Star and crescent (English Wikipedia)

Bohemond III of Antioch (r. 1163–1201) "Obv. Helmeted head of king in chain-maille armor, crescent and star to sides" (ancientresource.com)
"Billon denier, struck c. late 1140s – 1164. + RA[M]VNDVS COMS, cross pattée, pellet in 1st and 2nd quarters / CIVI[TAS T]RIPOLIS, eight-rayed star with pellets above crescent. ref: CCS 6–8; Metcalf 509 (ancientresource.com).

archive.org

Achaemenid period: "not normally associated with scenes cut in the Court Style"; Persepolis seal PFS 71 (M. B. Garrison in Curtis and Simpson (eds.), The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East (2010), p. 354) PFS 9 (M. B. Garrison, Seals And The Elite At Persepolis; Some Observations On Early Achaemenid Persian Art (1991), p. 8). Parthian period: "[t]he Parthian king Mithradates I conquered Mesopotamia around 147 BC, and Susa in about 140 BC A later Parthian king, Orodes II (58–38 BC), issued coins at Susa and elsewhere which display a star and crescent on the obverse. The succeeding ruler, Phraates IV (38-3/2 BC), minted coins showing either a star alone or a star with crescent moon. In representing the star and crescent on their coins the Parthians thus adopted traditional symbols used in Mesopotamia and Elam more than two millennia before their own arrival in those parts." John Hansman, "The great gods of Elymais" in Acta Iranica, Encyclopédie Permanente Des Etudes Iraniennes, v.X, Papers in Honor of Professor Mary Boyce, Brill Archive, 1985, pp 229–232
In the 12th century found on pennies of William the Lion (r. 1174–1195). William Till, An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny (1838), p. 73. E.g. "Rev: short cross with crescent and pellets in angles and +RAVLD[ ] legend for the moneyer Raul Derling at Berwick or Roxburgh mint" (timelineauctions.com). Seaby SE5025 "Rev. [+RAV]L ON ROC, short cross with crescents & pellets in quarters" (wildwinds.com Archived 16 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine).
In 15th-century Europe, it was widely assumed that the gypsies were Egyptians (hence the name gypsies), and several gypsy leaders are known to have styled themselves as "counts of lesser Egypt". Wilhelm Ferdinand Bischoff, Deutsch-Zigeunerisches Wörterbuch (1827), p.14
e.g. A. Locher, "With Star and Crescent: A Full and Authentic Account of a Recent Journey with a Caravan from Bombay to Constantinople"; Andrew Haggard, "Under Crescent and Star" (1895).

bismikaallahuma.org

Mohd Elfie Nieshaem Juferi, "What Is The Significance Of The Crescent Moon In Islam?". bismikaallahuma.org. 12 October 2005. Retrieved 21 September 2017.

