Stellar classification (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Stellar classification" in English language version.

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Apellániz, J. Maíz; Barbá, R. H.; Aranda, R. Fernández; González, M. Pantaleoni; Bellido, P. Crespo; Sota, A.; Alfaro, E. J. (1 January 2022). "The Villafranca catalog of Galactic OB groups - II. From Gaia DR2 to EDR3 and ten new systems with O stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 657: A131. arXiv:2110.01464. Bibcode:2022A&A...657A.131M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142364. ISSN 0004-6361.

archive.org

Kaler, James B. (1997). Stars and Their Spectra: An Introduction to the Spectral Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-521-58570-5.

arxiv.org

Jeffery, C. S.; Werner, K.; Kilkenny, D.; Miszalski, B.; Monageng, I.; Snowdon, E. J. (2023). "Hot white dwarfs and pre-white dwarfs discovered with SALT". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 519 (2): 2321–2330. arXiv:2301.03550. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3531.
Weidner, Carsten; Vink, Jorick S. (December 2010). "The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 524. A98. arXiv:1010.2204. Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. S2CID 118836634.
Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (May 2003). "Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 402 (2): 701–712. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252. S2CID 15838318.
Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; et al. (March 2014). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 211 (1). 10. arXiv:1312.6222. Bibcode:2014ApJS..211...10S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/10. S2CID 118847528.
Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Nelan, E. P.; Gies, D. R.; Wallace, D. J.; DeGioia-Eastwood, K.; et al. (February 2014). "A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (2). 40. arXiv:1311.5087. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...40C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/40. S2CID 22036552.
Prinja, R. K.; Massa, D. L. (October 2010). "Signature of wide-spread clumping in B supergiant winds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 521. L55. arXiv:1007.2744. Bibcode:2010A&A...521L..55P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015252. S2CID 59151633.
Nazé, Y. (November 2009). "Hot stars observed by XMM-Newton. I. The catalog and the properties of OB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 506 (2): 1055–1064. arXiv:0908.1461. Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1055N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912659. S2CID 17317459.
Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (February 2010). "Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 402 (2): 1369–1379. arXiv:0911.1335. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1369L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x. S2CID 119096173.
Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (October 2003). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (4): 2048–2059. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. doi:10.1086/378365. S2CID 119417105.
Cenarro, A. J.; Peletier, R. F.; Sanchez-Blazquez, P.; Selam, S. O.; Toloba, E.; Cardiel, N.; Falcon-Barroso, J.; Gorgas, J.; Jimenez-Vicente, J.; Vazdekis, A. (January 2007). "Medium-resolution Isaac Newton Telescope library of empirical spectra - II. The stellar atmospheric parameters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 374 (2): 664–690. arXiv:astro-ph/0611618. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..664C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11196.x. S2CID 119428437.
Sion, Edward M.; Holberg, J. B.; Oswalt, Terry D.; McCook, George P.; Wasatonic, Richard (December 2009). "The White Dwarfs Within 20 Parsecs of the Sun: Kinematics and Statistics". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (6): 1681–1689. arXiv:0910.1288. Bibcode:2009AJ....138.1681S. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/6/1681. S2CID 119284418.
Arias, Julia I.; et al. (August 2016). "Spectral Classification and Properties of the OVz Stars in the Galactic O Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS)". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (2): 31. arXiv:1604.03842. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...31A. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/31. S2CID 119259952.
Maíz Apellániz, J.; Walborn, Nolan R.; Morrell, N. I.; Niemela, V. S.; Nelan, E. P. (2007). "Pismis 24-1: The Stellar Upper Mass Limit Preserved". The Astrophysical Journal. 660 (2): 1480–1485. arXiv:astro-ph/0612012. Bibcode:2007ApJ...660.1480M. doi:10.1086/513098. S2CID 15936535.
Walborn, Nolan R.; Sota, Alfredo; Maíz Apellániz, Jesús; Alfaro, Emilio J.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Barbá, Rodolfo H.; Arias, Julia I.; Gamen, Roberto C. (2010). "Early Results from the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey: C III Emission Lines in of Spectra". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 711 (2): L143. arXiv:1002.3293. Bibcode:2010ApJ...711L.143W. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/711/2/L143. S2CID 119122481.
