Steelmaking (English Wikipedia)

Camp, James McIntyre; Francis, Charles Blaine (1920). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel (2nd ed.). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Steel Co. pp. 174. OCLC 2566055.

asminternational.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fruehan, Richard J., ed. (1998). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Steelmaking and Refining Volume (11th ed.). Pittsburgh: AIST. ISBN 978-0-930767-02-0. LCCN 98073477. OCLC 906879016.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Wagner, Donald (2008). Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 5, Part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 363–5. ISBN 978-0-521-87566-0.

bostonglobe.com (Global: 657^th place; English: 344^th place)

Ed Davey (January 26, 2023). "Boston Metal gets $120 million boost to make 'green steel'". The Associated Press.

bostonmetal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Transforming Metal Production". Boston Metal. Retrieved 2022-11-14.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Steel – Electric-arc steelmaking | Britannica".

cimprogetti.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Vola, G; Sarandrea, L; Mazzieri, M; Bresciani, P; Ardit, M; Cruciani, G (2019). "Reactivity and overburning tendency of quicklime burnt at high temperature" (PDF). Italy.

crcpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ghosh, Ahindra. (December 13, 2000). Secondary Steelmaking: Principles and Applications (1st ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849302640. LCCN 00060865. OCLC 664116613.

deloitte.com (Global: 4,876^th place; English: 4,621^st place)

www2.deloitte.com

Remaking the global steel industry (PDF), Deloitte, June 2013

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hartwell, Robert (March 1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (1): 54. doi:10.1017/S0022050700061842. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2116001. S2CID 154556274.
Peter Temin (1963). "The Composition of Iron and Steel Products, 1869–1909". The Journal of Economic History. 23 (4): 447–471. doi:10.1017/S0022050700109179. JSTOR 2116209. S2CID 154397900.
Pei, Martin; Petäjäniemi, Markus (2020-07-18). "Toward a Fossil Free Future with HYBRIT: Development of Iron and Steelmaking Technology in Sweden and Finland". Metals. 10 (7): 972. doi:10.3390/met10070972.
De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (2019-12-01). "Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering". Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 26: 81–87. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001. hdl:1854/LU-8635595. ISSN 2211-3398. S2CID 210619173.
Pereira, Antônio Clareti; Papini, Rísia Magriotis (September 2015). "Processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore – a review". Rem: Revista Escola de Minas. 68 (3): 331–335. doi:10.1590/0370-44672014680202. ISSN 0370-4467.
European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services. (2021). Carbon-free steel production: cost reduction options and usage of existing gas infrastructure. LU: Publications Office. doi:10.2861/01969. ISBN 978-92-846-7891-4.
Nallapaneni, Sasidhar. "Retrofitting Blast Furnaces for Producing Green Steel and Green Urea" (PDF). Indian Journal of Environment Engineering. 5: 19–25. doi:10.54105/ijee.B1871.05021125. ISSN 2582-9289. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
Afanga, Khalid; Mirgaux, Olivier; Patisson, Fabrice (2012-02-07). "Assessment of Top Gas Recycling Blast Furnace: A Technology To Reduce CO₂ Emissions in the Steelmaking Industry". Carbon Management Technology Conference. OnePetro. doi:10.7122/151137-MS.
Jin, Peng; Jiang, Zeyi; Bao, Cheng; Hao, Shiyu; Zhang, Xinxin (2017-02-01). "The energy consumption and carbon emission of the integrated steel mill with oxygen blast furnace". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Resource Efficiency in Chinese Industry. 117: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.008. ISSN 0921-3449.
Lan, Chenchen; Hao, Yuejun; Shao, Jiannan; Zhang, Shuhui; Liu, Ran; Lyu, Qing (November 2022). "Effect of H₂ on Blast Furnace Ironmaking: A Review". Metals. 12 (11): 1864. doi:10.3390/met12111864. ISSN 2075-4701.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

data.europa.eu

European Parliament. Directorate General for Parliamentary Research Services. (2021). Carbon-free steel production: cost reduction options and usage of existing gas infrastructure. LU: Publications Office. doi:10.2861/01969. ISBN 978-92-846-7891-4.

europarl.europa.eu

"The Potential of hydrogen in decarbonising steel production" (PDF). European parliament.

