Archives (2012). "Reculver, St Mary Parish Records". Dean and Chapter of Canterbury Cathedral. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015; Harris 2001, p. 36. Wormald, P. (1982), "The Age of Bede and Aethelbald", in Campbell, J. (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons, Phaidon, pp. 70–100, ISBN 0-7148-2149-7 Cozens, Z. (1809), "Mr. Urban", The Gentleman's Magazine, 79: 906–8, ISSN 2043-2992 Anon. (1856), "Strolls on the Kentish coast II. Reculver and the Wentsum", The Gentleman's Magazine, 201: 313–8, ISSN 2043-2992 Harris, S. (2001), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-765-9
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Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 5. Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014
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Jessup 1936, p. 187; Crudgington, L. (18 March 2014). "Modern church proud of links to Roman times". Canterbury Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2015. Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
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Gough 1983, p. 135; Kelly 2008, pp. 67, 70; Exploring Kent's Past (n.d.). "Chapel of St James, Reculver". Kent County Council. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Gough, H. (1983), "A fresh look at the Reculver parish clerk's story", Archaeologia Cantiana, 99: 133–8, ISSN 0066-5894 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
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The "A" manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, also known as the "Parker Chronicle", records that Bassa was a "mass-priest".^[3] According to Susan Kelly, "[h]e would have been a senior clergyman: a 'mass-priest' was ... a cleric who had attained the highest of the seven appointed orders and was thus qualified to celebrate the mass."^[4] Hussey 1852, p. 135, regards Bassa the priest as identical with the Northumbrian warrior Bassus who, according to Bede, had accompanied Paulinus of York and Æthelburh of Kent to Kent after the death of her husband King Edwin of Northumbria: this occurred in 633, 36 years before the foundation of the church at Reculver.^[5] Susan Kelly also references Bede in this connection, but only to indicate that Bassa's name was then current in England: she similarly refers to English place-names containing the same personal name.^[6] Hussey, A. (1852), Notes on the Churches in the Counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey, Mentioned in Domesday Book, and Those of More Recent Date, Russell Smith, OCLC 5134070
According to Hasted 1800, King Ecgberht gave Reculver for the establishment of a monastery "as an atonement for the murder of his two nephews [sons of Eormenred of Kent]",^[9] but Kelly 2008 does not refer to this, instead placing the church's establishment in the context of domination of the early Kentish Church by "non-native" leaders and observing that "[perhaps] it is no coincidence that in the year of Theodore's arrival [from Rome] King Ecgberht was involved in the establishment of a house of male religious [at Reculver] in a strategic location outside Canterbury. ... It may be significant that the next archbishop after the death of Theodore in 690 was Berhtwald, abbot of Reculver by 679 and perhaps Bassa's immediate successor."^[10] John Blair suggests that Reculver's foundation may have been prompted by Wilfrid.^[11] Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
In her 2004 entry for Æthelberht II in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Susan Kelly wrote that Eadberht I of Kent was buried at Reculver "in 748".^[33] However, in Kelly 2008, she observes that there is "a much better context"^[34] for this royal burial to have been of Eadberht II, who "faded from view c. 763 x 764".^[32] The royal tomb at Reculver was "in a position corresponding to the south porticus (at St Augustine's kings were buried in the south porticus); an inscription or other record identifying [the occupant] as King Eadberht (grand-)son of King Æthelberht may have given rise to the later belief that it was the earlier King Æthelberht himself that was buried [at Reculver]."^[32] Ward 1946, p. 27, believes that, instead of Sheldwich, a grant was made of land at Shelvingford near Hoath, but this is not supported by e.g. Glover 1976, pp. 170–1. Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016 Glover, J. (1976), The Place Names of Kent, Batsford, ISBN 978-0-7134-3069-1
According to Ward 1946, p. 26, Abbot Berhtwald of Reculver was recorded as owning land at Lyminge: in the relevant record, land belonging to the "venerable presbyter abbot" is said to be adjacent to a curtilage that includes an iron mine and is being granted to St Augustine's Abbey – Ward dates the record to 674, but this is in error for 689.^[36] Ward, G. (1946), "Saxon abbots of Dover and Reculver" (PDF), Archaeologia Cantiana, 59: 19–28, ISSN 0066-5894, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2016, retrieved 6 May 2016