Fariña, Cecilia; Bosch, Guillermo L.; Morrell, Nidia I.; Barbá, Rodolfo H.; Walborn, Nolan R. (2009). "Spectroscopic Study of the N159/N160 Complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal. 138 (2): 510–516. arXiv:0907.1033. Bibcode:2009AJ....138..510F. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/2/510. S2CID 18844754.
Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; De Becker, M.; Foellmi, C.; Moffat, A. F. J. (2007). "Early-type stars in the core of the young open cluster Westerlund 2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 463 (3): 981–991. arXiv:astro-ph/0612622. Bibcode:2007A&A...463..981R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066495. S2CID 17776145.
Crowther, Paul A. (2007). "Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars". Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics. 45 (1): 177–219. arXiv:astro-ph/0610356. Bibcode:2007ARA&A..45..177C. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110615. S2CID 1076292.
Norris, Jackson M.; Wright, Jason T.; Wade, Richard A.; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Gettel, Sara (December 2011). "Non-detection of the Putative Substellar Companion to HD 149382". The Astrophysical Journal. 743 (1). 88. arXiv:1110.1384. Bibcode:2011ApJ...743...88N. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/88. S2CID 118337277.
Miszalski, B.; Crowther, P. A.; De Marco, O.; Köppen, J.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Acker, A.; Hillwig, T. C. (2012). "IC 4663: The first unambiguous [WN] Wolf-Rayet central star of a planetary nebula". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 423 (1): 934–947. arXiv:1203.3303. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423..934M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20929.x. S2CID 10264296.
Crowther, P. A.; Walborn, N. R. (2011). "Spectral classification of O2-3.5 If*/WN5-7 stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 416 (2): 1311–1323. arXiv:1105.4757. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.416.1311C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19129.x. S2CID 118455138.
Kirkpatrick, J. D. (2008). "Outstanding Issues in Our Understanding of L, T, and Y Dwarfs". 14th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars. 384: 85. arXiv:0704.1522. Bibcode:2008ASPC..384...85K.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Burgasser, Adam J.; McGovern, Mark R.; McLean, Ian S.; Tinney, Christopher G.; Lowrance, Patrick J. (2006). "Discovery of a Very Young Field L Dwarf, 2MASS J01415823−4633574". The Astrophysical Journal. 639 (2): 1120–1128. arXiv:astro-ph/0511462. Bibcode:2006ApJ...639.1120K. doi:10.1086/499622. S2CID 13075577.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Beichman, Charles A.; Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam; Mace, Gregory N. (2013). "Discovery of the Y1 Dwarf WISE J064723.23-623235.5". The Astrophysical Journal. 776 (2): 128. arXiv:1308.5372. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776..128K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128. S2CID 6230841.
Deacon, N. R.; Hambly, N. C. (2006). "Y-Spectral class for Ultra-Cool Dwarfs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 371: 1722–1730. arXiv:astro-ph/0607305. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10795.x. S2CID 14081778.
Zuckerman, B.; Song, I. (2009). "The minimum Jeans mass, brown dwarf companion IMF, and predictions for detection of Y-type dwarfs". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 493 (3): 1149–1154. arXiv:0811.0429. Bibcode:2009A&A...493.1149Z. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810038. S2CID 18147550.
Dupuy, T. J.; Kraus, A. L. (2013). "Distances, Luminosities, and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects". Science. 341 (6153): 1492–5. arXiv:1309.1422. Bibcode:2013Sci...341.1492D. doi:10.1126/science.1241917. PMID 24009359. S2CID 30379513.
Leggett, Sandy K.; Cushing, Michael C.; Saumon, Didier; Marley, Mark S.; Roellig, Thomas L.; Warren, Stephen J.; Burningham, Ben; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Lodieu, Nicolas; Lucas, Philip W.; Mainzer, Amy K.; Martín, Eduardo L.; McCaughrean, Mark J.; Pinfield, David J.; Sloan, Gregory C.; Smart, Richard L.; Tamura, Motohide; Van Cleve, Jeffrey E. (2009). "The Physical Properties of Four ~600 K T Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal. 695 (2): 1517–1526. arXiv:0901.4093. Bibcode:2009ApJ...695.1517L. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517. S2CID 44050900.
Delorme, Philippe; Delfosse, Xavier; Albert, Loïc; Artigau, Étienne; Forveille, Thierry; Reylé, Céline; Allard, France; Homeier, Derek; Robin, Annie C.; Willott, Chris J.; Liu, Michael C.; Dupuy, Trent J. (2008). "CFBDS J005910.90-011401.3: Reaching the T-Y brown dwarf transition?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 482 (3): 961–971. arXiv:0802.4387. Bibcode:2008A&A...482..961D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079317. S2CID 847552.