globalccsinstitute.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CCS: a necessary technology for decarbonising the steel sector". Global CCS Institute. Retrieved 2022-11-14.

globalefficiencyintel.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Global Steel Industry's GHG Emissions". Global Efficiency Intelligence. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 2022-08-06.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (2019-12-01). "Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering". Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 26: 81–87. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001. hdl:1854/LU-8635595. ISSN 2211-3398. S2CID 210619173.

hybritdevelopment.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hybrit". Home. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

iberdrola.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Green steel: a material ready for industrial decarbonisation and widening the horizons of electrification". Iberdrola. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

iea.org (Global: 3,027^th place; English: 2,709^th place)

IEA (2020), Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/iron-and-steel-technology-roadmap, Licence: CC BY 4.0
"Direct CO₂ intensity of the iron and steel sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2010–2030 – Charts – Data & Statistics". IEA.

indaily.com.au (Global: low place; English: 5,744^th place)

Simmons, David (22 April 2024). "Research centre lands $6.2 million for green iron and steel". InDaily. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

industrydecarbonization.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Böck, Hanno (2023-03-24). "Making Steel with Electricity". Industry Decarbonization Newsletter. Retrieved 2023-09-18.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Hartwell, Robert (March 1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (1): 54. doi:10.1017/S0022050700061842. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2116001. S2CID 154556274.
Peter Temin (1963). "The Composition of Iron and Steel Products, 1869–1909". The Journal of Economic History. 23 (4): 447–471. doi:10.1017/S0022050700109179. JSTOR 2116209. S2CID 154397900.

latticescipub.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ijee.latticescipub.com

Nallapaneni, Sasidhar. "Retrofitting Blast Furnaces for Producing Green Steel and Green Urea" (PDF). Indian Journal of Environment Engineering. 5: 19–25. doi:10.54105/ijee.B1871.05021125. ISSN 2582-9289. Retrieved 21 November 2025.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

lccn.loc.gov

Ghosh, Ahindra. (December 13, 2000). Secondary Steelmaking: Principles and Applications (1st ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849302640. LCCN 00060865. OCLC 664116613.
Fruehan, Richard J., ed. (1998). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Steelmaking and Refining Volume (11th ed.). Pittsburgh: AIST. ISBN 978-0-930767-02-0. LCCN 98073477. OCLC 906879016.

luxmetalgroup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"China's Revolutionary Coal-Free Steel Production: 3600 Times Faster and Transforming the Industry - LUX METAL". 2025-03-21. Retrieved 2025-05-13.

mckinsey.com (Global: 8,567^th place; English: 6,035^th place)

"Decarbonization in steel". McKinsey. Retrieved 2021-04-03.

measuringworth.com (Global: 3,470^th place; English: 1,768^th place)

"Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present". 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2011.

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

Hutson, Matthew (2021-09-18). "The Promise of Carbon-Neutral Steel". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-09-20.

onepetro.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Afanga, Khalid; Mirgaux, Olivier; Patisson, Fabrice (2012-02-07). "Assessment of Top Gas Recycling Blast Furnace: A Technology To Reduce CO₂ Emissions in the Steelmaking Industry". Carbon Management Technology Conference. OnePetro. doi:10.7122/151137-MS.

renewablereads.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How To Decarbonize The Steel Sector". Renewable Reads. December 2023. Retrieved December 13, 2023.

saisi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fact sheet: Scrap use in the steel industry" (PDF). Wordsteel. 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2022.

scienceaid.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Blast Furnace". Science Aid. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (2019-12-01). "Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering". Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 26: 81–87. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001. hdl:1854/LU-8635595. ISSN 2211-3398. S2CID 210619173.
Jin, Peng; Jiang, Zeyi; Bao, Cheng; Hao, Shiyu; Zhang, Xinxin (2017-02-01). "The energy consumption and carbon emission of the integrated steel mill with oxygen blast furnace". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Resource Efficiency in Chinese Industry. 117: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.008. ISSN 0921-3449.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Hartwell, Robert (March 1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (1): 54. doi:10.1017/S0022050700061842. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2116001. S2CID 154556274.
Peter Temin (1963). "The Composition of Iron and Steel Products, 1869–1909". The Journal of Economic History. 23 (4): 447–471. doi:10.1017/S0022050700109179. JSTOR 2116209. S2CID 154397900.
De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (2019-12-01). "Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering". Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 26: 81–87. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001. hdl:1854/LU-8635595. ISSN 2211-3398. S2CID 210619173.