The chantry priests are listed at Duncombe 1784, p. 158: the last chantry priest, Thomas Hewet, was drawing a pension of £6 in 1556.^[91] Duncombe, J. (1784), "The history and antiquities of the two parishes of Reculver and Herne, in the county of Kent", in Nichols, J. (ed.), Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol. 18, Nichols, pp. 65–161, OCLC 475730544
According to legend the towers were topped with spires early in the 16th century,^[93] and the legend gave rise to a by-name of the "Twin Sisters", in reference to a prioress of Davington and her sister.^[94] George Dowker wrote in 1878 that "[i]t is probable that there is some basis [for the legend], as the architectural features of the towers [of St Mary's Church, Reculver,] would agree well with [the date of Davington Priory's foundation in 1156]."^[95] The west front of Davington Priory originally had two towers,^[96] and in 1966 Robert H. Goodsall drew attention to the similarity between these and the towers at Reculver.^[97] A bell from the church was reported sold in 1606, and in 1683 it was reported that the ring of bells was in need of repair.^[98] Four bells were reported present by Francis Green, vicar of Reculver from 1695 to 1716, and by Bryan Faussett in 1758: Faussett added that they had been made in 1635 by Joseph Hatch.^[99] He also cast the bell known as "Bell Harry" at Canterbury Cathedral.^[100] The spiral staircase is a regular feature in plans of the church, for example that at Peers 1927, Fig. 4. Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409
According to E.M. Jope, "[s]ome later 7th- or early 8th-century work ... contains a few blocks of freestone less likely to have been found among Roman ruins ... [Fine] stone from northern France was used for the cross-head".^[111] B.C. Worssam and T.W.T. Tatton-Brown conclude that all the surviving parts of the cross are of French "Calcaire Grossier", similar to the mid-Lutetian Limestone used for an Anglo-Saxon cross-head at Pagham, West Sussex, that was probably sourced from a Roman structure at nearby Chichester or Fishbourne.^[112] Susan Kelly regards it as "probable that it was against [the] complicated background [of Mercian control of Kentish monasteries early in the 9th century] that the Reculver cross was carved from an old Roman column and erected behind the altar before the chancel arch. A date in the early ninth century is certainly implied by ... Carolingian parallels and the stylistic evidence ... There was a strong Mercian tradition of stone sculpture in the eighth century (in Wessex this craft did not develop until the ninth), so it is tempting to suspect that the cross was set up while Reculver was under the control of the Mercian kings. The minster at Winchcombe in Gloucestershire [was] closely associated with King Coenwulf and his family ... The erection of a massive cross [at Reculver] perhaps reflected Winchcombe influence."^[113] The classicist Martin Henig notes that a Christian church and a baptismal font dating from Roman times have been identified at nearby Richborough (Rutupiae), and considers it possible that there may have been Christian churches replacing pagan aedes in other Saxon Shore forts, such as that at Reculver, where an aedes is known to have existed;^[114] he also suggests that the Reculver cross could have been a replacement for an earlier, "Christianised Roman monument",^[115] for example a re-used Jupiter column, as may have happened at Canterbury Cathedral and in Trigg, in Cornwall.^[114] In 1938 T.D. Kendrick observed that "[b]y hypothesis [the cross] should be an obvious reflection of a continental or eastern style; but the source cannot be found, and so far from showing itself to be immediately connected with any known Italian, Gaulish, or Syrian sculpture of the Late Antique schools, the Reculver figural style differs markedly from anything abroad. Moreover, its iconography is as startling as its figure-style, and as difficult to explain. The truth is that [this] Kentish sculpture stands alone, and its peculiarity and precociousness can only be accounted for on the grounds that it is already English and representative of a vigorously experimental insular art. It remains the most baffling and incomprehensible carving in the country".^[116] A reconstruction of the Reculver cross is at Kozodoy 1986, p. 86, Figs. 3 & 4, and this is reproduced at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 5. A reconstruction showing only the front of the cross is at Wilmott 2012, p. 44. Kozodoy, R. (1986), "The Reculver cross", Archaeologia, 108: 67–94, doi:10.1017/s0261340900011711, ISSN 0261-3409 Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3