Burningham, Ben; Pinfield, D. J.; Leggett, S. K.; Tamura, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Homeier, D.; Day-Jones, A.; Jones, H. R. A.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Ishii, M.; Kuzuhara, M.; Lodieu, N.; Zapatero-Osorio, María Rosa; Venemans, B. P.; Mortlock, D. J.; Barrado y Navascués, D.; Martin, Eduardo L.; Magazzù, Antonio (2008). "Exploring the substellar temperature regime down to ~550 K". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 391 (1): 320–333. arXiv:0806.0067. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.391..320B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13885.x. S2CID 1438322.
Luhman, Kevin L.; Esplin, Taran L. (May 2016). "The Spectral Energy Distribution of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 78. arXiv:1605.06655. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...78L. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/78. S2CID 118577918.
Burningham, Ben; Smith, L.; Cardoso, C.V.; Lucas, P.W.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Jones, H.R.A.; Smart, R.L. (May 2014). "The discovery of a T6.5 subdwarf". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 440 (1): 359–364. arXiv:1401.5982. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.440..359B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu184. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 119283917.
Cruz, Kelle L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Burgasser, Adam J. (February 2009). "Young L dwarfs identified in the field: A preliminary low-gravity, optical spectral Sequence from L0 to L5". The Astronomical Journal. 137 (2): 3345–3357. arXiv:0812.0364. Bibcode:2009AJ....137.3345C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3345. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 15376964.
Looper, Dagny L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cutri, Roc M.; Barman, Travis; Burgasser, Adam J.; Cushing, Michael C.; Roellig, Thomas; McGovern, Mark R.; McLean, Ian S.; Rice, Emily; Swift, Brandon J. (October 2008). "Discovery of two nearby peculiar L dwarfs from the 2MASS Proper-Motion Survey: Young or metal-rich?". Astrophysical Journal. 686 (1): 528–541. arXiv:0806.1059. Bibcode:2008ApJ...686..528L. doi:10.1086/591025. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 18381182.
Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Looper, Dagny L.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Schurr, Steven D.; Cutri, Roc M.; Cushing, Michael C.; Cruz, Kelle L.; Sweet, Anne C.; Knapp, Gillian R.; Barman, Travis S.; Bochanski, John J. (September 2010). "Discoveries from a near-infrared proper motion survey using multi-epoch Two Micron All-Sky Survey data". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 190 (1): 100–146. arXiv:1008.3591. Bibcode:2010ApJS..190..100K. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/190/1/100. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 118435904.
Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Riedel, Adric R.; Cruz, Kelle L.; Gagne, Jonathan; Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Lambrides, Erini; Fica, Haley; Weinberger, Alycia; Thorstensen, John R.; Tinney, C.G.; Baldassare, Vivienne (July 2016). "Population properties of brown dwarf analogs to exoplanets". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 225 (1): 10. arXiv:1605.07927. Bibcode:2016ApJS..225...10F. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/10. ISSN 0067-0049. S2CID 118446190.
Córsico, A. H.; Althaus, L. G. (2004). "The rate of period change in pulsating DB-white dwarf stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 428: 159–170. arXiv:astro-ph/0408237. Bibcode:2004A&A...428..159C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041372. S2CID 14653913.
Apellániz, J. Maíz; Barbá, R. H.; Aranda, R. Fernández; González, M. Pantaleoni; Bellido, P. Crespo; Sota, A.; Alfaro, E. J. (1 January 2022). "The Villafranca catalog of Galactic OB groups - II. From Gaia DR2 to EDR3 and ten new systems with O stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 657: A131. arXiv:2110.01464. Bibcode:2022A&A...657A.131M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142364. ISSN 0004-6361.
Massey, Philip; Neugent, Kathryn F.; Smart, Brianna M. (1 September 2016). "A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF MASSIVE STARS IN M31 AND M33*". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 62. arXiv:1604.00112. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...62M. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/62. ISSN 0004-6256.
Yakovlev, D. G.; Kaminker, A. D.; Haensel, P.; Gnedin, O. Y. (2002). "The cooling neutron star in 3C 58". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 389: L24 – L27. arXiv:astro-ph/0204233. Bibcode:2002A&A...389L..24Y. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020699. S2CID 6247160.