siderwin-spire.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Siderwin". Retrieved 2023-09-18.

singularityhub.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rossi, Marcello (2022-08-04). "The Race to Remake the $2.5 Trillion Steel Industry With Green Steel". Singularity Hub. Retrieved 2022-08-06.

skyhorsepublishing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sass, Stephen L. (August 2011). The Substance of Civilization: Materials and Human History from the Stone Age to the Age of Silicon. New York City: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 9781611454017. OCLC 1078198918.

ssab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Not all green steel is fossil-free steel – here is why – Fossil free steel". SSAB. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

tatasteeleurope.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"HISARNA: Building a sustainable steel industry" (PDF). Tata Steel. February 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.

theconversation.com (Global: 840^th place; English: 594^th place)

Allen, Jessica; Honeyands, Tom (17 November 2023). "'Green steel' is hailed as the next big thing in Australian industry. Here's what the hype is all about". The Conversation. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

ucl.ac.uk (Global: 1,187^th place; English: 756^th place)

"Chromium steel was first made in ancient Persia | UCL News". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2026-09-06.

vattenfall.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

group.vattenfall.com

"HYBRIT: The world's first fossil-free steel ready for delivery". vattenfall.com. Vattenfall. 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-08-21.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Blast Furnace". Science Aid. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
American Iron and Steel Institute (2005). How a Blast Furnace Works. steel.org.

weforum.org (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,854^th place)

"What is green steel and how can it help us reach net zero?". World Economic Forum. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2024.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Turkdogan, E.T. (1996). Fundamentals of Steelmaking. London: Institute of Materials. ISBN 9781907625732. OCLC 701103539.
Sass, Stephen L. (August 2011). The Substance of Civilization: Materials and Human History from the Stone Age to the Age of Silicon. New York City: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 9781611454017. OCLC 1078198918.
Hartwell, Robert (March 1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry". The Journal of Economic History. 26 (1): 54. doi:10.1017/S0022050700061842. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2116001. S2CID 154556274.
Ghosh, Ahindra. (December 13, 2000). Secondary Steelmaking: Principles and Applications (1st ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. ISBN 9780849302640. LCCN 00060865. OCLC 664116613.
Fruehan, Richard J., ed. (1998). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Steelmaking and Refining Volume (11th ed.). Pittsburgh: AIST. ISBN 978-0-930767-02-0. LCCN 98073477. OCLC 906879016.
De Ras, Kevin; Van De Vijver, Ruben; Galvita, Vladimir V.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (2019-12-01). "Carbon capture and utilization in the steel industry: challenges and opportunities for chemical engineering". Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering. 26: 81–87. doi:10.1016/j.coche.2019.09.001. hdl:1854/LU-8635595. ISSN 2211-3398. S2CID 210619173.
Camp, James McIntyre; Francis, Charles Blaine (1920). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel (2nd ed.). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Steel Co. pp. 174. OCLC 2566055.
Pereira, Antônio Clareti; Papini, Rísia Magriotis (September 2015). "Processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore – a review". Rem: Revista Escola de Minas. 68 (3): 331–335. doi:10.1590/0370-44672014680202. ISSN 0370-4467.
Nallapaneni, Sasidhar. "Retrofitting Blast Furnaces for Producing Green Steel and Green Urea" (PDF). Indian Journal of Environment Engineering. 5: 19–25. doi:10.54105/ijee.B1871.05021125. ISSN 2582-9289. Retrieved 21 November 2025.
Jin, Peng; Jiang, Zeyi; Bao, Cheng; Hao, Shiyu; Zhang, Xinxin (2017-02-01). "The energy consumption and carbon emission of the integrated steel mill with oxygen blast furnace". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. Resource Efficiency in Chinese Industry. 117: 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.07.008. ISSN 0921-3449.
Lan, Chenchen; Hao, Yuejun; Shao, Jiannan; Zhang, Shuhui; Liu, Ran; Lyu, Qing (November 2022). "Effect of H₂ on Blast Furnace Ironmaking: A Review". Metals. 12 (11): 1864. doi:10.3390/met12111864. ISSN 2075-4701.

Steelmaking (English Wikipedia)

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