books.google.com

"Many Muslim scholars reject using the crescent moon as a symbol of Islam. The faith of Islam historically had no symbol, and many refuse to accept it." Fiaz Fazli, Crescent magazine, Srinagar, September 2009, p. 42.
"There are also three cases [... viz., associated with the "Danubian Rider Religion"] where the star, figured as a radiate disc 'balancing the crescent moon', must represent Sol, balancing Luna who is represented as a crescent instead of in bust. The 'star in crescent' theme itself appears only once, on an engraved gem, accompanied by the lion and an indecipherable inscription [...] This theme is connected with the Orient and has a long history behind it in the Hittite, Babylonian, Assyrian, Sassanid and Iranian worlds. Campbell gives us valuable particulars. The heavenly bodies thus symbolized were seen as the powerful influence of cosmic fatalism guiding the destinies of men." Dumitru Tudor, Christopher Holme (trans.), Corpus Monumentorum Religionis Equitum Danuvinorum (CMRED) (1976), p. 192 (referencing Leroy A. Campbell, Mithraic Iconography and Ideology' '(1969), 93f.
e.g. Catalogue of the Greek coins in The British Museum (2005), p. 311 (index).
W. J. Hinke, A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I from Nippur with a Concordance of Proper Names and a Glossary of the Kudurru Inscriptions thus far Published (1907), 120f. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, object nr. 29-20-1.
Christopher A. Faraone (2018). The Transformation of Greek Amulets in Roman Imperial Times. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 40–53. ISBN 978-0-8122-4935-4.
Strabo (12.3.31) writes that Mēn Pharnakou had a sanctuary at Kabeira in Pontus where the Pontic kings would swear oaths. Mēn Pharnakou is a syncretistic Anatolian-Iranian moon deity not directly comparable to Zoroastrian Māh. Albert F. de Jong, Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin Literature (1997), %A9n%20Pharmakou&f=false p. 306.
On the Ai-Khanoum plaque from Ai Khanoum, Bactria, 3rd century BC. Helios is shown separately in the form of a bust with a rayed halo of thirteen rays. F. Tissot, Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan, 1931-1985 (2006), p. 42.
Achaemenid period: "not normally associated with scenes cut in the Court Style"; Persepolis seal PFS 71 (M. B. Garrison in Curtis and Simpson (eds.), The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East (2010), p. 354) PFS 9 (M. B. Garrison, Seals And The Elite At Persepolis; Some Observations On Early Achaemenid Persian Art (1991), p. 8). Parthian period: "[t]he Parthian king Mithradates I conquered Mesopotamia around 147 BC, and Susa in about 140 BC A later Parthian king, Orodes II (58–38 BC), issued coins at Susa and elsewhere which display a star and crescent on the obverse. The succeeding ruler, Phraates IV (38-3/2 BC), minted coins showing either a star alone or a star with crescent moon. In representing the star and crescent on their coins the Parthians thus adopted traditional symbols used in Mesopotamia and Elam more than two millennia before their own arrival in those parts." John Hansman, "The great gods of Elymais" in Acta Iranica, Encyclopédie Permanente Des Etudes Iraniennes, v.X, Papers in Honor of Professor Mary Boyce, Brill Archive, 1985, pp 229–232
Richard is depicted as seated between a crescent and a "Sun full radiant" in his second Great Seal of 1198. English heraldic tradition of the early modern period associates the star and crescent design with Richard, with his victory over Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus in 1192, and with the arms of Portsmouth (Francis Wise A Letter to Dr Mead Concerning Some Antiquities in Berkshire, 1738, p. 18). Heraldic tradition also attributes a star-and-crescent badge to Richard (Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, 1909, p. 468).
Pamela Berger, The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary (2012), p. 164f
Edward E. Curtis, Black Muslim religion in the Nation of Islam, 1960–1975 (2006), p. 157.
The blazon of the coat of arms is attested in the 19th century, as Azure a crescent or, surmounted by an estoile of eight points of the last (William Berry, Robert Glover, Encyclopædia Heraldica, 1828). This is apparently based on minor seals used by Portsmouth mayors in the 18th century (Robert East H. Lewis, Extracts from Records in the Possession of the Municipal Corporation of the Borough of Portsmouth and from Other Documents Relating Thereto, 1891, p. 656). The medieval seal showed no such design (Henry Press Wright, The Story of the 'Domus Dei' of Portsmouth: Commonly Called the Royal Garrison Church, 1873, p. 12). The claim connecting the star and crescent design to the Great Seal of Richard I originates in the mid 20th century (Valentine Dyall, Unsolved Mysteries: A Collection of Weird Problems from the Past, 1954, p. 14).

britishmuseum.org

A similar stele found in Babylon is kept in the British Museum (no. 90837).
British Museum 1923,0401.199; LIMC Selene, Luna 21 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 4 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Mithras 113 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 15 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 34 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 2 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 7 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 9 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 10 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 19 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford.

crwflags.com

The symbolism of the star and crescent in the flag of the Kingdom of Libya (1951–1969) was explained in an English language booklet, The Libyan Flag & The National Anthem, issued by the Ministry of Information and Guidance of the Kingdom of Libya (year unknown, cited after Jos Poels at FOTW, 1997) as follows: "The crescent is symbolic of the beginning of the lunar month according to the Muslim calendar. It brings back to our minds the story of Hijra (migration) of our Prophet Mohammed from his home in order to spread Islam and teach the principles of right and virtue. The Star represents our smiling hope, the beauty of aim and object and the light of our belief in God, in our country, its dignity and honour which illuminate our way and puts an end to darkness."

doi.org

Babayarov, Gaybulla; Kubatin, Andrey (2013). "Byzantine Impact on the Iconography of Western Turkic Coinage". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 66 (1): 52. doi:10.1556/AOrient.66.2013.1.3. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 43283250.

e-periodica.ch

Peter Ziegler (ed.), Die Gemeindewappen des Kantons Zürich (1977), 74–77.

ellipsis.cx

Sara L. Uckelman, An Ordinary of Siebmacher's Wappenbuch (ellipsis.cx) (2014)

forumancientcoins.com

H. G. Liddell, A History of Rome from the earliest times to the establishment of the Empire (1857), p. 605. Cf. forumancientcoins.com.
Selene and Luna on Roman Coins (forumancientcoins.com): "Bronze coin of Caracalla from Nicopolis ad Istrum with a single star in the arms of the crescent moon; coin of Geta showing five stars; a denarius of Septimius Severus with an array of seven stars." Roman-era coins from Carrhae (Harran): Carrhae, Mesopotamia, modern day Harran (wildwinds.com)

goines.net

David Lance Goines (18 October 1995). "Inferential evidence for the pre-telescopic sighting of the crescent Venus".