Part of this map is illustrated in Dowker 1878, facing page 8. Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Taylor 1968, p. 291, gives the year in which the decision was made to demolish the church as 1802, Fletcher 1965, p. 24, and Kelly 2008, p. 67, give it as 1805, and Wilmott 2012, p. 45, gives it as 1807, but, while the chronology set out in Gough 2014 indicates a date in late 1807 or early 1808, the relevant article in The Literary Panorama is in a section headed "For March, 1808",^[136] is dated "January 17", and states that the vestry meeting was held "on Tuesday last".^[137] Taylor, H. M. (1968), "Reculver Reconsidered", The Archaeological Journal, 125: 291–6, doi:10.1080/00665983.1968.11078342, ISSN 0066-5983 Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Wilmott, T. (2012), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-84802-073-3 Gough, H. (2014), "The two names of a Reculver inn", Kent Archaeological Review (195): 186–91, ISSN 0023-0014
The location of the steps is illustrated at Peers 1927, p. 245, and Jessup 1936, p. 181. The vault does not appear to have been excavated. Peers, C.R. (1927), "Reculver: Its Saxon church and cross", Archaeologia, 77: 241–56, doi:10.1017/s0261340900013436, ISSN 0261-3409 Jessup, R.F. (1936), "Reculver", Antiquity, 10 (38): 179–94, doi:10.1017/S0003598X0001156X, ISSN 0003-598X, S2CID 246044669
A photograph at Canterbury City Council 2008, p. 6, "View of late Norman ruins looking east", shows the curve of the 7th-century apse marked by a strip of concrete edged with flint. The burial vault reported at Dowker 1878, p. 261, lies between the apse and the further, eastern wall of the chancel. Two circles of concrete in the central area of grass mark the locations of the two columns that were part of the triple chancel arch, in front of which stood the stone cross. To the left and right of the concrete circles, the outlines of the 7th-century porticus can be seen, with gaps for the east-facing external doors: the standing walls beyond the doorways date to the 13th century.^[176] Canterbury City Council (2008), Reculver Masterplan Report Volume 1 (PDF), canterbury.gov.uk, archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2014, retrieved 21 April 2014 Dowker, G. (1878), "Reculver church", Archaeologia Cantiana, 12: 248–68, ISSN 0066-5894
Garmonsway 1972, pp. 34–5; Fletcher 1965, pp. 16–31; Page 1926, pp. 141–2; Kelly 2008, pp. 71–2. Garmonsway, G.N., ed. (1972), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Dent, ISBN 0-460-11624-X Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Page, W. (1926), "The Abbey of Reculver", A History of the County of Kent, vol. 2, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 141–2, OCLC 9243447, archived from the original on 4 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8
Earle 1865, p. 34; "Manuscript 173 : – f. 8 R". Parker Library on the Web. Stanford University. n.d. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link) Earle, J., ed. (1865), Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, With Supplementary Extracts from the Others, Clarendon, OCLC 10565546
Hasted 1800, pp. 109–25. Hasted, E. (1800), The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, vol. 9, Bristow, OCLC 367530442, archived from the original on 17 May 2015, retrieved 17 May 2015
Kelly 1992, p. 4; Kelly 2008; Brooks 1984, p. 399. Kelly, S. (1992), "Trading privileges from eighth-century England", Early Medieval Europe, 1 (1): 3–28, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1992.tb00002.x, ISSN 0963-9462 Kelly, S. (2008), "Reculver Minster and its early charters", in Barrow, J.; Wareham, A. (eds.), Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks, Ashgate, pp. 67–82, ISBN 978-0-7546-5120-8 Brooks, N. (1984), The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1182-4
Fletcher 1965, p. 24; Harris 2001, p. 34. Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097 Harris, S. (2001), Richborough and Reculver, English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-765-9
Haverfield & Mortimer Wheeler 1932, p. 21; Roach Smith 1850, p. 197; Blagg 1981, pp. 50–3, esp. p. 53. Haverfield, F.J.; Mortimer Wheeler, R.E. (1932), "Reculver", in Page, W. (ed.), A History of the County of Kent, vol. 3, Victoria County History, St Catherine, pp. 19–24, OCLC 907091, archived from the original on 5 June 2011, retrieved 17 May 2015 Roach Smith, C. (1850), The Antiquities of Richborough, Reculver, and Lymne, Russell Smith, OCLC 27084170 Blagg, T. (1981), "Some Roman architectural traditions in the early Saxon churches of Kent", in Detsicas, A. (ed.), Collectanea Historica: Essays in Memory of Stuart Rigold, Kent Archaeological Society, pp. 50–3, ISBN 0-906746-02-7
Fletcher 1965, p. 26. Fletcher, E. (1965), "Early Kentish churches", Medieval Archaeology, 9: 16–31, doi:10.1080/00766097.1965.11735685, ISSN 0076-6097
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