aspbooks.org

Garrison, R. F. (1994). "A Hierarchy of Standards for the MK Process" (PDF). In Corbally, C. J.; Gray, R. O.; Garrison, R. F. (eds.). The MK Process at 50 Years: A Powerful Tool for Astrophysical Insight. Astronomical Society of the Pacific conference series. Vol. 60. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific. pp. 3–14. ISBN 978-1-58381-396-6. OCLC 680222523.

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Analyse spectrale de la lumière de quelques étoiles, et nouvelles observations sur les taches solaires, P. Secchi, Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 63 (July–December 1866), pp. 364–368.
Nouvelles recherches sur l'analyse spectrale de la lumière des étoiles, P. Secchi, Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 63 (July–December 1866), pp. 621–628.

books.google.com

D.S. Hayes; L.E. Pasinetti; A.G. Davis Philip (6 December 2012). Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities: Proceedings of the 111th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held at Villa Olmo, Como, Italy, May 24–29, 1984. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-94-009-5456-4.

caltech.edu

web.ipac.caltech.edu

O’Connell (27 March 2023). "MAGNITUDE AND COLOR SYSTEMS" (PDF). Caltech ASTR 511. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.

nedipac.caltech.edu

An atlas of stellar spectra, with an outline of spectral classification, W. W. Morgan, P. C. Keenan and E. Kellman, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1943.

authors.library.caltech.edu

Kirkpatrick, J. Davy (2005). "New Spectral Types L and T" (PDF). Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 43 (1): 195–246. Bibcode:2005ARA&A..43..195K. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134017. S2CID 122318616.

csiro.au

atnf.csiro.au

"The Colour of Stars". Australia Telescope National Facility. 17 October 2018.

outreach.atnf.csiro.au

"The Colour of Stars". Australia Telescope Outreach and Education. 21 December 2004. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2007. — Explains the reason for the difference in color perception.

daviddarling.info

Darling, David. "late-type star". The Internet Encyclopedia of Science. Retrieved 14 October 2007.

doi.org

Jeffery, C. S.; Werner, K.; Kilkenny, D.; Miszalski, B.; Monageng, I.; Snowdon, E. J. (2023). "Hot white dwarfs and pre-white dwarfs discovered with SALT". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 519 (2): 2321–2330. arXiv:2301.03550. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3531.
Weidner, Carsten; Vink, Jorick S. (December 2010). "The masses, and the mass discrepancy of O-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 524. A98. arXiv:1010.2204. Bibcode:2010A&A...524A..98W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014491. S2CID 118836634.
Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Barman, T. S.; Allard, F.; Hauschildt, P. H. (May 2003). "Evolutionary models for cool brown dwarfs and extrasolar giant planets. The case of HD 209458". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 402 (2): 701–712. arXiv:astro-ph/0302293. Bibcode:2003A&A...402..701B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030252. S2CID 15838318.
Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; et al. (March 2014). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). II. Bright Southern Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 211 (1). 10. arXiv:1312.6222. Bibcode:2014ApJS..211...10S. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/211/1/10. S2CID 118847528.
Saha, M. N. (May 1921). "On a Physical Theory of Stellar Spectra". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. 99 (697): 135–153. Bibcode:1921RSPSA..99..135S. doi:10.1098/rspa.1921.0029.
Morgan, William Wilson; Keenan, Philip Childs (1973). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 11: 29–50. Bibcode:1973ARA&A..11...29M. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333.
Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Nelan, E. P.; Gies, D. R.; Wallace, D. J.; DeGioia-Eastwood, K.; et al. (February 2014). "A High Angular Resolution Survey of Massive Stars in Cygnus OB2: Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (2). 40. arXiv:1311.5087. Bibcode:2014AJ....147...40C. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/2/40. S2CID 22036552.
Prinja, R. K.; Massa, D. L. (October 2010). "Signature of wide-spread clumping in B supergiant winds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 521. L55. arXiv:1007.2744. Bibcode:2010A&A...521L..55P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015252. S2CID 59151633.
Gray, David F. (November 2010). "Photospheric Variations of the Supergiant γ Cyg". The Astronomical Journal. 140 (5): 1329–1336. Bibcode:2010AJ....140.1329G. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/5/1329.
Nazé, Y. (November 2009). "Hot stars observed by XMM-Newton. I. The catalog and the properties of OB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 506 (2): 1055–1064. arXiv:0908.1461. Bibcode:2009A&A...506.1055N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912659. S2CID 17317459.
Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (February 2010). "Accurate fundamental parameters for A-, F- and G-type Supergiants in the solar neighbourhood". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 402 (2): 1369–1379. arXiv:0911.1335. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1369L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x. S2CID 119096173.
Gray, R. O.; Corbally, C. J.; Garrison, R. F.; McFadden, M. T.; Robinson, P. E. (October 2003). "Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 Parsecs: The Northern Sample. I". The Astronomical Journal. 126 (4): 2048–2059. arXiv:astro-ph/0308182. Bibcode:2003AJ....126.2048G. doi:10.1086/378365. S2CID 119417105.
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