hnb.hr

Kolar-Dimitrijević, Mira (2014). Povijest novca u Hrvatskoj, 1527. − 1941 [History of money in Croatia, 1527 − 1941] (PDF) (in Croatian). p. 13. ISBN 978-953-8013-03-4. Retrieved 16 April 2022.

islamansiklopedisi.info

İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 4. Istanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı. 1991. p. 298.

jstor.org

Babayarov, Gaybulla; Kubatin, Andrey (2013). "Byzantine Impact on the Iconography of Western Turkic Coinage". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 66 (1): 52. doi:10.1556/AOrient.66.2013.1.3. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 43283250.

limc.ch

British Museum 1923,0401.199; LIMC Selene, Luna 21 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 4 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Mithras 113 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 15 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 34 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 2 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 7 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 9 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 10 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 19 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford.

newscientist.com

This would explain cases where the inside curve of the crescent has a smaller radius of curvature than the outer, the opposite of what happens with the moon. Jay M. Pasachoff (1 February 1992). "Crescent Sun". New Scientist.

oeaw.ac.at

"Wien 1, Stephansdom, Mondschein". Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German). Retrieved 2 March 2024.

parthia.com

Michael Alram, Nomina Propria Iranica in Nummis, Materialgrundlagen zu den iranischen Personennamen auf Antiken Münzen (1986); C. Augé, "Quelques monnaies d'Elymaïde," Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, November 1976; N. Renaud, "Un nouveau souverain d'Elymaïde," Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, January 1999, pp. 1–5. Coins of Elymais (parthia.com).

penn.museum

W. J. Hinke, A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I from Nippur with a Concordance of Proper Names and a Glossary of the Kudurru Inscriptions thus far Published (1907), 120f. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, object nr. 29-20-1.

rfa.org

Joshua Lipes; Jilil Kashgary (4 April 2017). "Xinjiang Police Search Uyghur Homes For 'Illegal Items'". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Mamatjan Juma. Retrieved 16 December 2019. A second announcement, issued Feb. 28 by the Chira (Cele) county government, said those who report individuals for having "stitched the 'star and crescent moon' insignia on their clothing or personal items" or the words "East Turkestan"—referring to the name of a short-lived Uyghur republic—on their mobile phone case, purse or other jewelry, were also eligible for cash payments.

timelineauctions.com

In the 12th century found on pennies of William the Lion (r. 1174–1195). William Till, An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny (1838), p. 73. E.g. "Rev: short cross with crescent and pellets in angles and +RAVLD[ ] legend for the moneyer Raul Derling at Berwick or Roxburgh mint" (timelineauctions.com). Seaby SE5025 "Rev. [+RAV]L ON ROC, short cross with crescents & pellets in quarters" (wildwinds.com Archived 16 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine).

web.archive.org

J. V. Canby, Reconstructing the Ur Nammu Stela, Expedition 29.1, 54–64.
British Museum 1923,0401.199; LIMC Selene, Luna 21 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 4 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Mithras 113 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 15 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 34 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 2 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 7 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 9 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 10 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine; LIMC Selene, Luna 19 Archived 21 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford.
In the 12th century found on pennies of William the Lion (r. 1174–1195). William Till, An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny (1838), p. 73. E.g. "Rev: short cross with crescent and pellets in angles and +RAVLD[ ] legend for the moneyer Raul Derling at Berwick or Roxburgh mint" (timelineauctions.com). Seaby SE5025 "Rev. [+RAV]L ON ROC, short cross with crescents & pellets in quarters" (wildwinds.com Archived 16 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine).

wildwinds.com

Selene and Luna on Roman Coins (forumancientcoins.com): "Bronze coin of Caracalla from Nicopolis ad Istrum with a single star in the arms of the crescent moon; coin of Geta showing five stars; a denarius of Septimius Severus with an array of seven stars." Roman-era coins from Carrhae (Harran): Carrhae, Mesopotamia, modern day Harran (wildwinds.com)
In the 12th century found on pennies of William the Lion (r. 1174–1195). William Till, An Essay on the Roman Denarius and English Silver Penny (1838), p. 73. E.g. "Rev: short cross with crescent and pellets in angles and +RAVLD[ ] legend for the moneyer Raul Derling at Berwick or Roxburgh mint" (timelineauctions.com). Seaby SE5025 "Rev. [+RAV]L ON ROC, short cross with crescents & pellets in quarters" (wildwinds.com Archived 16 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine).

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Babayarov, Gaybulla; Kubatin, Andrey (2013). "Byzantine Impact on the Iconography of Western Turkic Coinage". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 66 (1): 52. doi:10.1556/AOrient.66.2013.1.3. ISSN 0001-6446. JSTOR 43283250.